Cultural anthropology final exam quiz compilation 1-1 /4
When did anthropology emerge as a scientific discipline?
1800s
Approximately how many children were born during the baby boom?
77 million
The new-evolutionary typology of political systems would classify the role of president of the city council in your hometown known as
A bureaucrat in a centralized state
What is the "explanatory model" of a disease like cancer?
A general explanation held by individual patients and their families that accounts for the patients and their families that accounts for the patient's symptoms, the causes of these symptoms, and how to best treat the cancer
Hijras interests anthropologists mainly because they are
A reflection of a gender/sex system that sees meaning in combining male and female
Fijian objects were seen by most collectors as evidence of
A savage and bloodthirsty society
Which of the following research projects would a ethnobiologist be most likely to join?
A study of the ways an indigenous society classifies plant life
A good illustration of the Marxist concept of surplus value is
A worker makes one $30 sweater every hour in a factory but gets paid only $15
The !Kung people of Southern Africa are an example of what kind of society?
Acephalous
Paul farmers work was originally focused on what disease?
Aids
A century ago studies of objects were largely studies of material culture and the technology available to people living in small-scale societies with simple technologies. Thee modern anthropological approach to objects has done which of the following?
All of the above
A misconception about hormones in society is that
All of the above
Cultural determination is unproductive for cultural analysis because
All of the above
Linguistic anthropologists traditionally study
All of the above
Researchers have found that fundamentalists
All of the above
Which of the following reasons explains why a collaborative approach to conservation can be so challenging?
All of the above
Why do fundamentalist often use the language of "returning " to "traditional values" in their ideologies and rituals?
All of the above
World systems theory helped anthropologist
All of the above
anthropologists today recognize that artists can
All of the above
Soldiers returning from war often have which of the following symptoms?
Anxiety disorders
When you are consuming an object, the process of taking possession of it is called
Appropriation
Since the 1930s, anthropologists have distinguished between
Biological sex and gender
A social movement that addresses the linkages between racial discrimination and injustice, social equity, and environmental quality is
Environmental justice
What social distinction classifies people according to decent?
Ethnicity
True or false: All humans are born with some culture.
False
True or false: People in thee periphery respond passively to capitalist expansion.
False
The excessive of political power requires
Legitimacy
"Owning" culture
Means controlling symbols that give meaning
Which of the following refers to thee family into which one is born and raised?
Natal family
A performed, usually unfavorable, opinion about people who are different is
Prejudice
A rise in fundamentalism is often seen when
There are many changes in society
True or false: One of the key functions of family is controlling and managing members' wealth
True
True or false: although language is one of the most rule-bound aspects of human culture, it is also one of thee least conscious
True
True or false: in nearly all societies with any degree of social stratification, more men are in leadership roles than women, not only in political roles but also in economic and social roles involving trade, exchange, kinship relations, ritual participation, and dispute resolution.
True
True or false: nuclear family units occur in and are important to nearly every society around the world.
True
When decent is based in a single line it is referred to as
Unilineal decent
Cultural anthropologists do research by
building trusting relationships with people over a long period of time
Animal call systems
can only communicate in response to real-world stimuli
Clans come in three types: matrilineal, patrilineal, and
cognatic
The process of learning culture from a very young age is called
enculturation
Assuming your culture's way of doing things is the best is
ethnocentrism
Which of the following is not true about hybridization theories?
it explains why conflict is growing in the world
Anthropologists are interested in the nutrition transition because
it explains widespread changes in bodily form, eating patterns, and everyday life in urban settings
____________ refers to the structure of speech sounds.
phonology
When a woman marries more than one man she is practicing
polyandry
Women who practice polyandry tend to marry
two or more brothers
Using life history interviews, researchers are able to
understand how a person's age affects his or her role in the community
A symbol
All of the above
An explanation given for medicalizing the non medical is
All of the above
When objects begin to take on mystical powers and endanger obsessive desire and worship it is called
Commodity fetishism
Which term refers to expressions of sex and gender that diverge from the male and female norms which dominate in most societies?
Gender variance
Anthropologists commonly refer to the ideas and social patterns a society used to organize males, females, and those who do not fit either category as
Gender/sex system
What do anthropologists call the structural process of forgetting whole groups of relatives?
Genealogical amnesia
Which of the following is not a way that race effects biology?
Genetic predisposition for obesity
Paul farmer did much of his ethnographic and applied work in which country?
Haiti
Health and illness
Have much variation throughout different cultures and societies
Thee exchange of brass rods for the purchase of cattle or the payment of a bride price is an example of
Limited purpose money
The study of how words are formed into meaningful units, such as grammatical categories like tense and word order, is called
Morphology
Which economic theory studies how people make decisions to allocate resources like time, labor. And money in order to maximize their personal satisfaction?
Neoclassical economics
What is an important factor in making race real?
Racism
What is a life cycle ritual that marks a persons' transition from one social state to another?
Rite of passage
Stylized performances involving symbols that are associated with social, political, and religious activities are called
Rituals
Indiana university biologist Dr. Alfred Kinsey conducted a series of sexuality studies during the 19440s and found that
Sexuality exists on a continuum
A good example of disguised discrimination is when
Shopkeepers or security guards follow black customers through stores
True or false: culture is uniquely human
True
True or false: in some societies witchcraft accusations can work as an informal method of social control.
True
Breastfeeding feeding was universal in the United States until baby formula was developed when?
1950s
A key principle of the holistic perspective developed by Frank Boas is
A goal of synthesizing the entire context of human experience
Medical anthropologists Katherine dettwyler found that Mali schistimiasis, a condition caused my a liver parasite, caused te release of blood into the urine. Malian men understood this condition as which of the following
A marker of the transition into puberty
A structural functionalist would be most likely to analyze violence as
A means of creating and maintaining social order
Talking about sports as a battlefield is an example of
A metaphor
A common element among fundamentalists is
A persuasive sense of belonging to their group
A surrogate mother is
A woman who agrees to have an embryo implanted in her womb
The legal process by which an individual or council with socially recognized authority intervenes in a dispute and unilaterally makes a decision is
Adjunction
During field work cultural anthropologists
All of the above
Economic anthropologist study
All of the above
Ethnocentrism
All of the above
If you wanted to understand how state rituals reinforce suppport for the nation and its government, what method would you use to study why ISIS releases videotapes of its executions and other atrocities as a marketing tool?
All of the above
Illness is an experience that is`
All of the above
In which of the following locations might you find an anthropologist doing fieldwork?
All of the above
Increasingly, professional anthropologists are
All of the above
Intensification, a process that increases yield, includes
All of the above
Interpretive analysis is applicable and an appropriate analytical strategy for which of the following activities that are not strictly speaking religious?
All of the above
One of the primary reasons indigenous leaders criticize thee dominant model for administering protected environmental areas is
All of the above
Seeking out and possessing consumer goods is a way that people
All of the above
Sexual dimorphism refers to
All of the above
The difference between a survey and a structures interview is
All of the above
The major goal of 'development' is
All of the above
Thee themes of reciprocity and gift exchanges are critical to anthropologists because
All of the above
Totems help create social cohesiveness by
All of the above
What kind of data do anthropologists gather from doing interviews?
All of the above
Which of the following features are characteristic of language?
All of the above
Which of the following is a contributing factors to thee development of creoles, pidgins, and other hybrid forms of language?
All of the above
Which of the following is a feature of language?
All of the above
Which of the following is a political act?
All of the above
Which of the following is a theoretical approach to how economies create values used in society?
All of the above
In which of the following ways would the sick role of people in an African country be expected to differ from the American sick role?
Although all societies have some form of sick role, it is impossible to know what for the local sick role takes without interviewing and observing local people when they are sick
Koko and Washo were two primates who had learned
American Sign Language
Which of the following is not one of the ways that objects change over time?
An object always becomes less valuable and less significant as it ages and deteriorates over long periods of time
In many societies people resolve disputes by restoring harmony, although people are not always satisfied with this resolution. Why?
Because of a preference for justice, fairness, and the rule of law
An approach that emphasizes that humans are made up of complex biological , cultural, and psychological processes is
Biiocultural
Anthropologists emphasize that in order to understand gender/sex inequalities one must study
Both men and women
Who was responsible for the theory of functionalism?
Bronislaw Malinowski
When a doctor observes a patient's symptoms and prescribed a treatment that he or she thinks will act directly on the patient's body to cure the problem, the doctor is adopting which kind of treatment process?
Clinical therapeutic process
A language of mixed origin that developed from a complex blending of two parent languages is called
Creole
The subfield of anthropology that studies human diversity, beliefs, and practices is called
Cultural anthropology
Which perspective incorporates symbols and morals into the understanding of a society's economy?
Cultural economics
Some groups of words, such as the names of colors, are used by people to classify things in the world, the study of which is called
Ethnoscience
True of false: economists and economic anthropologists are not that different in thee way they study how people get thee things they need to survive.
False
True or false: most anthropologists see the consumption of an object or commodity as an antisocial act.
False
True or false: people living in non centralized political systems have generally welcomed their integration into centralized political systems because it provides greater security and prosperity for them.
False
True or false: people rarely hold conflicting values
False
True or false: studies have shown that marriage is mostly about sex.
False
True or false: when people consume the same clothes, food, and goods they eventually think and behave the same.
False
True or false:To study culture one must travel to distant, far-off places.
False
Which mode of subsistence includes thee search for edible things?
Foraging
The American anthropologist responsible for the concept of historical particularism was named
Franz Boas
The key scenario differs from other kinds of symbols because it
Implies how people should act
The one drop rule enlarges the salve population by
Including the mixed-race children of slave holders in the enslaved population
Cultural differences are often caused by
Interconnections between societies
Individuals who diverge from the male-female norm and exhibit sexual organs and functions somewhere between, including booth male and female, are called
Intersex
Which of the following is not true of economic anthropology?
It assumes that free market capitalism will take over the world
For a society to have a separate occupational category of artists, it needs to have which of the following characteristics?
It must have a considerable degree of social stratification and lots of different kinds of occupational categories
The main reason you should not outright purchase your college degree is because
It violates thee moral purity and goodness we associate with education
Culture is
Learned and shared
Rapid increases in thee scale and amount of communication
Mean that people in remote placed can be in contact with people all over the world
What field of anthropology tries to understand how social, cultural, biological, and linguistic factors shape the health of human beings in different cultures?
Medical anthropology
Why were American birth rates low from 1942 to 1946?
Most young married men were serving in the military
For a big man in nonstarter society, what is the most powerful and valuable tool?
Persuasion
Analyses that focus on the linkages between political-economic power, social inequality, and ecological destruction are typical of what approach?
Political ecology
The idea that embraces dynamic cultural processes can never see culture completely objectively represent
Post-structuralism
Economies in which people seek high social rank, prestige, and power instead of Mooney and material wealth are known as
Prestige economies
Which of the following is an example of American totemism?
Sports team mascots
Power that transcends individuals, operating in settings and orchestrating settings in which social and individual actions take place, is
Structural power
Which theory was used to explain how stateless societies maintained social order and equilibrium?
Structural-functionism
Which of the following do Americans traditionally inherit paternally?
Surnames
Early anthropologists such as Edward B. Taylor and Lewis Henry Morgan felt that biological explanations of the simple toolkits and technologies of indigenous peoples of Africa, Australia, or the americas emphasized
The bodies and minds of "primitive" people were not as developed as people from European stock
Which government agency's activities might you focus on if you wanted to understand structural power?
The census office
Thee anthropological study of masculinity focuses on all of the following except
The common belief in many societies that men are uncultured an uncivilized
The concept of 'fortress conservation' would be applicable to all of the following except
The construction oof ecotourist facilities to protect visitors from wonderinglions in the Tanzanian savannas
Which of the following is an ethnocentric reaction to African art?
The craftsmanship is poor because Africans have no artistic skill
Which part of thee Zapotec agriculture system does not correspond well to western ecological understandings
The idea that maize has a soul
The exercise of political power in the state and non state societies is different in all of the following respects except
The importance of personal connections
Geertz's approach to religion is a style of analysis that looks at the underlying symbolic and cultural interconnection within a society; this is often referred to as
The interpretive approach
Matrilineal decent is traced through which relative?
The mother
Why do films take on new meanings when shown to overseas audiences?
The specific culture content and images in the film lead audiences to draw different conclusions because their culture is different
In a study on the Olympics, a hybridized theorist would likely focus on
The unexpected patterns that emerge from intermingling between athletes, fans, and officials from different countries
One of the main reasons agriculture intensification interests anthropologists is that
There are many strategies for achieving it
French existentialist philosophy Simone de Beauvoir argued in her book The Second Sex that
Thought history women have been treated as inferior
Tru or false: Weddings and marriages are usually less about the couple than bout relationships with the couples social network, including friends and family.
True
Arthur kleinman, a medical anthropologist who conducted research in Taiwan, argued that the key to understanding differences in perspective between doctors and patients is that healers and patients often have different
Ways of explaining what is happening to the sick persons
Consumer capitalism contributes to increasing ecological footprints in industrialized nations because
all of the above
Eating practices mark
all of the above
Examples of social institutions are
all of the above
Fieldwork involves
all of the above
Foodways are dynamic because
all of the above
Magical techniques may involve
all of the above
A central technique involved in an informal, open-ended interview is to
allow questions to emerge in the course of the interview
Which of the following is the most significant aspect of salvage paradigm?
anthropologists need to collect information from societies before they die out
The subfield of anthropology that studies the material remains of past cultures, often focusing on the rise of cities, is called
archaeology
A believer in cultural imperialism would explain that people who watch American TV in remote places like a Walpiri camp in the Austrailian outback are
being subjected to alien culture influences
The subfield of anthropology that studies human evolution, including human genetics and human nutrition, is called
biological anthropology
A key difference between caste and social class is
caste divides people in terms of moral purity, class in socioeconomic terms
A clan that reckons descent through both their mother and father is called a
cognatic clan
Which of the following best describes the methodology of multi-sited ethnography?
comparative
Most families function as groups of real people who work together toward common ends. Such family groups are referred to as
corporate group
James Ferguson, who is an anthropologist of development, argues that development exists
expand state power
One of the main reasons localization interests anthropologists is that
global integration creates opportunity for local cultures to express themselves
A cultural relativist would be most likely to emphasize that pastoralists
have developed effective social institutions and knowledge that ensure long-term sustainability of the landscape
Eric Wolf encouraged anthropologists to consider what in their field studies?
history
The perspective that aims to identify and understand cultures in the entirety is called
holistic
A key element of the scientific method, which both explains things and guides research, is
hypothesis
The earliest engagement anthropologists had with material culture happened where?
in museums where objects from around the world were originally seen as evidence of how primitive or civilized different societies were
The defining feature of historical particularism is
individual societies develop particular cultural traits and undergo a unique process of change
Which word is most closely linked to the Marxist perspective
inequality
Which term refers to the knowledge about other people that emerges from relationships?
intersubjective
Which method is important for understanding past social institutions and how they change?
life histories
The subfield of anthropology that studies language use is called
linguistic anthropology
__________________ are people who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries.
migrants
How words fit together to make meaningful units is called
morphology
What is the family formed by a married couple and their children called?
nuclear family
All biological approaches to race are problematic because
one trait tends to be representative of other characteristics like intelligence and personal character
What relationship between nature and human does western thought emphasize?
oppositional
When anthropologists study the way people use language in real settings rather than as a set of grammatical rules, they are focusing on
parole
The structuralist approach to culture theorizes that
people make sense of the world through binary oppositions
Linguists refer to mixed languages with a simplified grammar that people rarely learn as a mother tongue as
pidgin language
Which of the following groups of people were instrumental in the development of categorizing humans into distinct races?
scientists
Anthropologist overcome ethnocentrism by
seeing matters from the point of view of another culture
In Latin America blackness and whiteness are based on
social behaviors
The idea that things have social lives refers to which of the following?
the fact that objects are deeply intertwined with people's lives
The main idea behind holistic perspective is to study culture
through systematic connections of different parts
A word that best describes participant observation is
unstructured
A visual anthropology perspective is applicable to all of thee following except
How people need to work in order to buy things
For anthropologists, political power refers to
How power is used to attain goals for the good of the community
Which of the following would be least likely an an explanation given by a cultural anthropologist for the existence of food insecurity among the poor?
It's related to thee ignorance of thee poor to effectively feed themselves
Which of the following groups were historically considered nonwhite racial groups in the United States?
Jews, Italians, and finns
'Going native' refers to a process whereby the anthropologist
Loses the ability to be an engaged observer
A voodoo doll is a good illustration of
Magic that follows the law of similarity
The bicultural logic of local foodways is related to each of the following observations except
Many groups of people will willingly change their foodways when something better, such as industrial agriculture, comes along
Which of the following theories is most concerned with understanding how people maintain political power in their daily activities and decision-making process?
Action theory
To illustrate the dimensions that all subjects posses, the textbook discusses a 'shiny new bicycle'. Why is this example useful to illustrate dimensionality?
Actually, any object would do just as well, but most Americans are familiar with bicycles
Development anthropologist often think of themselves as
Advocates of poor and marginalized people
A good example of the process of medicalization is found in the changing understanding of which of the following conditions as a "disease"?
Alcoholism
A multi-sited ethnographer studying Mexican migrants in the United States would be most likely to conduct field work
All of the above
A synonym for hybridization is
All of the above
According to anthropologist, economies are shaped by which factors?
All of the above
According to some, a critical limitation of " second-wave" feminism is that it
All of the above
Anthropologists now understand that magic
All of the above
Before alcoholism was seen as a disease it was understood as a
All of the above
All societies differentiate between male and female, but one way Americans are unique in how we do it is that we link gender to
Colors
Multi-sited ethnography is an example of which method?
Comparative method
True of false: the use of money in a human unversal.
False
True or false: Although Rambo was a popular American film, it has appealed to audiences in remote corners of the world, including small villages in New Guinea, whose residents unexpectedly give the same meaning to all the characters and American audiences do.
False
True or false: Cultural anthropology is one of the most quantitative of the social sciences
False
True or false: For anthropologists, power is largely located in the hands of state institutions and political offices
False
True or false: Shamans usually act simultaneously as political leaders and healers in their communities.
False
True or false: There is a biological connection between the trait of skin tone and other racial traits, such as certain facial features and bodily shapes.
False
True or false: anthropologists care about hoe objects are created but not really how they are destroyed.
False
True or false: anthropologists do not consider unstructured, casual conversations data.
False
True or false: anthropologists use just three methods: interviews, field notes, and participant observation.
False
True or false: art historians and anthropologists have traditionally shared very little in their approach's to understanding cultural objects.
False
True or false: because of the widespread use of mass media today, sociolinguists have found increasing homogeneity in thee use of language in the United States.
False
True or false: countries find it relatively easy to decide what language it's citizens will speak.
False
True or false: languages change very slowly, taking generations or even centuries.
False
The theory of culture that proposes that cultural practices, beliefs, and institutions fulfill the psychological and physical needs of society is called
Functionalism
Religious ideas are typically associated with belief about the supernatural, but what argument can be used to explain the beliefs and world views of physicists or geneticists, who may consider themselves nonbelievers?
Most religions are really no more than a particular world view
Sherry ortner, a feminist anthropologist, observed that the roots of female subordination lay in the distinction all societies make between
Nature and culture
Gift exchange for Marcel Mass is based in
Obligation
An anthropologist who studies how societies control sexuality would likely be most interested in the following situations
Obstacles in access to birth control
When language speakers use slang or metaphor, they are engaging in which concept suggested by French linguist Ferdinand de Saussure?
Parole
Which of the following analyses of Christmas shopping would be least likely to come from a follower of cultural economics?
People always making decisions about what to buy on the basis of getting the lowest price
From an anthropological point of view, people take the price tag off thee gifts and wrap birthday presents because
People are ambivalent about expressing their connections with others using impersonal goods
Ethical Issues facing ethnographers include all of the following except
Protecting informants' blood samples and other biological information
The social, economic, and political processes of transforming populations into races and creating racial meanings is called
Racialization
The collection of goods in a community and the subsequent reallocation of those goods among members of a society is called
Redistribution
The theorist most connected with post-structuralism is
Renato Rosaldo
Census interests anthropologists because they
Reveal the government's role in classifying and categorizing people
The importance of structural functionalism is that it
Showed that non-western societies have order without formal government
From an anthropological perspective, sex-assignment surgery is valuable because it
Shows that "sex" is constructed upon cultural assumptions
A stoplight that is green communicates that you should go. The trees is a visual example of which of the following?
Sign
A key feature of religious beliefs and behavior is that they're rooted in:
Social behavior and social action
The natural order represented in social hierarchies or any society is supported by
Social institutions
A central feature of cultural convergence theories is that they explain
The apparent decline of cultural diversity
Just before World War II anthropologists Alfred Kroeber and Jane Richardson published one of the earliest analyses of a modern commodity, focusing in particular on women's skirts. If you were going to build on their study by examining basketball shorts and jerseys, which of the following would you collect data about?
The length of basketball shorts from one period to another
An anthropologist who studies the cultural landscape of Zapotec farmers of southern Mexico would be primarily interested in
The meaning and images they have of nature that shape their farming practices
In a kinship system with matrilineal decent, who does a man inherit his rights to land and clan wealth from?
The mothers brother
The social process that make race part of the natural order of things by producing theories, schemed and typologies about human differences is
The naturalization of race
An action theorist studying political power in the US senate would be especially interested in
The normative rules of conduct that senators are supposed to follow
A bicultural perspective on gender variance would emphasize all of the following except
The power sex-specific hormones, such as. Testosterone and estrogen, have to influence whether a person is male or female
A good illustration of the naturalization of races is
The process involved in approving BiDil for use among African Americans
When anthropologist Robert Welsch had a very high fever from malaria in Papua New Guinea, why did the Nigeria villagers want to take him to the health center many miles away?
They didn't want to be suspected of bewitching him with sorcery
True of false: Diabetics often have better control of their blood sugar when they are with supportive family members but poorer control when feeling isolate.
True
True of false: Genetically speaking , humans are a remarkably homogenous species: therefore there is far greater variation within human groups than there is between them.
True
True of false:Stigmatized groups in society, whether responsible or not, are often blamed for health problems in many cultures.
True
True or false: A critical reason for taking field notes is that there may be a long lag time between field work and writing and publishing about it.
True
True or false: A key idea in the 1850s that shaped the discipline of anthropology was the emergence of a new scientific theory called "evolution."
True
True or false: A key marker of development anthropology's success is when local perspectives and voices are paid attention to in development projects.
True
True or false: Anthropologist of the 1880s are referred to as 'armchair anthropologists' because they never traveled abroad and they gathered data from other people's reports.
True
True or false: Anthropologists agree that in addition to prejudice and discrimination, un earned privilege upholds social inequality
True
True or false: As children get older, cultural influences on behavior become much stronger; and as a result, it becomes difficult, if not impossible, to isolate biological influences on what it means to be male or female.
True
True or false: Beliefs get. Most of their power from being socially enacted repeatedly through rituals and other religious behaviors
True
True or false: Buddhism is neither monotheistic nor polytheistic.
True
True or false: In every society there is a gap between that society's ideal family and the real families that exist
True
True or false: In many societies,some people live their lives as neither male nor female.
True
True or false: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam became state religions, whose religious message and ritual supported the government of the state
True
True or false: The process of capital accumulation and the expansion of European colonialism disrupted many societies.
True
True or false: To follow political action one must be familiar with society's rules and codes about who gets to exercise power and under what conditions.
True
True or false: anthropologists have found the people imprint themselves and their past onto objects.
True
True or false: the stereotype that Tahitian women were sexually promiscuous emerged almost overnight after the arrival of Captain Samuel Wallis in1767, wen Tahitians recognized that the British had steel the the crew would exchange for sexual favors.
True
True or false:Patterns of social inequality and racial discrimination have important biological consequences for certain groups, such as African Americans.
True
True or false:diversity, defined anthropologically, refers to both multiplicity and variety, which is not the same thing as "difference."
True
True or false:gift exchanges are important because people everywhere invest symbolic meaning in the things they give, receive, and consume.
True
'Foodways' describes a perspective that approaches food as
all of the above