CSD 309 Exam 1 Study

structure closer to head

rostral/Cranial

under

sub

composed of cells and extracellular material

tissue

pertaining to the front or belly

ventral

has many fat-storing cells

Adipose

Joints that yield - slight movement. Anatomical name: cartilaginous joints

Amphiarthrodial

standing with eyes facing forward, arms down by the side, palms of hands facing forward to the front, toes facing forward, always in the view of the patient (your right is their left)

Anatomical Position

Branches of Biology

Anatomy and Physiology

forms the bed for the skin

Areolar

Provides the framework for other tissues of the body. Rigid and hard from collagen and matrix mixing with minerals. Has dense outer layer and porous/spongy inner layer

Bone

characterized by its rigidity, flexibility, and varying amounts of elasticity

Cartilage

Also called a frontal plane. Vertical plane separating front and back portions of the body/body part

Coronal plane

Types of Planes

Coronal, Sagittal, and Transverse

Joints that freely move. Anatomical name: synovial joints (6 different types synovial joints)

Diarthrodial

slightly compressible and can withstand great amounts of pressure. Specialized connective tissue that provides strong structural support and is slightly compressible. Intervertebral disc (in between vertebrae) are made of fibrous cartilage

Fibrous

Connective Tissue Proper is divided into:

Loose connective tissue 1. Areolar 2. Adipose Dense connective tissue 1. Tendons 2. Ligaments 3. Fascia

A more specific term used to describe a sagittal cut resulting in relatively equivalent left and right portions (for the body or a specific body part)

Midsagittal plane

made of muscle fibers. It can change shape (ex. shorter/thicker).

Muscle Tissue

are made up of bundles of muscle fibers/cells

Muscles

a muscle filament contained in a muscle fiber. contains sarcomeres

Myofibril

A protein which increases diffusion of oxygen into muscle fibers and contributed to their color

Myoglobin

Made of nerve cels and glial cells. Location: brain, spinal cord, peripheral nervous system. Function: relays information to and from the head, neck, and body through chemical and electrical signals

Nervous tissue

A more specific term used to describe a sagittal cut without equivalent left and right portions

Parasagittal plane

Vertical plane separating left and right sides

Sagittal plane

Delicate elastic, transparent and homogenous membrane (plasma membrane) which is surrounding every striated muscle fiber

Sarcolemma

Smallest functional unit of a striated/skeletal muscle fiber. These are the basic units of myofibrils. Individual contractile unit composed of actin and myosin filament

Sarcomere

Specialized protoplasm in which myofibrils are embedded

Sarcoplasm

Cartilage 1.Hyaline 2. Elastic 3. Fibrous Bone

Specialized connective tissue

Location/function: Connects to our skeletal framework and contraction results in body movement. Attached to bone or cartilage and occasionally inserts into another muscle or to the epidermis. Voluntary control Appears Striated Important for speech production!

Striated Muscles

Joints which are immoveable or slightly moveable. Anatomical name: Fibrous joints

Synarthrodial

Joints functional categories

Synarthrodial, Amphiarthrodial, and Diathrodial

Also called a horizontal plane. Horizontal plane separating top and bottom halves of the body/body part

Transverse plane

scientific study of the structure and organization of living organisms

anatomy

toward the front

anterior

joint which allows rotation (either full rotation in all directions or some rotation)

ball and socket

scientific study of living organisms

biology

structure closer to tail

caudal

Epithelial tissue is characterized by:

cell shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar) and how many cell layers (simple vs stratified/compound)

pertaining to the center, or composing the primary part

central

joints which allow all movement types except rotation

condyloid

tissues which combine or hold together structure, support the body, and aid in the body maintenance. Made up of less cells than epithelial tissue (more extracellular substance)

connective tissue

classified by extracellular matrix into:

connective tissue proper 1. loose connective tissue 2. dense connective tissue and Specialized connective tissue

referring to the opposite side (ex. contradlateral)

contra

located further from the surface of the body

deep

Many tightly packed extracellular fibers 3 types Tendons - attached muscle to bone cartilage/other muscles; tough, non-elastic cords Ligaments - join bone to bone to cartilage or cartilage to cartilage; tough cords and have a lot of elastic fibers Fascia - a sheet of fibrous tissue found below the surface of the skin that encloses muscles and groups of muscles; makes up fibrous tissue underlying the skin or covers and separates muscle into functional groups

dense connective tissue

away from the center of the body or point of origin

distal

pertaining to the back

dorsal

outer

ecto

Very flexible. Specialized connective tissue that provides some structural support and is extremely flexible. Basis of the outer ear

elastic

inner

endo

lines blood and lymph vessels. made of simple squamous cells

endothelial tissue

tissue that lines the outer surface of the body as well as the internal passageways and body cavities

epithelial tissue

forms skin (or epidermis) and internal membranes continuous with the skin. Lining the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts. Includes different shapes/layers of cells

epithelial tissue proper

3 groups of epithelial tissue

epithelial tissue proper, endothelial tissue, and mesothelial tissue

4 types of tissue

epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue

situated on the outside

external

outside

extra

external or coming from the outside

extrinsic

a sheet of fibrous tissue found below the surface of the skin that encloses muscles and groups of muscles. Makes up fibrous tissue underlying the skin or covers and separates muscle into functional groups

fascia

joints which allow for gliding/sliding

gliding

types of synovial joints

gliding, hinge, pivot, saddle, condyloid, ball and socket

joints which allow movement in one plane only

hinge

most abundant type. Primarily in places where strong support is needed with some flexibility. Specialized connective tissue that provides strong structural; support with some flexibility. Found in rib cage, larynx, and nose

hyaline

3 types of cartilage

hyaline, elastic, and fibrous

below

inferior

below

infra

between

inter

situated on the inside

internal

inside

intra

within

intra

internal or completely within

intrinsic

referring to the same side (ex. ipsilateral)

ipsi

bones join other bones at ____ as do some cartilages. Ligaments hold ____ together

joints

to the side or farther from the midsagittal plane

lateral

join bone to bone, bone to cartilage, or cartilage to cartilage; touch cords and have a lot of elastic fibers

ligaments

fills space, loosely packed fibers are distributed throughout the body to bind parts together. 2 types deep in the skin: Areola - forms the bed for the skin Adipose - has many fat-storing cells

loose connective tissue

large

macro

toward the middle or center, or closer to the midsagittal plane

medial

lines internal body cavities. 2 pleural cavities, pericardial cavity, peritoneal cavity

mesothelial tissue

small

micro

Types of sagittal planes

midsagittal plane and parasagittal plane

specialized for the production of mechanical force

muscle fiber/muscle cells

Structure of Striated Muscles

myofibril, sarcomere, sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, myoglobin

scientific study of the nature of diseases and of the structural and functional changes that are imposed upon the living organisms as a result

pathology

pertaining to the periphery, or composing the secondary part

peripheral

study of the functions of living organisms and their parts

physiology

joints which allow movement and rotation, appears like a pivot

pivot

after/behind

post

toward the back

posterior

before

pre

body lying face down

prone

toward the center of the body or the point of origin

proximal

joints which allow all movement types expect rotation

saddle

3 types of muscle tissue

striated/skeletal. Smooth, Cardiac

above

super

located closer to the surface of the body

superficial

above

superior

body lying face up

supine

above

supra

attach muscle to bone cartilage/other muscles; tough, non-elastic cords

tendons