CSCI 230 Quiz 1 Study

asymptotic analysis

Method for evaluating the efficiency of an algorithm or computer program

Why is a software development process implemented?

to improve quality, cost or schedule performances, or all of these things

In polymorphism, types are determined at ______ Compile Time Run Time Both Neither

both

Data Structure often refers to

data sorted in a computer's main memory

What are practitioners of Agile methods like?

diverse and fractious groups, but have drafted a single statement that nearly all agile process models embrace

What are two popular implementations for larger disk-based database application?

hashing and the B-tree

Procedural programming is a list or set of ....

instructions telling a computer what to do step by step and how to perform from the first code to the second code

A solution is said to be efficient if

it solves the problem within the required resource constraints

The RUP defines a project as a series of ________.

iterations

What is the definition of the data type in terms of an ADT?

its logical form

What is the implementation of the data type as a data structure?

its physical form

In object-oriented programing, computer programs are designed by ...

making them out of objects that interact with one another

Where were the first software development processes adapted from?

manufacturing and engineering processes

Each operation associated with the ADT is implemented by:

member function or method

What is a key advantage of object-oriented languages over procedural languages?

objects act as metaphors for the real-world-in other words, objects model the real world

Run-time polymorphism

objects of a derived class may be treated as objects of a base class in places such as method parameters and collections or arrays

Object orientation is an ______ of procedural programming.

outgrowth

What is the distinction between procedural programming and object-oriented?

procedural uses procedures to operate on data structures. Object-oriented bundles the two together

An objects procedures must...

provide access to and modify its fields

A type is:

A collection of values

What is the statement nearly all agile process models embrace?

Agile Manifesto

Data Item

a piece of information or a record whose value is drawn from a type

What were the goals of the SDLC?

"to pursue the development of information systems in a very deliberate, structured, and methodical way, requiring each stage of the life cycle from inception of the idea to delivery of the final system, to be carried out rigidly and sequentially"

An ADT is a form of:

Abstraction

When selecting a Data Structure to solve a problem, you should

1. Analyze your problem to determine the basic operations that must be supported. Examples of basic operations include inserting a data item into the data structure, deleting a data item from the data structure, and finding a specified data item. 2. Quantify the resource constraints for each operation. 3. Select the data structure that best meets these requirements

What are the 6 engineering disciplines?

1. Business modelling 2. Requirements 3. Analysis and design 4. Implementation 5. Test 6. Deployment

What are the 3 supporting disciplines?

1. Configuration and change management 2. Project management 3. Enviornment

What are the main building blocks of the Rational Unified Process?

1. Roles (who) 2. Work Products (what) 3. Tasks (how)

Why was Plan Driven created?

1. Software projects routinely went over budget or failed to deliver anything. 2. Major defects and failures become more common. 3. Software maintenance costs began increasing

When did Plan Driven emerge?

1960s

A data item is:

A member of a type

What is an iteration?

A period of time in which a project tasks are performed

What is an Aggregate Type (Composite Type)?

A type that can be broken down into several pieces of information

What is a Simple Type?

A type that contains no sub parts and can't be broken down

What is a Data Type?

A type together with a collection of operations to manipulate the type

Range Query

A way for users to be able to find all places that match a particular value for attributes such as location or population size

The term "composite type" is a synonym of _____

Aggregate Type

What are the places the software development processes are limped into?

Agile and Plan Driven

Common misunderstandings directed at agile processes include:

Agile is synonymous with Hacking It's a 'silver bullet' Do whatever you want Incompatible with traditional processes universally Applicable

A tool for measuring the efficiency of an algorithm or problem is:

Algorithm Analysis

What is a data structure to an ADT in object oriented languages?

An implementation

What is an object?

An instance of a class

Example of a Simple Data Structure

An integer or floating number stored on the computer

Which of the following statements is correct?

An object is an instance of a class.

Common misunderstandings directed at Plan-driven process include:

Can't respond to change Products cost more Only for large organizations Old-Fashioned Universally Applicable

Inheritance

Classes may be created in hierarchies, and this lets the structure and methods in one class pass down the class hierarchy. By inheriting code, complex behaviors emerge through the reuse of code in a parent class. If a step is added at the bottom of a hierarchy, only the processing and data associated with that unique step must be added, Everything else above that step may be inherited. Reuse is considered a major advantage of object orientation.

What is the Rational Unified Process?

Created in 1996 by the Rational Software Corporation, it isn't a single concrete prescriptive process, but rather an adaptable process framework, intended to be tailored by the development organizations and software project teams that will select the elements of the process that are appropriate for their needs

Which of the following is NOT an OOP principle?

Exception

"Data type" and "data structure" are synonyms. True False

False

It is correct to say that interfaces are abstract data types. True False

False

Which is NOT a topic that OpenDSA focuses on?

How to design and maintain large programs

Metaphor

Humans deal with complexity by assigning a label to an assembly of objects or concepts and then manipulating the label in place of the assembly

What is the Waterfall method?

Initially described in 1970, it was another early software development process adapted from manufacturing and construction processes.

What is the Sparse Matrix?

It refers to a large, 2D array that stores only a relatively few non-zero values. It is often implemented with a linked structure, or possibly using a has table

Which of these is NOT a definition for efficiency in a computer program?

It runs in linear time

An array-based list is an implementation of a(n) ______

List

What forms do Data Types have?

Logical and Physical

Which of the following is NOT an example of a data type? Array List Integer Boolean None of the Above

None of the above

Polymorphism

Object oriented programming lets programmers create procedures for objects whose exact type is not known until run time. For example, a screen cursor may change its shape from an arrow to a line depending on the program mode. The routine to move the cursor on screen in response to mouse movement can be written for "cursor", and polymorphism lets the right version for the given shape be called

Object-oriented programming is a programming paradigm based around _______

Objects

Compile-time polymorphism is known as ______

Overloading

All software development processes are essentially variations on the:

Plan-DO-Check-Act

What are data members?

Variables that define the space required by a data item

Phases of the Waterfall model

Requirements Design Implementation Verification Maintenance

Which of these is NOT one of the three standard steps to follow when selecting a data structure to solve a problem?

Run simulations to quantify the expected running time of the program

Which class type inherits from one or more base classes?

Subclass

A data structure is:

The implementation for an ADT

Where did Agile methods come from?

They grew out of frustration with the rigidity of the p[lan-driven process commonly used in the 90s just as tech boom was heating up.

Abstraction

This denotes the essential characteristics of an object that distinguish it from all other kinds of objects and thus provide crispy defined conceptual boundaries, relative to the perspective of the viewer. This denotes a model, a view, or some other focused representation for an actual item. It's the development of a software object to represent an object we can find in the real world.

In OOP, a class can be inherited. True False

True

Hash Table

Way to search for a record faster than an unsorted array

What does the Agile Manifesto say?

We are uncovering better ways of developing software by doing it and helping others do it. Through this work we have come to value: Individuals and interactions over processes and tools Working software over comprehensive documentation Customer collaboration over contract negotiation Responding to change over following a plan That is, while there is value in the items on the right, we value the items on the left more.

As computers have become more powerful:

We have used that additional computing power to tackle more complex problems

A data structure requires...

a certain amount of space for each data item it stores, a certain amount of time to perform a single basic operation, and a certain amount of programming effort

What do we apply the label "hard drive" to?

a collection of hardware that manipulates data on a particular type of storage device

Procedural programming is.....

a programming paradigm from structured programming, based upon the concept of the procedure call

Data Structure

any data representation and its associated operations.

Encapsulation

refers to the creation of self-contained modules (classes) that bind processing functions to its data members. The data within each class is kept private. Each class defines rules for what is publicly visible and what modifications are allowed.

A solution is said to be efficient if it

requires fewer resources than known alternatives regardless of whether it meets any particular requirements

What resource constraints typically drive the data structure selection?

search, inserting data records, and deleting data records

It is crucial to keep truism in mind when

selecting a data structure to solve a particular problem

compile-time polymorphism

simply method overloading. Overloaded methods have the same method name but different number of arguments or different types of arguments or both.

People write programs to

solve problems

Cost of a Solution

the amount of resources that the solution consumes. It is most often measured in terms of one key resources such as time

What is a software development process?

the division of a software progject into distinct stages or phases of work

What do we apply the label "CPU" to?

the hardware that controls execution of computer instructions

File Structure often refers to

the organization of data on peripheral storage, such as a disk drive or CD

What is an Abstract Data Type (ADT)?

the specification of a data type within some language, its implementation combined with it makes up a class

What is the focus of procedural programming?

to break down a programming task into a collection of variables, data structures, and subroutines

What is the focus of object-oriented programming?

to break down a programming task into objects that expose behavior (methods) and data (fields) using interfaces

Examples of resource constraints

total space available to store the data and the time allowed to perform each subtask