Cultural Anthropology Exam 5

Which of the following statements about sociolinguists is NOT true? A. They are more interested in the rules that govern language than the actual use of language in everyday life. B. They are concerned more with performance than with competence. C. They look at society and at language. D. They focus on surface structure. E. They are concerned with linguistic change.

They are more interested in the rules that govern language than the actual use of language in everyday life.

Which of the following is a distinguishing characteristic of the work that applied anthropologists do? A. They enter the affected communities and talk with people. B. They consult project managers. C. They gather government statistics. D. They consult government officials and other experts. E. They promote development.

They enter the affected communities and talk with people

Which of the following is true about medical anthropology? A. This field applies Western medicine to solving health problems around the world. B. This growing field considers the biocultural context and implications of disease and illness. C. Typically in cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, this field does market research on the use of health products around the world. D. It applies non-Western health knowledge to a troubled industrialized medical system. E. It is the field that proved that people from rural areas suffer only from illnesses and not diseases.

This growing field considers the biocultural context and implications of disease and illness

The lexicon of a language is A. a dictionary containing all of its morphemes and their meanings. B. the range of speech sounds. C. its degree of complexity. D. the set of rules that govern the written but not spoken language. E. its symbolic and poetic value.

a dictionary containing all of its morphemes and their meanings.

Which of the following best describes scientific medicine? A. the availability of free or low-cost health care for all B. a tendency to overprescribe drugs and surgeries C. a health care system that relies on advances in technology D. the beliefs, customs, and specialists concerned with curing illness E. the practice of medicine in particular Western nations

a health care system that relies on advances in technology

As we see in the film "Beyond Ethnography: Corporate and Design Anthropology," what are some of the ethical dilemmas faced by anthropologists doing this kind of work? A. Anthropologists must maintain adherence to their code of professional ethics. B. All answers are correct. C. Anthropologists must consider if they want to help enrich large corporations. D. Anthropologists must consider that if they do not do this kind of work other people will with perhaps less compassion for workers.

All answers are correct.

As we see in the film "Pidgin: The Voice of Hawai'i," how is speech related to wider social and cultural issues? A. Certain kinds of speech are stigmatized. B. Certain kinds of speech are related to ethnic identity. C. Certain kinds of speech are validated. D. All answers are correct. E. Certain kinds of speech are related to socio-economic class.

All answers are correct.

What are the effects of globalization on language? A. The increasing number of loan words in languages increases. B. Some languages are being lost when coming into contact with more political powerful speakers of other languages. C. A diminishment of the diversity of languages around the world. D. All answers are correct. E. The development of programs to prevent language loss.

All answers are correct.

Which of the following is considered a property of language? A. Arbitrariness - the meaning of an individual word is arbitrary B. Discreteness - discrete elements can be recombined in novel ways. C. All answers are correct. D. Productivity - a finite number of words can be combined into an infinite number of sentences. E. Displacement - language makes it possible to communicate about people and things that are not present.

All answers are correct.

Why is language so important for the learning of culture? A. Language allows us to communicate abstract ideas. B. All answers are correct. C. Language allows us to talk about the past, present, and future. D. Language conveys meaning. E. Without language it would be difficult for children to learn.

All answers are correct.

Which of the following was observed in the Bahia, Brazil, development project described in the Kottak book in which sailboat owners got loans to buy motors, as described in this chapter? A. There was an increase in commercial sailboat ownership. B. Ambitious young men increasingly sought wage labor. C. Individual initiative was rewarded, and the fishing industry grew. D. The price of power fishing vessels decreased. E. The fishing community became more egalitarian.

Ambitious young men increasingly sought wage labor.

Which of the following statements is true of your professor's research in the Caribbean? A. He shows how women are hardly ever hired as workers in many world market factories. B. No answers are correct. C. He shows how wages in Caribbean factories are in line with those in the United States. D. He shows how women's wages are equal to men's in world market factories. E. He shows how women are favored as workers in many world market factories.

He shows how women are favored as workers in many world market factories.

As we see in the film "Pidgin: The Voice of Hawai'i," youth and college-age speakers of pidgin A. Do not have a command of standard English and so they must speak pidgin. B. Are unable to communicate complex thoughts in pidgin. C. Are embarrassed of speaking pidgin with each other. D. No answers are correct. E. Never use pidgin to speak with each other when they visit the mainland.

No answers are correct.

The film "Beyond Ethnography: Corporate and Design Anthropology" is about anthropologists working in what industry? A. Leisure and tourism. B. Pharmaceuticals. C. No answers are correct. D. Cosmetics. E. Construction.

No answers are correct.

What could be said about language change over time? A. Once a language is set, no new words are added. B. No answers are correct. C. If new words are to be added official permission must be sought first, such as from the Oxford English Dictionary for English or from the Real Academia Española (Spanish Royal Academy) of Spain who publishes the Diccionario de la lengua española (Spanish Language Dictionary). D. New words are only introduced to a language by young people, and it is always the incorrect use of language. E. New words are introduced but they are only combinations of words already in existence.

No answers are correct.

In linguistics, what is "abstraction?" A. The pidgin word from Hawai'i that young men use when they do lots of sit-ups and then compare each other's abdominal muscles ("abs"). B. The ability to think and communicate about things that are not really there or don't really exist. C. No answers are correct. D. The ability to paint a description with words that make the listeners feel they are there in the place described. E. The sophisticated language of art critics, as seen in the lecture.

The ability to think and communicate about things that are not really there or don't really exist.

As we see in the film "Pidgin: The Voice of Hawai'i," what is the relationship between speaking pidgin and native Hawaiian identity? A. All answers are correct. B. Native Hawaiians have always refused to speak pidgin. C. The relationship between speaking pidgin and native Hawaiian identity has changed over the years as the Hawaiian language has been revitalized. D. Native Hawaiians were always encouraged to speak the Hawaiian language and so they never spoke pidgin. E. Speaking pidgin was used to exclude native Hawaiians and speak about them behind their backs.

The relationship between speaking pidgin and native Hawaiian identity has changed over the years as the Hawaiian language has been revitalized.

As we see in the film "Pidgin: The Voice of Hawai'i," because pidgin is stigmatized A. There are groups trying to promote pidgin to improve the image of the language. B. There is widespread apathy - no one really cares about pidgin one way or another. C. No answers are correct. D. There are no groups trying to promote pidgin. E. Pidgin is dying on its own and so most Hawaiians feel there is no need to either prohibit or promote pidgin.

There are groups trying to promote pidgin to improve the image of the language.

The last 30 years have seen a dramatic shift in the conditions of indigenous peoples in Latin America, where the push by indigenous peoples for self-identification has emphasized all of the following EXCEPT A. limited self-government. B. sustainable development and political representation. C. political reforms involving a restructuring of the state. D. an implicit call for excluding strangers. E. their cultural distinctiveness.

an implicit call for excluding strangers

What type of term is used to convey or imply a status difference between the speaker and the person being referred to or addressed? A. formal addresses, but sociolinguists rarely pay attention to them, because their use in a social situation is always a result of linguistic exploitation B. style shifts C. linguistic relational D. honorifics E.diglossia

honorifics

Shamans and other magico-religious specialists are effective curers with regard to what kind of disease theory? A. personalistic B. naturalistic C. scientific D. ritualistic E. exotic

personalistic

What is the study of the sounds used in speech? A. phonemes B. phonology C. phonemics D. phones E. phonetics

phonology

All of the following are proper roles for applied anthropologists EXCEPT A. working as participant observers, taking part in the events they study in order to understand local thought and behavior. B. working with people to design culturally appropriate and socially sensitive change. C. placing the cultural values of local people above all others' cultural values. D. protecting local people from harmful policies and projects that might threaten them. E. identifying the needs for change that local people perceive.

placing the cultural values of local people above all others' cultural values.

_____ refers to the blurring and breakdown of established canons- rules, standards, categories, distinctions, and boundaries. A. Postmodern B. Diaspora C. Entropy D. Agoraphobia E. Chaos

postmodern

What is the term for the ability to create new expressions by combining other expressions? A. diglossia B. phonemic utility C. productivity D. displacement E. morphemic utility

productivity

Romance languages like French and Spanish are daughter languages of Latin, which is their common A. protolanguage. B. diglossia. C. call system. D. focal vocabulary. E. syntax.

protolanguage.

Anthropology teaches us that the adaptive responses of humans can be more flexible than those of other species because our main adaptive means are A. biocultural. B. anthropomorphic. ethnocentric. chosen through free will. sociocultural.

sociocultural

A sociolinguist studies A. the interaction of history and sociology. B. linguistic competence. C. the universal grammar of language. D. cross-cultural comparisons of phonemic distinctions. E. speech in its social context.

speech in its social context.

Which of the following is NOT a factor in the emergence and spread of dangerous infectious diseases like HIV/AIDS, Ebola, West Nile, SARS, Lyme disease, Zika, and Coronavirus COVID-19? A. modern air travel B. population increase C. spillovers from humans to wildlife D. commercial expansion E. changing settlement patterns

spillover from humans to wildlife

What is the term for variations in speech due to different contexts or situations? A. Chomskian verbosity B. linguistic confusion C. situational syntax D. contextual phonetics E. style shifting

style shifting

When does copula deletion (absence of the verb "to be") occur in AAVE? A. in SE, not AAVE B. in the past tense C. where SE has contractions D. randomly E. in the future tense

where SE has contractions

This is a sequence of sounds that carries meaning, that is, words and their meaningful parts: A. Phonemes B. Syntax C. No answers are correct. D. Morphemes E. Lexicon

Morphemes

What term refers to the arrangement and order of words into sentences? A. grammar B. lexicon C. phonology D. syntax E. morphology

Syntax

_______ is any society's set of environmental practices and perceptions- that is, its cultural model of the environment and its relation to people and society. A. Ecological imperialism B. Indigenized C. Ethnoecology D. Essentialism E. Ecological anthropology

Ethnoecology

________ refers to the specialized set of terms and distinctions that are particularly important to certain groups. A. Syntactical vocabulary B. Focal vocabulary C. Temporal vocabulary D. Vernacular vocabulary E. Spatial vocabulary

Focal vocabulary

As we see in the film "Beyond Ethnography: Corporate and Design Anthropology," how does the anthropology depicted in the film differ from what might be considered traditional or typical anthropological research? A. It involves anthropologists working with consumers to improve products. B. It involves anthropologists working with people trained in other academic disciplines. C. It involves anthropologists being hired by a major multinational corporation. D. All answers are correct. E. It involves anthropologists working with workers to improve their conditions of work.

All answers are correct.

Sapir and Whorf argued that the grammatical categories of different languages lead their speakers to think about things in particular ways. However, studies on the differences between female and male Americans with regard to the color terms they use suggest that A. contrary to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, it might be more reasonable to say that changes in culture produce changes in language and thought, rather than the reverse. B. women and men are equally sensitive to the marketing tactics of the cosmetic industry. C. women spend more money on status goods than do men. D. in support of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, different languages produce different ways of thinking. E. changes in the U.S. economy, society, and culture have had no impact on the use of color terms, or on any other terms for that matter.

A. contrary to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, it might be more reasonable to say that changes in culture produce changes in language and thought, rather than the reverse.

_______ refers to the changes that result when groups come into continuous firsthand contact. A. Hegemony B. Enculturation C. Diffusion D. Acculturation E. Colonialism

Acculturation

Which of the following statements about chimpanzee call systems is NOT true? A. Calls cannot be combined when multiple stimuli are present. B. They are stimuli dependent. C. They consist of sounds that vary in intensity and duration. D. Like language, they include displacement and cultural transmission. D. They consist of a limited number of sounds.

D. Like language, they include displacement and cultural transmission.

As we see in the Prezi "This is Anthropology," the University of South Florida graduate students A. No answers are correct. B. Agreed with then-Florida Gov. Rick Scott's depictions of anthropologists and changed their majors. C. Disagreed strongly with then-Florida Gov. Rick Scott's depictions of anthropologists but still changed their majors. D. Disagreed strongly with then-Florida Gov. Rick Scott's depictions of anthropologists and showed how useful anthropology can be. E. Disagreed strongly with then-Florida Gov. Rick Scott's depictions of anthropologists but did nothing in response.

Disagreed strongly with then-Florida Gov. Rick Scott's depictions of anthropologists and showed how useful anthropology can be.

As we see in the film "Pidgin: The Voice of Hawai'i," what is a historical and social factor that led to the development of pidgin in Hawai'i? A. Immigrant groups working on plantations not having the ability to adapt to new circumstances. B. Immigrant groups from many parts of the world working on plantations needing to communicate with each other. C.Immigrant groups working on plantations completely forgetting their native languages. D. All answers are correct. E. Immigrant groups not having proper languages of their own and so they had to be taught by plantation owners.

Immigrant groups from many parts of the world working on plantations needing to communicate with each other.

In Spanish-speaking Latin America, social scientists and politicians favor which term over indio (Indian), the colonial term that the Spanish and Portuguese conquerors used to refer to the native inhabitants of the Americas? A. autochthon B. indígena (indigenous person) C. citizen D. civilian E. cultural patrimony

Indígena (indigenous people)

Which of the following is a reason that the Madagascar project to increase rice production was successful? A. The educated members of Malagasy society are those who have struggled to fend for themselves and therefore brought an innovative kind of independence to the project. B. The elites and the lower class were of different origins and thus had no strong connections through kinship, descent, or marriage. C. Malagasy leaders were of "the people" and were therefore prepared to follow the descent-group ethic of pooling resources for the good of the group as a whole. D. The project took into account the inevitability of native forms of social organization breaking down into nuclear family organization, impersonality, and alienation. E. There is a clear fit between capitalist development schemes and corporate descent-group social organization.

Malagasy leaders were of "the people" and were therefore prepared to follow the descent-group ethic of pooling resources for the good of the group as a whole.

This is the smallest unit of sound that speakers of a language recognize as distinct from other sounds: A. Lexicon B. No answers are correct. C. Syntax D. Morphemes E. Phonemes

Phonemes

What is pidgin? A. a rhythmic sublanguage present in any human language as the result of a universally shared mutation B. metalanguage, developed by computer programmers, that has yielded valuable insights into the workings of the human brain C. a mixed language that develops to ease communication between members of different cultures in contact, usually in situations of trade or colonial domination D. a partial language that results from primitive tribes' attempts to learn the language of a modern industrialized state E. a set of languages believed to be most like the original human language, spoken by a small population of Indian Ocean islanders

a mixed language that develops to ease communication between members of different cultures in contact, usually in situations of trade or colonial domination

What is a disease? A. a scientifically identified health threat B. an artificial product of biomedicine C. an unnatural state of health D. a consequence of a foraging lifestyle E. a health problem as it is experienced by the one affected

a scientifically identified health threat

Westernization is a form of what kind of cultural change? A. imperialism B. acculturation C. migration D. enculturation E. exodus

acculturation

Which of the following does NOT illustrate the kinds of work that applied anthropologists do? A. applying the tools of forensic anthropology to work with police, medical examiners, the courts, and international organizations to identify victims of crimes, accidents, wars, and terrorism B. helping the Environmental Protection Agency address environmental problems C. using the tools of medical anthropology to work as cultural interpreters in public health programs D. borrowing from fields such as history and sociology to broaden the scope of theoretical anthropology E. working for or with international development agencies, such as the World Bank and the U.S. Agency for International Development

borrowing from fields such as history and sociology to broaden the scope of theoretical anthropology

Words that clearly descend from the same ancestral word are known as A. cognates. B. synonyms. C. daughters. D. subgroups. E. homonyms.

cognates

One aspect of linguistic history is language loss. When a language disappears, A. less strain is put on the educational system, because it has less language diversity to deal with. B. cultural diversity is reduced as well. C. so does pride in one's heritage. D. historical linguists have confirmation that language is also a victim of evolutionary forces. E. humanity is that much closer to global integration.

cultural diversity is reduced as well

_______ refers to the rapid spread or advance of one culture at the expense of others, or its imposition on other cultures. A. Diasporation B. Colonialism C. Symbolic domination D. Cultural imperialism E. Conquest

cultural imperialism

Linguistic anthropologists also are interested in investigating the structure of language and how it varies across time and space. What is the study of the forms in which sounds combine to form words? A. morphology B. grammar C. lexicon D. syntax E. phonology

morphology

What term refers to languages that have descended from the same ancestral language? A. F2 languages B. daughter languages C. brother languages D. protolanguages E. sibling languages

daughter languages

What term refers to the existence of "high" and "low" dialects within a single language? A.semantics B. displacement C. kinesics D. diglossia E. lexicon

diglossia

Which of the following is NOT a feature of urban life? A. social heterogeneity B. dispersed settlements C. geographic mobility D. high population density E. economic differentiation

dispersed settlements

Research on the communication skills of nonhuman primates reveals their inability to refer to objects that are not immediately present in their environment, such as food and danger. The ability to describe things and events that are not present is called A. cultural transmission. B. linguistic imagination. C. productivity. D. phonology. E. displacement.

displacement.

All of the following are examples of key forces in modern global culture EXCEPT A. the media. B. essentialism. C. production. D. commerce. E. finance

essentialism

Anthropology has always been concerned with how environmental forces influence humans, and how human activities affect the biosphere and the Earth itself. The 1950s through the 1970s witnessed the emergence of an area of study known as cultural ecology or ecological anthropology. This field A. focused on how cultural beliefs and practices help human populations adapt to their environment. B. is no longer relevant, because it dealt with research models that were either regional or local, but not global enough to account for the changes caused by climate change. C. has limited value in the present day, because it is not scientifically rigorous enough to address environmental problems. D. studied human-environment relations as cultural constructions and analyzed them as "texts." E. studied etic perspectives on human-environment relationships.

focused on how cultural beliefs and practices help human adapt to their environment

The U.S. baby boom of the late 1940s and 1950s A. worked to shrink the world system. B. promoted renewed interest in applied anthropology during the 1950s and 1960s. C. brought anthropology into most high school curricula. D. produced a new interest in ethnic diversity. E. fueled the general expansion of the U.S. educational system, including academic anthropology.

fueled the general expansion of the U.S. educational system, including academic anthropology.

Recall the account in the Kottak book on how McDonald's was able to succeed in the Brazilian market once it adapted to preexisting Brazilian cultural patterns. This example illustrates A. Brazilians' intolerance of foreign goods, because the companies that produce them disregard Brazilian tastes. B. how the axiom of applied anthropology that innovation succeeds best when it is culturally appropriate applies not just to development projects but also to businesses, such as fast food. C. the danger of applied anthropology turning itself into a tool of capitalist interests, which always disregard the culture and well-being of the consumer. D. how the axiom of applied anthropology that innovation succeeds best when it is culturally appropriate applies only in Western cultures. E. applied anthropology's capacity to help foreign markets adapt to a marketing strategy that must, above all costs, maintain the integrity of its brand.

how the axiom of applied anthropology that innovation succeeds best when it is culturally appropriate applies not just to development projects but also to businesses, such as fast food.

What is the commonly stated goal for most development projects? A. cultural assimilation B. ethnocide C. decreased local autonomy D. increased equity E. greater socioeconomic stratification

increased equity

A key feature of language that helps explain anthropologists' continued interest in studying it is that it A. tells us a lot about the present, although nothing about the past. B. is always changing. C. enables us to compare human and nonhuman primate linguistic grammars. D. helps them distinguish between the more and less evolved human races. E. rarely changes, so it provides a good window into linguistic uses of the past.

is always changing.

Which of the following is NOT true of postmodernism? A. It draws on a diversity of styles from different times and places. B. The term originally referred to a style and movement in architecture. C. It has a clear and functional design or structure. D. It extends value well beyond classic, elite, Western cultural forms. E. It rejects rules, geometric order, and austerity.

it has a clear and functional design or structure

How does acculturation differ from diffusion, or cultural borrowing? A. It requires firsthand contact. B. It only affects one of the two groups. C. It can occur when two nonindustrial societies come into contact. D. It affects both groups equally. E. It can occur without firsthand contact.

it requires first hand contact

Language and communication involve much more than just verbal speech. The study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures, and facial expressions is known as A. protolinguistics. B. biosemantics. C. kinesics. D. linguistic physiology. E. diglossia.

kinesics

The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon that keeps the earth's surface warm. Without greenhouse gases—water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, halocarbons, and ozone—life as we know it wouldn't exist. The current problem is that A. the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases has reached its highest level in 400,000 years and will continue to rise, as will global temperatures, without actions to slow it down. B. most scientists dispute the anthropogenic reasoning for high concentrations of greenhouse gases. C. global warming actually benefits 90 percent of the world's population, so it is difficult to mobilize the will to address the anthropogenic causes of climate change. D. it is difficult to distinguish between climate change and global warming. E. scientists cannot agree on a general model of how the greenhouse effect went from being a positive to a negative and a life-threatening force.

the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases has reached its highest level in 400,000 years and will continue to rise, as will global temperatures, without actions to slow it down.

What is an example of what Bourdieu calls symbolic domination in the context of language use? A. pride in one's linguistic heritage, regardless of what the majority thinks B. Chomsky's insistence that the universal grammar defines all culture C. in an egalitarian society, the promotion of linguistic diversity D. focal vocabulary contrasts among groups E. the fact that in a stratified society, even people who do not speak the prestige dialect tend to accept it as standard or superior

the fact that in a stratified society even people who do not speak the prestige dialect tend to accept it as standard or superior

Which of the following was studied by Sapir and Whorf? A. the influence of language on thought B. the interaction of thought and surface structure C. the influence of culture on language D. the influence of deep structure on semantic domains E. the influence of deep structure on surface structure

the influence of language on thought

The Malagasy development program described in this chapter illustrates the importance of A. replacing outdated traditional techniques of irrigation with more modern ones. B. the local government's ability to improve the lives of its citizens, when committed to doing so. C. breaking down corporate descent groups, which are too independent and interfere with development. D. replacing subsistence farming with a viable cash crop. E. the top-down strategies developed by the UN.

the local government's ability to improve the lives of its citizens, when committed to doing so.

What are phonemes? A. regional differences in dialect B. electromagnetic signals that carry messages between speakers in a telephone conversation C. syntactical structures that distinguish passive constructions from active ones D. the rules by which deep structure is translated into surface structure E. the minimal sound contrasts that distinguish meaning in a language

the minimal sound contrasts that distinguish meaning in a language

Recent research on the origins of language suggests that a key mutation might have something to do with it. Comparing chimp and human genomes, it appears that A. chimps lack the tongue-rolling gene that all humans have, which might explain why they struggle to achieve clear speech. B. chimps share with humans all the genetic propensities for language but lack the language-activation mutation. C. a speech-friendly mutation occurred among Neandertals in Europe and spread to other human populations through gene flow. D. the speech mutation occurred even before the hominin line split from the rest of the hominids. E. the speech-friendly form of the gene FOXP2 took hold in humans some 150,000 years ago.

the speech-friendly form of the gene FOXP2 took hold in humans some 150,000 years ago.

Just as in other areas of anthropology, the study of language involves investigating what is or isn't shared across human populations and why these differences or similarities exist. The linguist Noam Chomsky has argued that the human brain contains a limited set of rules for organizing language, so that all languages have a common structural basis. He calls this set of rules A. the evolutionary linguistic imprint. B. a global mental map. C. linguistic structuralism. D. the universal grammar. E. generalities.

the universal grammar.

To Arjun Appadurai (1990), "________" describes the linkages in the modern world that have both enlarged and erased old boundaries and distinctions. A. ethnocentric B. translocal C. essentialized D. territorial E. postmodern

translocal

What term refers to the tendency to view less developed countries as more alike than they are? A. cultural relativism B. overinnovation C. ethnobias D. underdifferentiation E. intervention philosophy

underdifferentiation