CSD 309 Exam 1 Study
structure closer to head
rostral/Cranial
under
sub
composed of cells and extracellular material
tissue
pertaining to the front or belly
ventral
has many fat-storing cells
Adipose
Joints that yield - slight movement. Anatomical name: cartilaginous joints
Amphiarthrodial
standing with eyes facing forward, arms down by the side, palms of hands facing forward to the front, toes facing forward, always in the view of the patient (your right is their left)
Anatomical Position
Branches of Biology
Anatomy and Physiology
forms the bed for the skin
Areolar
Provides the framework for other tissues of the body. Rigid and hard from collagen and matrix mixing with minerals. Has dense outer layer and porous/spongy inner layer
Bone
characterized by its rigidity, flexibility, and varying amounts of elasticity
Cartilage
Also called a frontal plane. Vertical plane separating front and back portions of the body/body part
Coronal plane
Types of Planes
Coronal, Sagittal, and Transverse
Joints that freely move. Anatomical name: synovial joints (6 different types synovial joints)
Diarthrodial
slightly compressible and can withstand great amounts of pressure. Specialized connective tissue that provides strong structural support and is slightly compressible. Intervertebral disc (in between vertebrae) are made of fibrous cartilage
Fibrous
Connective Tissue Proper is divided into:
Loose connective tissue 1. Areolar 2. Adipose Dense connective tissue 1. Tendons 2. Ligaments 3. Fascia
A more specific term used to describe a sagittal cut resulting in relatively equivalent left and right portions (for the body or a specific body part)
Midsagittal plane
made of muscle fibers. It can change shape (ex. shorter/thicker).
Muscle Tissue
are made up of bundles of muscle fibers/cells
Muscles
a muscle filament contained in a muscle fiber. contains sarcomeres
Myofibril
A protein which increases diffusion of oxygen into muscle fibers and contributed to their color
Myoglobin
Made of nerve cels and glial cells. Location: brain, spinal cord, peripheral nervous system. Function: relays information to and from the head, neck, and body through chemical and electrical signals
Nervous tissue
A more specific term used to describe a sagittal cut without equivalent left and right portions
Parasagittal plane
Vertical plane separating left and right sides
Sagittal plane
Delicate elastic, transparent and homogenous membrane (plasma membrane) which is surrounding every striated muscle fiber
Sarcolemma
Smallest functional unit of a striated/skeletal muscle fiber. These are the basic units of myofibrils. Individual contractile unit composed of actin and myosin filament
Sarcomere
Specialized protoplasm in which myofibrils are embedded
Sarcoplasm
Cartilage 1.Hyaline 2. Elastic 3. Fibrous Bone
Specialized connective tissue
Location/function: Connects to our skeletal framework and contraction results in body movement. Attached to bone or cartilage and occasionally inserts into another muscle or to the epidermis. Voluntary control Appears Striated Important for speech production!
Striated Muscles
Joints which are immoveable or slightly moveable. Anatomical name: Fibrous joints
Synarthrodial
Joints functional categories
Synarthrodial, Amphiarthrodial, and Diathrodial
Also called a horizontal plane. Horizontal plane separating top and bottom halves of the body/body part
Transverse plane
scientific study of the structure and organization of living organisms
anatomy
toward the front
anterior
joint which allows rotation (either full rotation in all directions or some rotation)
ball and socket
scientific study of living organisms
biology
structure closer to tail
caudal
Epithelial tissue is characterized by:
cell shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar) and how many cell layers (simple vs stratified/compound)
pertaining to the center, or composing the primary part
central
joints which allow all movement types except rotation
condyloid
tissues which combine or hold together structure, support the body, and aid in the body maintenance. Made up of less cells than epithelial tissue (more extracellular substance)
connective tissue
classified by extracellular matrix into:
connective tissue proper 1. loose connective tissue 2. dense connective tissue and Specialized connective tissue
referring to the opposite side (ex. contradlateral)
contra
located further from the surface of the body
deep
Many tightly packed extracellular fibers 3 types Tendons - attached muscle to bone cartilage/other muscles; tough, non-elastic cords Ligaments - join bone to bone to cartilage or cartilage to cartilage; tough cords and have a lot of elastic fibers Fascia - a sheet of fibrous tissue found below the surface of the skin that encloses muscles and groups of muscles; makes up fibrous tissue underlying the skin or covers and separates muscle into functional groups
dense connective tissue
away from the center of the body or point of origin
distal
pertaining to the back
dorsal
outer
ecto
Very flexible. Specialized connective tissue that provides some structural support and is extremely flexible. Basis of the outer ear
elastic
inner
endo
lines blood and lymph vessels. made of simple squamous cells
endothelial tissue
tissue that lines the outer surface of the body as well as the internal passageways and body cavities
epithelial tissue
forms skin (or epidermis) and internal membranes continuous with the skin. Lining the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts. Includes different shapes/layers of cells
epithelial tissue proper
3 groups of epithelial tissue
epithelial tissue proper, endothelial tissue, and mesothelial tissue
4 types of tissue
epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue
situated on the outside
external
outside
extra
external or coming from the outside
extrinsic
a sheet of fibrous tissue found below the surface of the skin that encloses muscles and groups of muscles. Makes up fibrous tissue underlying the skin or covers and separates muscle into functional groups
fascia
joints which allow for gliding/sliding
gliding
types of synovial joints
gliding, hinge, pivot, saddle, condyloid, ball and socket
joints which allow movement in one plane only
hinge
most abundant type. Primarily in places where strong support is needed with some flexibility. Specialized connective tissue that provides strong structural; support with some flexibility. Found in rib cage, larynx, and nose
hyaline
3 types of cartilage
hyaline, elastic, and fibrous
below
inferior
below
infra
between
inter
situated on the inside
internal
inside
intra
within
intra
internal or completely within
intrinsic
referring to the same side (ex. ipsilateral)
ipsi
bones join other bones at ____ as do some cartilages. Ligaments hold ____ together
joints
to the side or farther from the midsagittal plane
lateral
join bone to bone, bone to cartilage, or cartilage to cartilage; touch cords and have a lot of elastic fibers
ligaments
fills space, loosely packed fibers are distributed throughout the body to bind parts together. 2 types deep in the skin: Areola - forms the bed for the skin Adipose - has many fat-storing cells
loose connective tissue
large
macro
toward the middle or center, or closer to the midsagittal plane
medial
lines internal body cavities. 2 pleural cavities, pericardial cavity, peritoneal cavity
mesothelial tissue
small
micro
Types of sagittal planes
midsagittal plane and parasagittal plane
specialized for the production of mechanical force
muscle fiber/muscle cells
Structure of Striated Muscles
myofibril, sarcomere, sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, myoglobin
scientific study of the nature of diseases and of the structural and functional changes that are imposed upon the living organisms as a result
pathology
pertaining to the periphery, or composing the secondary part
peripheral
study of the functions of living organisms and their parts
physiology
joints which allow movement and rotation, appears like a pivot
pivot
after/behind
post
toward the back
posterior
before
pre
body lying face down
prone
toward the center of the body or the point of origin
proximal
joints which allow all movement types expect rotation
saddle
3 types of muscle tissue
striated/skeletal. Smooth, Cardiac
above
super
located closer to the surface of the body
superficial
above
superior
body lying face up
supine
above
supra
attach muscle to bone cartilage/other muscles; tough, non-elastic cords
tendons