Unit Topic: Cells Honors Biology

organ system

a distinct set of organs within an organism that work together as a unit for a common function (ex. Digestive system)

Tissue

a group of identical cells working together for a common function (ex. muscle tissue)

Exocytosis

a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.

differentiated/specialized cells

a process that creates special structures and functions. For instance cells differentiate into creating organs like your heart, lungs, and kidneys

Cancer and its cause

cancer is uncontrolled cell division that happens when the regulation of the cell cycle breaks down. Cancer cells divide much more often than healthy cells do which leads to the formation of tumors

cause of cancer

carcinogins which is cancer causing agents like UV rays and tabacco smoke

stem cells

cells that can become differentiated into one or more types of specialized cells. two types of these cells are embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells

Prophase of cell cycle

chromosomes condense and are visible sisters; nuclear membrane disappears; spindle fibers form out of centrioles

Cytokenesis (cell division)

cytoplasm divides into two individual cells In plant cells - cell plate forms midway between divided nuclei and gradually developes into a membrane in animal cells - forms a clevage furrow that pinches the cell into 2 equal parts

Function of Phospholipid bilayer

determines what comes in and out of the cell to remain homeostasis

When do cells know to divide?

every cell divides at a different rate based on its need; its controlled by a chemical control system that starts and stops events in the cell cycle

external regulation vs internal regulations

external has signals that come from the outside of the cell (EX hormone, nutrients) Internals signal comes from the nucleus (Ex DNA inside the cell)

Function of cytoplasm

holds everything in place and provides a solution for chemical reactions to take place

Smooth ER function

makes lipids destroys toxins

Tumors that may result from cancer

malignant- cancer cells can breakaway from the tumor & be carried to parts of the body to form more tumors Benign- abnormal cells typically remain clustered together ( may be harmless & easy to remove)

Golgi apparatus function

modifies, packages, stores, and transports protein where its needed

Cell

most basic unit of life that has all 6 characteristics of living things ( ex. muscle cell)

Describe the function of the Flagella

move the entire cell

telophase of the cell cycle

nuclear envelope forms around chromosomes at each side of the cell; chromosomes start to look like chromatin again

Organism

one individual; one member of a species

Endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane (ex: white blood cell)

Cell wall function

protection, structural support

Organ

several types of tissue that work together for a common function (ex. stomach)

anaphase of the cell cycle

sister chromatids separate becoming individual chromosomes as chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell

Metaphase of the cell cycle

spindle fibers connect to the centromere of each sister chromatid; chromosomes move to middle of the cell

Stem cells importance

stem cells give many people the chance to regrow the specialized cells they are in need of. For instance if you were to take stem cells and turn them into heart cells that could repair someones damaged heart, they would then have a transfusion of those newly made heart cells and their heart would heal

central vacuole function

storage center

functions of vacuoles

storage of water, nutrients, waste, etc.

What is the structure of a cell and how does it allow it to control what goes in and out of it

the selective permeable part in the membrane lets certain substances move across freely while others must use a gate (a protien)

Describe the functions of the vesicles

they transport packaged proteins

Molecular pumps

uses energy to pump molecules across the membrane through a protein channel (ex: Calcium and Potassium)

Hypotonic, isotonic and hyptertonic differences

water concentration is above what is found in cells cytoplasm; water concentration is below what is found in the cytoplasm; identical water concentration to what is found in the cells cytoplasm

function of chloroplast

where photosynthesis happens; takes energy from the sun and converts it into sugar

List the 3 principels of cell theory

1. all living things are made of cells 2. cells are the basic unit of life 3. all existing cells are produced by other living cells

What's a eukaryotic cell?

A cell that has a nucleus and has membrane bound organells; is multicellular; division is mitosis (example being animals or plants)

What's a prokaryotic cell?

A cell without a nucleus ; made of peptidoglycan; division is binary diffusion (example being bacteria)

passive vs active transport

Active transport goes from low to high and requires energy Passive transport goes from high to low and requires no energy

Describe the function of the Lysosomes

Breakdown dead stuff

Describe the function of the Mitochondria

Breaks down food to make ATP; where cellular respiration happens; powerhouse of the cell

Cell membrane function

Controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell

Osmosis

Diffusion of water across the cell membrane;water molecules move from high to low

difference between embryonic and adult stem cells

Embryonic stem cells have never differentiated while adult stem cells are found in adult bone marrow, bone, blood, fat, etc.

Describe the function of the Centrioles ( centrosomes)

Help cell divide by pulling chromosomes apart and appears during cell division

Ribosomes function

Its made of proteins and makes protiens

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Makes proteins

Diffusion

Molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration (ex: oxygen and carbon dioxide)

facillitated diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels; move down concentration gradient from high to low ( ex: glucose/sugar, sodium/salt)

Describe the function of the Cilia

Moves fluid across the cell

Describe the six types of transport

Passive: diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion Active diffusion: molecular pumps, exocytosis, endocytosis

interphase of the cell cycle

Period between two cell divisions when a cell metabolizes and prepares to divide

Difference between Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis

Phago: cell eating, engulfs solids and digests them Pino: cell drinking, engulfs liquids and digests them

Describe the function of Nucleus

Protect the DNA that controls the activities of the cell

What is homeostasis and why is it important?

The need of an organism to maintain and regulate constant or stable internal conditions. Its important because it regulates your body temperature, PH balance, and material/nutrient concentration

what is the two main purposes for cell division

They divide due to growth and repair; cells cant just grow they have to stay small to increase surface area and allow things to move in and out easier

Explain the difference between multicellular and unicellular

Unicellular means something is composed of one cell while Multicellular means something is composed of many cells that may develope into a big organism such as tissues and organs