CSET -Reading, Language, and Literature
Structure:
morphology - unit of meaning and syntax - how words are arranged to create meaning
Sound
phonology- speech sounds
Meaning
semantics (analysis of word meaning)
Implications of Teaching Phonemic awareness in the classroom
teachers should provide individualized and differentiated instruction. Provide a positive learning experience for children to engage in their curiosity about the language by using songs, stories, rhymes, and poetry. Should emphasize phoneme manipulation by helping children combine or blend separate sounds in a word. Ex /m/ /a/ /p/-map or up /u/ /p/. Help children recognize which words in a set of words begin with the same sound. Ex. bell, bike, and boy all start with /b/. Help children isolate and say the first or last sound in a word.
During a history lesson, a fourth-grade classroom teacher requests that students submit a writing sample about what it must be like to be a child of immigrants coming to the United States. One student submits the following writing sample: When my dad came, he did not speek English because he was born in a diffirent country, called Guatemala. No one could understand him because of his axcent. He was a good electrichen. I think my dad is amazing. In analyzing the student's spelling errors, how should the teacher begin to interpret the student's spelling development, and how might the teacher plan for further spelling instruction?
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Onset-rime
Onset refers to the first phonological unit, or the part of the word before the vowel. Rime refers to the part of the word-vowels and consonants-that follow the onset. Note: Not all words have onset and rime. Teaching children onset-rime helps them decode new words
Idiolect
The specific speech habits of an individual speaker or writer, which are often marked by peculiarities of language, grammar, or pronunciation.
Phoneme blending (orally blending sounds)
Say each phoneme segment sound of a word and the student will combine the sounds to identify the word. Ex. "Listen carefully to the sounds I am saying and put the sounds together, /c/ /a/ /t/" cat
Read the passage below and answer the question that follows. The emphasis on children's health and fitness has even reached the White House, in a campaign to end childhood obesity in the United States, the First Lady launched an initiative called "Let's Move" to encourage healthy lifestyles among kids. The CDC recommends that children participate in one hour or more of physical activity per day to improve cardiovascular health, muscle strengthening, and bone strengthening. Studies suggest that a comprehensive physical education program is the most significant factor in the development of cardio-respiratory endurance, which includes the ability of the heart, blood vessels, and respiratory system to sustain work by delivering oxygen and nutrients to the tissues of the body over a period of time. The most important education we can give our children is one that gives them the tools to maintain a healthy heart.
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Affix
A bound (nonword) morpheme that is combined with a word, stem, or phrase to produce a word. For example, combining the prefix "ad-" and suffix "-ing" to the word "join" produces the word "adjoining"
Prosody
A component of fluency that refers to reading with expression, which includes the use of appropriate emphasis, stress, intonation, pitch, pauses, and phrasing that demonstrates understanding of syntax and mechanics. Prosody may also reflect the emotional state of the speaker; the form of the utterance (statement, question, or comment); or other elements of language that may not be encoded by grammar or choice of vocabulary
Derivational meaning
A morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit of a word that has meaning. It cannot be divided into smaller elements. For example, the word sing is a morpheme. it can be a syllable, affix, or root word. Derivational morphemes can be added to a word to create another word. When adding an affix, the grammatical part of speech can sometimes change. For example, the word sing is a verb, but if we add "-er," the word becomes a noun, singer.
Phonemes
A phoneme is the smallest part of spoken language that makes a difference in the meaning of words. English has about 41 phonemes. A few words, such as a or oh, have only one phoneme. Most words, however, have more than one phoneme: The word if has two phonemes (/i/ /f/); check has three phonemes (/ch/ /e/ /k/), and stop has four phonemes (/s/ /t/ /o/ /p/). Sometimes one phoneme is represented by more than one letter.
A first-grade teacher notices that a student is struggling with reading. He is in the lowest-achieving reading group, and although the teacher has tried some strategies to improve his reading, he is making minimal progress. What are the next steps the teacher should take in working with this student? A. Assess his reading and target instruction to meet identified skill needs, in addition, keep anecdotal records of reading behavior and communicate with his parents to gain assistance. B: Request the help of specialists, such as the reading specialist, resource specialist, or counselor at the school, to make a joint decision on how to best help the student. C: Send home more homework for the child to practice reading skills at home with his parents D: Read more often with the child to provide encouragement and increase his confidence level; have the child model volunteers or peer tutors who provide the student with
A. Assess his reading and target instruction to meet identified skill needs, in addition, keep anecdotal records of reading behavior and communicate with his parents to gain assistance. The first step of effective classroom intervention is to diagnose and assess the students reading ability while maintaining records of the student's reading behavior. CCSS states importance for teacher to identify skill needs and develop explicit strategies for intervention (communicating w/ the parents, increasing instruction time, dividing skills into smaller steps)
While teaching an art lesson in a Project Head Start classroom, the teacher walks around the room to observe the children's paintings. Raymond holds up his painting and exclaims, "This tree was made by me!" Next Melanie holds up her painting, saying, "I make it!" Nicole eagerly displays her painting and says, "I paint my hands," and David shows his painting and says, "Me paint." Based on language development and the understanding of syntax, which response most closely exhibits the speech pattern of a 5-year-old? A: "This tree was made by me" B: "I make it!" C: "I paint my hands!" D: "Me paint!"
A: "This tree was made by me" The speech pattern of the above answer is only possible by the age of 5. Only 5 year olds are able to speak correct syntax (rules for organizing words to sentences) and pragmatics (rules for convo).
In context, which is the best version of the underlined portion of the sentence below? For example, men like John D. Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie, who became major figures A: Carnegie became B: Carnegie, both of whom C: Carnegie, both of who became D: Carnegie, and they both became
A: Carnegie became have to remove who
In preparation for presenting oral material, students are taught how to structure a speech. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial strategy used by the presenter to communicate effectively? A: Consider whether your goal is to inform, persuade, or motivate, and then develop an outline for your speech B: Include contrast words like although, however, and but to highlight differences that will be developed in the oral presentation C: In the body of the speech, detail all main points and provide information to support each point. D: Summarize the main points of the oral presentation and emphasize the story line
A: Consider whether your goal is to inform, persuade, or motivate, and then develop an outline for your speech
A fourth-grade teacher is working with a student who is trying to decode the word upsetting. Read the passage below and use it to answer the following question about their conversation. Teacher "Can you read this word?"\ Student "Yes. It's upsing" Teacher "Does upsing make sense" Student "No. I guess not" Teacher "You've read part of the word. Try again" Student "Oh! It's upsetting!" Teacher "You've read the first syllable and the last syllable. Now I want you to focus on the middle part of the word, Can you try the word again?" Student "Up-set-ting" Teacher "You just read all of the syllables in the word. Try to put them together quickly to read the word. Try to put them together quickly to read the word." Student "Upsetting, upsetting. I got it. The word is upsetting!" Teacher "Great job! You figured out the word upsetting" Based on the above conversation, this student would most clearly benefit from:
A: Participating in an organized, effective phonics program B: Paying attention to structure and syntactic cues. C: Explicit instruction and guided practice decoding multisyllabic words D: instruction in decoding prefixes C: Explicit instruction and guided practice decoding multisyllabic words Explicit and systematic instruction is particularly beneficial for children who are having difficulty learning to read because it teaches the student a logical and sequential relationship of letters and sounds
What is a simple definition of scaffolding in the context of language and literacy development? A: Scaffolding is a temporary means of support to assist students with more complex tasks in reading, writing, thinking, and understanding until they are ready to proceed at a higher level on their own. B: Scaffolding is a technique used with students that provides needed instruction to complete literacy tasks. C: Scaffolding in the context of language and literacy development provides students with the necessary skills in order to function within a classroom. D: Scaffolding is a means to assess English Language Learner students so they can function within the comprehension skills
A: Scaffolding is a temporary means of support to assist students with more complex tasks in reading, writing, thinking, and understanding until they are ready to proceed at a higher level on their own. This is because scaffolding uses simplified language until it has developed. These activities are supported by a peer or teacher until mastered.
A 2-year-old child points to his favorite book and says "book." Which of the following responses by his mother represents the best method to help this child develop linguistically correct speech patterns? A: Speaking naturally, "Yes, this is your favorite book; it's called Goodnight Moon." B: Speaking with infant-directed speech. "Yes, book." C: After careful thought, "Yes, this is your favorite book; it's called Goodnight Moon." D: Speaking with infant-directed, "Yes, this is your favorite book; it's called Goodnight Moon."
A: Speaking naturally, "Yes, this is your favorite book; it's called Goodnight Moon." Ways to help a child's natural way to speak linguistically is 1. Recasting-rephrasing what the child said in a different way 2. Expanding-restating in a linguistically correct form 3. Labeling-identifying what is said 4. Echoing-repeating the one- or two-word sentences the child has said This should be said naturally and just an extension of how a parent responds to a child.
Read the poem below and answer the question that follows. Gather ye rosebuds while ye may: Old time is still a-flying And this same flower that smiles today Tomorrow will be dying. The figure of speech for the word "flower" used in the third line of the poem is an example of: A: personification B: simile C: metaphor D: irony
A: personification Personification gives human qualities to an inanimate object. Here, the flower is given the human ability to smile
D: Ellison
Allison tutors six different seventh-grade students. The following graph tracks the scores of each student across three major tests. Which of the following students had the best overall performance? A: Johnson B: Alexander C: Jones D: Ellison
Concepts of print
An important predictor in learning to read. It is the familiarity with print conventions, such as reading left to right, top to bottom. The direction of print on a page, the use of the spaces to denote words, and the ideas that print represents word and pronunciation.
Beginning Reader (Kinder-First grade) Alphabetic coding
Awareness that letters are associated with sounds. Begin to identify printed words by decoding CVC words Instruction: systematic and explicit instruction -phonics, phonemic awareness, blending, segmenting, and decoding -vocabulary word-attack skills -text comprehension -listening and writing -encouraging students to make predictions about stories -exercises that include filling in open-ended sentences
Phoneme Isolation
Ask students to isolate individual sounds (phonemes) in words. Ex. "Tell me the first sound you hear in ball" /b/
Phoneme Identiy
Ask the student to identify a common sound among different words Ex. "Tell me the sound that is the same in dog, doll, and dig." /d/
Phoneme classification
Ask the student to identify the word that sounds different and "doesn't belong" among the choices" Ex. "Tell which word does not belong; ball, bell, run." run
Mr. Gutierrez , a third - grade teacher , is developing his daily schedule as well as his long - range classroom goals . According to the California Language Arts Framework , what is the minimum amount of time per day to be allocated for language arts instruction ? A: 3 1/2 hours B: 2 1/2 hours C: 1 1/2 hours D: 1/2 hour
B: 2 1/2 hours In the California Language Arts Framework, in an effective primary language arts program a daily minimum of 2 1/1 hours of instructional time to ELA in K-3rd In 4th-8th 2 hours
Which of the following sentences shows the correct usage of the underlined words? A: Although he had appeared as a guest on several popular cable news shows in recent months, yesterday's interview is the first time the governor has admitted his interest in running for senator B: Although he had appeared as a guest on several popular cable news shows in recent months, yesterday's interview was the first time the governor admitted his interest in running for senator. C: Although he had appeared as a guest on several popular cable news shows in recent months, yesterday's interview had been the first time the governor had admitted his interest in running for senator. D: Although he had appeared as a guest on several popular cable news shows in recent months, yesterday's interview shall be the first time the governor admitted his internet in running for senator.
B: Although he had appeared as a guest on several popular cable news shows in recent months, yesterday's interview was the first time the governor admitted his interest in running for senator. The description of the interview as yesterday's places the action in the past. It follows that the tense of the main verb must then be past tense
In the following conversation, a kindergarten teacher is preparing a special-needs student for a phonemic awareness test. After reading, answer the question that follows Teacher I'm going to say the sounds in a word. The sounds are /k/-/i/-/t/. When I put those sounds together they say kit. Now I'm going to say some more sounds, and i want you to put them together to make a word. This time, the sounds are /f/-/i/-/t/. Can you put those sounds together to make a word? Student /f/-/i/-/t/. That says fit! Teacher That's right, fit. Now, I'd like you to do this for some more words. This assessment would be an appropriate way to measure which of the following phonemic awareness tasks? A: Identifying phonemes B: Blending the phonemes in a given word C:Matching phonemes in rhyming words D: Segmenting the phonemes in a given word
B: Blending the phonemes in a given word Phonemic blending is the act of listening to a sequence of separately spoken phonemes and then combining them to form a word.
A first-grade teacher plans a mid-year reading lesson for a class with many English Language Learners (ELLs) from diverse sociocultural backgrounds. Which of the following should the teacher consider first before preparing her lesson? A: Preparing visual tools (e.g., pictures, illustrations, diagrams) B: Preparing a portfolio for each child with strategies for individual instructional needs. C: Preparing strategies for teaching reading lessons written in their native languages to meet individual needs. D: Including read-aloud reading material that is culturally sensitive.
B: Preparing a portfolio for each child with strategies for individual instructional needs. To develop materials that help children become skilled readers, the teacher must first develop and prepare individual student portfolios that diagnose and meet individual needs.
Which of the following best illustrates the correct in-text citation? A: "Hummanity's deepest desire for knowledge is justification enough for our continuing quest." A Brief History of Time by Hawking (p. 14). B: Stephen Hawking, in his book, A Brief History of Time, suggests that "humanity's deepest desire for knowledge is justification enough for our continuing quest" (14). C: To illuminate my point, as human beings we have a deep yearning to continue our search for knowledge. Further, it is our goal to be able to investigate and explain the world we live in. D: Hawking's book suggests that "humanity's deepest desire for knowledge is justification enough for our continuing quest." (14).
B: Stephen Hawking, in his book, A Brief History of Time, suggests that "humanity's deepest desire for knowledge is justification enough for our continuing quest" (14). Answer should illustrate the correct usage of MLA style citation. When referencing a direct quote from an original author, always use quotation marks around the authors words
Which of the following grade-level skills should be expected from an average fourth-grade class of students who are using the Internet to conduct research to write a paper? A: Students should demonstrate a sufficient command of keyboarding skills to write a three-page paper in a single sitting. B: Students should demonstrate a command of searching for information relevant to the topic while taking notes C: Students should demonstrate a sufficient command of quoting or paraphrasing Internet sources without plagiarism D: Students should demonstrate a command of evaluating the credibility and accuracy of Internet sources
B: Students should demonstrate a command of searching for information relevant to the topic while taking notes
Which of the following best describes a primary source for researching leaders of national civil rights movement campaigns? A: The film Selma, about the civil rights leader Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr.'s campaign to secure voter rights B: The speech given by Mexican-American civil rights leader Cesar Chavez upon ending his fast C: A thesis paper written about the "The Civil Rights Act of 1964" D: A report on "Civil Rights and Immigration," published by the United States Commission on Civil Rights
B: The speech given by Mexican-American civil rights leader Cesar Chavez upon ending his fast This is a primary source because it was an actual speech that was presented by civil rights leader Cesar Chavez. Primary sources include interviews, letters, diaries, early works, correspondence, manuscripts, sources, speeches, and personal documents. They're original sources that offer an "inside view" of the particular event or person being studied and are often written by someone who witnessed or experienced the event directly.
Kindergarten student performance assessments are conducted at the end of the school year. One student is able to name the letters of the alphabet and has mastered print concepts. However, the student is unable to identify rhyming words. What should the kindergarten teacher conclude about this student? A: The student has completed most of the requirements of kindergarten and will be successful in first-grade reading. B: The student has not mastered a phonemic awareness skill (that is, rhyming words) that should be mastered by the end of kindergarten. C: The student will not perform at grade level in first grade D: The student needs direct instruction and practice in phonemic letter recognition skills.
B: The student has not mastered a phonemic awareness skill (that is, rhyming words) that should be mastered by the end of kindergarten. The English Language Arts Content Standards for California Public Schools states that one of the goals in kindergarten is to help students understand that letters of words change and sounds change-the Alphabetic principle phonemic awareness skills such as rhyming, counting syllables, substituting sounds, and blending phonemes help kindergarten students form simple sentences required in the first-grade reading programs.
On Monday, Mr. Nguyen notices that many of his seventh-grade students have difficulty comprehending expository texts. The next day, Mr. Nguyen introduces an unfamiliar informational text. Which instructional strategy would be most effective in facilitating comprehension of his informational text? A: Using comprehension strategies that include drawing logical conclusions B: Using comprehension strategies that include graphic organizers, outlining, and note-taking C: Using cooperative learning so a greater number of students will understand the text D: Using comprehension strategies that include identifying context clues
B: Using comprehension strategies that include graphic organizers, outlining, and note-taking Using graphic organizers, outlining, and note taking will help students concentrate on refining key features from popular print informational texts.
The point in a plot that is called the climax refers to the: A: development of the setting B: turning point of the story C: falling action D: ending of the story
B: turning point of the story
Which of the following paired writing and organizational techniques best describes the discovery process in writing an effective essay? A: Content and body while focusing on the task, purpose, and unity B: Deduction and induction while focusing on the task, purpose, unity C: Brainstorming and prewriting while focusing on the task, purpose, and audience D: Rhetoric and arrangement while focusing on the task, purpose, and audience
C: Brainstorming and prewriting while focusing on the task, purpose, and audience The terms for the idea-discovering process are brainstorming and prewriting. Effective writers organize what will be written by focusing on the task, purpose, and intended audience.
A sixth-grade teacher asks students to read the passage above and write down a summary of the author's main point of view regarding physical education. Which of the following best characterizes the author's main point? A: Physical education should be considered equally important as traditional academic fields in a well-rounded education. B: Physical education has become even more important since the implementation of the "Let's Move" initiative. C: Physical education should be the top priority in a child's schooling D: Physical education should be included in a student's core curriculum, when possible
C: Physical education should be the top priority in a child's schooling The best way to isolate the main idea is to paraphrase the passage.
Read the passage below and answer the question that follows. 1The fundraising practices of the political parties in this country are clearly out of control. 2 A previously undisclosed transcript has revealed that Richard Nixon's secret White House slush fund, which was used to silence the Watergate burglars, came from illegally donated campaign money. 3 After Nixon resigned, his successor, Gerald Ford, pardoned him. 4 Gerald Ford has joined presidents Carter and Bush in urging campaign funding reforms. 5 Recent hearings have shown all too clearly that both parties have been guilty of highly questionable fundraising practices. 6 Unless laws are changed, the shoddy practices of the last 30 years will undoubtedly continue. Which of the following numbered sentences is the least relevant to the main idea of this paragraph? A: Sentence 1 B: Sentence 2 C: Sentence 3 D: Sentence 4
C: Sentence 3 The paragraph is about campaign fundraising and the need for reform. All the other references to former presidents are relevant to this issue, but Ford's pardon of Nixon is not
Use the passage below from "The Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras County" by Mark Twain to answer the question that follows "Maybe you don't," Smiley says, "Maybe you understand frogs and maybe you don't understand 'em; maybe you've had experience, and maybe you ain't only a amateur, as it were. Anyways, I've got my opinion, and I'll resk forty dollars that he can outjump any frog in Calaveras County." The slang and spelling errors in the preceding passage indicate which of the following? A: The author is nearly illiterate B: The reader is made to feel comfortable C: The rustic setting is emphasized D: The story is centuries
C: The rustic setting is emphasized Twain used colloquial language to enhance the rustic setting an cultural gap between the main characters essential to the literacy battle of wits between provincialism and sophistication
A: First, the teacher must identify the spelling errors in this student's paper. The teacher should return the paper to the student for corrections so the student can add the misspelled words to his weekly spelling list. B: After identifying the student's spelling errors, the teacher should add these words to her weekly class spelling list to enable her students to achieve mastery of these words. In future spelling lessons, the teacher should group her students according to the words they are having difficulty spelling C: The teacher should identify the misspelled words in this student's writing sample and add this sample to other samples of this student's work. For further information about this student's spelling development, the teacher should administer a spelling inventory and analyze the results. This would provide her with more information on which to base word-study lessons for her class.
C: The teacher should identify the misspelled words in this student's writing sample and add this sample to other samples of this student's work. For further information about this student's spelling development, the teacher should administer a spelling inventory and analyze the results. This would provide her with more information on which to base word-study lessons for her class. The teacher can gain more info about the student's spelling stages if she collects samples of the student's writing. The inventory can provide the teacher with valuable info about each student's spelling development and helps to plan spelling instruction
Which of the following sentences shows the correct usage and punctuation of the underlined words? A: To a large degree, poetry along with all the other arts is a form of imitation B: To a large degree, poetry, along with all the other arts, are a form of imitation C: To a large degree, poetry, along with all the other arts, is a form of imitation D. To a large degree, poetry and art are a form of imitation.
C: To a large degree, poetry, along with all the other arts, is a form of imitation Along wit all the other arts should be set off by commas, and is is the correct verb form to agree with poetry, a singular subject
In most dictionaries, the explanation of the meaning of pronunciation symbols is usually found; A: in the beginning of the spelling section of the dictionary B:in an appendix of the dictionary C: at the bottom of each page D: with each word, before the definition of the word
C: at the bottom of each page
The purpose of revising text when writing an essay is to: A: check over and publish your final draft B: critically evaluate the final draft C: critically evaluate the first draft D: organize your thesis statement
C: critically evaluate the first draft
An eight-grade teacher designs the following instructional activity, "Life in the Sahara Desert," to prepare students for a narrative writing assignment about what it must be like for people who live in extremely hot climates. Students brainstorm the definitions for words like sweltering and nomads. The teacher uses their suggestions to complete the following diagram on the board. This diagram is most accurately called a A: cycle diagram B: matrix organizational chart C: graphic organizer D: hierarchy map
C: graphic organizer
Use the information below to answer the question that follows. term-88Einstein, Albert, The Meaning of Relatively, 5th Edition, 1956, Princeton University Press, pp. 26-29 The reference above is most likely an example taken from the bibliography of a(n): A: literary periodical B: anthology of essays C: student's term paper D: newspaper editorial
C: student's term paper This work is being listed in a fairly standard bibliographic form that may be used on a bibliography page. Because of the nature of the work, the format of the notation, and the fact that page references are given, this is most likely from a student's term paper.
Anwar is a fourth grader who reads at grade level. When asked to choose a book from the classroom library, he generally selects texts that are at his frustration level. It is clear that he is unable to read his chosen material. The teacher's best response to this behavior would be to: A: choose easier material for Anwar so he is able to accurately decode and comprehend the text B: continue allowing Anwar to select books at his frustration level for as long as he appears to be enjoying his choices C: teach Anwar the five-finger rule of reading so he will be able to monitor his own reading selections. When Anwar makes more than five errors per page, he will know the book is too difficult for him and choose another D: review Anwar's book selections during guided reading and give mini-lessons on difficult reading concepts so Anwar will be able to read at this instructional level
C: teach Anwar the five-finger rule of reading so he will be able to monitor his own reading selections. When Anwar makes more than five errors per page, he will know the book is too difficult for him and choose another The five-finger rule is an effective tool that Anwar can use to self-monitor his reading selections while stretching his reading abilities.
Fluent reader (fourth-eighth grade) Orthographic
Can read larger units of print and use an analogy to decode larger words. Decoding becomes fluent and is representative of adult readers. Reading, accuracy, and speed are stressed Instruction: Systematic and explicit instruction -word attack skills (multisyllabic words) and words within families decoding -decoding -spelling and vocab -fluency -text comprehension (context skills) -utilizing metacognition
Child-directed speech (0-24 months)
Caretakers modify their speech to make it easier for a child to learn the language. Ex. modifying sentence structure, repeating key words, and focusing on present objects
Read the following paragraph and carefully arrange the four sentences in the most logical order. 1 The effect of the medication will not change. 2 However, you might take the wrong pill or take a pill at the wrong time. 3 If you are taking several pills, be sure to pay close attention to the change in shape or color. 4 Changing from brand-name medicine to a generic, you may find that the pill is a different shape or a different color. A: 4-2-3-1 B: 2-3-1-4 C: 3-4-1-2 D: 4-1-3-2
D: 4-1-3-2 Sentence 1 logically follows sentence 4 because sentence 4 speaks of change, and sentence 1 begins with comments on something that will remain unchanged, Sentence 2, which begins with However , logically follows sentence 3, which begins with If. And the sentence pair 3 and 2 logically follows the pair 4 and 1.
Which of the following are not examples of phonological awareness tasks? A: Deleting and identifying word boundaries B: Distinguishing initial, medial, and final sounds C: Blending sounds together D: Adding letters to form words
D: Adding letters to form words Adding letters to form words is not a phonological awareness task
Ms. Chan, a sixth-grade teacher, frequently asks students to respond to literature through purposeful writing opportunities. When creating writing lessons, it is most important that Ms. Chen's lessons and activities relate to the specific instructional needs of her students and involve different learning modalities that connect reading, speaking, and writing. According to the English Language Arts (ELA) and CSS requirements, which of the following types of essay-writing tasks should be emphasized in Ms. Chen's sixth-grade writing lessons? A: Creative writing B: Explanatory writing C: Narrative writing D: Argument writing
D: Argument writing the CSS recognizes the importance of students' ability to write "sound arguments on substantive topics and issues" for college and career readiness. Children can't produce logical arguments until 6th grade. In 6th grade the argument essay is the most important and developmentally appropriate of the writing tasks listed
A fifth-grade teacher is trying to increase the prosody of Ralph and Elvia, both second-language learners. How could the teacher best address their needs? A. By using timers to record repeated silent readings and plotting reading rates on a graph. B. By providing differentiated instruction in prosody during English Language Learner time. C: By practicing automatically and reading rate at a fluency station during Universal Access time. D: By modeling reading with appropriate phrasing an expression.
D: By modeling reading with appropriate phrasing an expression. An effective teacher knows that explicit, systematic strategies for building prosody (reading with expression) include modeling and phrase cued reading
A second grader is unable to blend phonemes into a word that is said aloud by the teacher. For example, after hearing /c/ /a/ /t/, the child says "kitten." Using the information above, what does this suggest to the teacher for instruction? A: The student would benefit from manipulating magnetic letters while working in a small group to match sounds with letters B: The student would benefit from practice in blending skills with a volunteer or teacher's aide C: The student is unaware of syllables and needs explicit instruction in this area. D: The student needs more instruction in phonemic awareness, including formal and explicit reading instruction.
D: The student needs more instruction in phonemic awareness, including formal and explicit reading instruction. The teacher needs to assess the student's phonemic awareness to determine areas of weakness and remediate as needed.
Irena is an English Language Learner who joins Ms. Acosta's seventh-grade class mid-year. Following a round of assessments, Ms. Acosta determines that Irena decodes extremely well and reads fluently. However, her comprehension performance is inconsistent. Sometimes she seems to understand everything in a grade-level text, while other times she has difficulty retelling a story with accuracy. Ms. Acosta then assesses Irena's vocabulary knowledge and notes some weak areas. What are some logical next steps for instruction? A: Provide Irena easier reading material that is at her instructional reading level.B Place Irena in a group with other English Language Learners. They should focus on vocabulary and phonics instruction. D: Use this information to plan appropriate vocabulary and academic language interventions in relation to Irena's specific reading needs.
D: Use this information to plan appropriate vocabulary and academic language interventions in relation to Irena's specific reading needs. A teacher should never assume that all ELLs have the same needs and must be assigned to the same groups. Because Irena decodes well, reads fluently, and frequently retells accurately, she would benefit from effective vocabulary instruction before reading complex passages.
Students are expected to recognize writing assignment arguments that are supported by valid reasoning and evidence. All of the following are necessary elements in writing an unbiased opinion piece that supports a specific point of view except; A: reasons that are supported by facts and details. B: an organizational structure that supports the writer's purpose C: visual or multimedia sources to evaluate the accuracy of each source D: a clear introduction, body, and concluding paragraph based on the information presented.
D: a clear introduction, body, and concluding paragraph based on the information presented.
Decoding
Decoding is the process of translating print into spoken words in order to understand the meaning of the written letters. This primarily refers to word identification
Overregularization
Misuse regular grammatical patterns of past tense or plural words in their speech Ex. saying "foots" instead of "feet" or "she singed a song"
Implications of teaching language acquisition in the classroom
Must be aware that language processing is multifaceted. Recognize language cognitively, linguistically, and emotionally begins at home. Parents play a role. Recognize that children will acquire Englis even if only native language spoken at home. Must meet requirements of "No Child Left Behind". Differentiated curriculum and instruction based upon individual zone of proximal development (gap between what a student can perform on his or her own and what the student may require assistance with). Those instructing diverse classrooms differentiate primary language acquisition from secondary. Recognize Lev Vgotsky's language acquisition theory. Support appropriate student private speech in order to facilitate self-regulation.
Phonemic (phoneme) awareness
Phonemic awareness is the ability to hear, identify, and manipulate the individual sounds - phonemes - in spoken words, It is the understanding that sounds work together to make words, and it is the most important determinant toward becoming a successful reader.
Phonics
Phonics is a method of teaching reading and spelling that stresses symbol-sound relationships; it is used most often in beginning instruction. There is a predictable relationship between phonemes (the sounds of spoken language) and graphemes (the letters and spellings that represent those sounds in written language). The goal of phonics instruction is to help children learn and use the Alphabetic Principle (predictable relationships between written letters and spoken sounds)
Phonological awareness
Phonological awareness is a "listening skill" that typically develops in pre-kindergarten. It is the ability to hear, think about, and manipulate sounds. When children are competent in phonological awareness, they know that 1) sounds make up words; 2) sounds can be manipulated into new words; 3) words can be separated into individual sounds, syllables, and rhymes; and 4) words have meaning. Phonological awareness is important because if children can relate sounds to printed words, they can begin to decode and make sense of how sounds and letters are organized in print. Note: Phonological awareness and phonemic awareness are not interchangeable. Phonemic awareness is "one" component of phonological awareness
Krashen's Second Language Acquisition Theory
Primary language is an unconscious acquisition experience Secondary language is a conscious learning experience
Preproduction stage of language acquisition
Students internalize the English language. No language or comprehension and respond with physical gestures Instructional Strategies include -visual aids -use gestures to communicate -simple question prompts -focus on minimal key vocabulary words and phrases -assign writing exercises that combine pictures and simple words -Provide instruction that is sensitive to cultural norms and academic competencies
Private speech (3 years old)
Talking out loud to oneself with no intention to communicate with others.
Pragmatics
The ability to engage in conversation (allowing time for response.) Pragmatics studies ways in which the context of verbal and nonverbal communication can change the meaning of communication and comprehension. When communicating, the meaning of language can change depending upon context, the relationship between people, and other social/cultural factors. Pragmatics and language devleopment work hand-in-hand to produce meaningful language-based comprehension.
Automaticity
The ability to read and recognize a word or series of words in text accurately and effortlessly. Skilled readers use automaticity unconsciously or involuntary when reading text
"Denotative meaning"
The exact literal meaning of a word according to the dictionary, as opposed to "connotative meaning," which implies a suggested meaning of a word.
Syntax
The examination of various ways that words are organized to create meaning, the study of how sentences are formed, and the pattern or structure of word order in sentence
speech emergence stage of language acquisition
increased language and comprehension abilities. Students produce simple sentences and phrases. Basic errors in grammar and speech. Reading comp limited Strategies -questions that prompt who, what, why, where, and how in written assignments -questions that prompt written/oral response of at min 1 sentence -ask to write daily journal -games/role playing to illustrate oral/written text -media and tech, and the internet to illustrate examples -ask to problem solve using real world events
Morphology
The study of word formations. The analysis of the structure of words, word stems, and affixes. A morpheme is a unit of meaning that cannot be divided into smaller elements, such as the word book.
Universal Acquisition Theory
Theory based on the formative work of Noam Chomsky which states that language is innate and universally inherited by all human beings. Chomsky suggests that infants are neurologically prewired to learn language. Acquisition of language develops when children interact with their social environment.
Semantics
They analysis and study of meanings of words, phrases, and sentences. This is useful as a strategy in decoding to analyze the word that "sounds" correct in a sentence
Vygotsky's Second Language Acquisition Theory
Thought development is determined by language. To acquire knowledge of a second language, a student must think before any new ideas can be formulated. A student must be competent in his primary native language before he can think about the concepts, rules or conventions of the second language.
Telegraphic speech (2 years old)
Toddler selectively omits or simplifies words in a phrase or sentence to communicate his message Ex. "no...hot" meaning the food is too hot to eat
Segmenting
When children break words into their individual phonemes, they are segmenting the words. They are also segmenting when they break words into syllables and syllables into onsets and rimes.
Critical Period for Language Acquisition
When children find it easier to learn verbal skills in their native language. Begins in infancy and ends in puberty. First few years of life are the optimal time for infants to acquire language
D: Lines 1, 2, and 3 The first. component of the CCSS model, qualitative measurement of text complexity, assess the purpose, structure, language conventionality, and clarity of text. The second component, quantitative measurement of text complexity, assesses word length, frequency, sentence length, and text cohesion. The third component, matching reader and task, assesses the reader's motivation, knowledge, and experiences with the appropriate text.
Which of the following factors is a measure of text complexity as determined by the English Language Arts and Common Core State Standards? A: Line 1 only B: Line 2 only C: Lines 1 and 2 only D: Lines 1, 2, and 3
Holophrase (8-12 months)
a composite of a one-word and nonverbal gesture to express a complete and meaningful thought. Ex. Holding up a bottle to show the parents he wants more to drink
Fast mapping (2-5 years old)
a mental process in which young children are able to use the context of a word or phrase and accurately arrive at the word's meaning.
intermediate fluency stage of language acquisition
advanced command of English language and comprehension. Combine phrases and sentences/have good command of oral/written communication Strategies -instruction that includes analyzing complex reading, writing, and speaking assignments -apply reading instruction assignments that include ability to paraphrase, define, compare, contrast, summarize, describe, and explain text -help expand language through oral presentations/discussions -ask to write daily journal -assign reading assignments for variety of genres from fiction and nonfiction texts -encourage use of media, tech, and Internet -increase ability to problem-solve in reading and writing assignments
Phoneme substitution
ask the student to replace a phoneme in a word (beginning, middle or ending sounds) with another phoneme to form a new word Ex. "Tell me what word is formed when you replace the /b/sound in ball with the /t/ sound" tall
Beginning reader (Second -third grade) Learning fluency
beginning to develop fluency in reading text and recognize words by patterns and sight. Attempt to read words using phonics knowledge. Can read/reread text within a story. Rhyme and blend words. Can check for meanings of words to make sense of text. Older students begin to recognize chunks or phonograms and can identify similarities and differences within words
advanced fluency stage of language acquisition
competency in English oral and written communication. Participating fully in grade-level class Strategies -instruction includes all grade-level expectations. Adaptations can be made as needed to academic proficiencies and cultural implications
Alphabetic principle
defines the three rules for writing and speaking English: 1) letters are named with uppercase and lowercase letters, 2) each letter or group of letters (words) represents sound(s), and 3) using the systematic relationship between letters and phonemes (letter-sound correspondence), you can decode the English language to identify, pronounce, and spell words
The Remedial Reader (Third-eighth grade) Students who don't demonstrate reading compentency
full range of learners in the classroom. Students struggling to read are taught from the same systematic framework taught in the early grades of successful readers Instruction: reteaching all of the modalities taught as "beginning reader" -assessment of identified reading weakness -teaching explicit strategies based on diagnosis -linking instruction to prior knowledge -increasing instruction time -dividing skills into smaller steps while providing reinforcement and positive feedback
implications of teaching phonological awareness in the classroom
help children identify and make oral rhymes Ex. The pig has a wig. Help children identify and work with syllables in spoken words. Ex. i can clap the parts in my name an-drew. Help children identify and work with onsets and rimes in spoken syllables or one-syllable words Ex. "The first part of sip is s-" "the last part of win is in-"
Linguistics
is a specific system to study language. It's operational mechanisms govern the way all written and spoken words appear in structure, sound, and meaning
Blending
is the ability to fluidly combine individual sounds to form words. It is also used to combine onsets and rimes in order to form syllables, and it is used to combine syllables to form words
Language
is the foundation for all human communication-written and spoken. The complex functions of language are organized by linguistic structures of written and spoken sounds that bridge meaning for human understanding
early production stage of language acquisition
limited comprehension and language skills. Can speak one- or two- word responses Instructional Strategies include -visual aids (pictures, graphs, media) -questions that prompt a yes or no or either or -questions that prompt one/two word response -help expand their one/two-word responses -games and role-playing to help learn new vocab -handouts and worksheets w/ fill in the blank (cloze) exercises
Phoneme segmenting (orally separating sounds)
say a word aloud and the student will count out the number of phonemes by breaking up the word into individual sounds Ex. "Tell me the individual sounds of the word bat." /b/ /a/ /t/
The early emergent reader (early childhood-Kinder) Pre-alphabetic
young children rely on story reading from picture books with minimal prompts. Begin awareness text progresses from left to right. Scribble and recognize distinctive visual cues in environmental print. pretend to read using private speech. instruction phonemic awareness and print instruction by, -recognize print concepts -print has meaning -text read from left to right -make predictions in stories -matching words and sounds (rhythm) -name pictures associated with the spoken word -reocognize letter shapes (in their name) -learn alphabet song
