Unit Topic: Cells Honors Biology
organ system
a distinct set of organs within an organism that work together as a unit for a common function (ex. Digestive system)
Tissue
a group of identical cells working together for a common function (ex. muscle tissue)
Exocytosis
a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.
differentiated/specialized cells
a process that creates special structures and functions. For instance cells differentiate into creating organs like your heart, lungs, and kidneys
Cancer and its cause
cancer is uncontrolled cell division that happens when the regulation of the cell cycle breaks down. Cancer cells divide much more often than healthy cells do which leads to the formation of tumors
cause of cancer
carcinogins which is cancer causing agents like UV rays and tabacco smoke
stem cells
cells that can become differentiated into one or more types of specialized cells. two types of these cells are embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells
Prophase of cell cycle
chromosomes condense and are visible sisters; nuclear membrane disappears; spindle fibers form out of centrioles
Cytokenesis (cell division)
cytoplasm divides into two individual cells In plant cells - cell plate forms midway between divided nuclei and gradually developes into a membrane in animal cells - forms a clevage furrow that pinches the cell into 2 equal parts
Function of Phospholipid bilayer
determines what comes in and out of the cell to remain homeostasis
When do cells know to divide?
every cell divides at a different rate based on its need; its controlled by a chemical control system that starts and stops events in the cell cycle
external regulation vs internal regulations
external has signals that come from the outside of the cell (EX hormone, nutrients) Internals signal comes from the nucleus (Ex DNA inside the cell)
Function of cytoplasm
holds everything in place and provides a solution for chemical reactions to take place
Smooth ER function
makes lipids destroys toxins
Tumors that may result from cancer
malignant- cancer cells can breakaway from the tumor & be carried to parts of the body to form more tumors Benign- abnormal cells typically remain clustered together ( may be harmless & easy to remove)
Golgi apparatus function
modifies, packages, stores, and transports protein where its needed
Cell
most basic unit of life that has all 6 characteristics of living things ( ex. muscle cell)
Describe the function of the Flagella
move the entire cell
telophase of the cell cycle
nuclear envelope forms around chromosomes at each side of the cell; chromosomes start to look like chromatin again
Organism
one individual; one member of a species
Endocytosis
process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane (ex: white blood cell)
Cell wall function
protection, structural support
Organ
several types of tissue that work together for a common function (ex. stomach)
anaphase of the cell cycle
sister chromatids separate becoming individual chromosomes as chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell
Metaphase of the cell cycle
spindle fibers connect to the centromere of each sister chromatid; chromosomes move to middle of the cell
Stem cells importance
stem cells give many people the chance to regrow the specialized cells they are in need of. For instance if you were to take stem cells and turn them into heart cells that could repair someones damaged heart, they would then have a transfusion of those newly made heart cells and their heart would heal
central vacuole function
storage center
functions of vacuoles
storage of water, nutrients, waste, etc.
What is the structure of a cell and how does it allow it to control what goes in and out of it
the selective permeable part in the membrane lets certain substances move across freely while others must use a gate (a protien)
Describe the functions of the vesicles
they transport packaged proteins
Molecular pumps
uses energy to pump molecules across the membrane through a protein channel (ex: Calcium and Potassium)
Hypotonic, isotonic and hyptertonic differences
water concentration is above what is found in cells cytoplasm; water concentration is below what is found in the cytoplasm; identical water concentration to what is found in the cells cytoplasm
function of chloroplast
where photosynthesis happens; takes energy from the sun and converts it into sugar
List the 3 principels of cell theory
1. all living things are made of cells 2. cells are the basic unit of life 3. all existing cells are produced by other living cells
What's a eukaryotic cell?
A cell that has a nucleus and has membrane bound organells; is multicellular; division is mitosis (example being animals or plants)
What's a prokaryotic cell?
A cell without a nucleus ; made of peptidoglycan; division is binary diffusion (example being bacteria)
passive vs active transport
Active transport goes from low to high and requires energy Passive transport goes from high to low and requires no energy
Describe the function of the Lysosomes
Breakdown dead stuff
Describe the function of the Mitochondria
Breaks down food to make ATP; where cellular respiration happens; powerhouse of the cell
Cell membrane function
Controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell
Osmosis
Diffusion of water across the cell membrane;water molecules move from high to low
difference between embryonic and adult stem cells
Embryonic stem cells have never differentiated while adult stem cells are found in adult bone marrow, bone, blood, fat, etc.
Describe the function of the Centrioles ( centrosomes)
Help cell divide by pulling chromosomes apart and appears during cell division
Ribosomes function
Its made of proteins and makes protiens
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Makes proteins
Diffusion
Molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration (ex: oxygen and carbon dioxide)
facillitated diffusion
Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels; move down concentration gradient from high to low ( ex: glucose/sugar, sodium/salt)
Describe the function of the Cilia
Moves fluid across the cell
Describe the six types of transport
Passive: diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion Active diffusion: molecular pumps, exocytosis, endocytosis
interphase of the cell cycle
Period between two cell divisions when a cell metabolizes and prepares to divide
Difference between Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis
Phago: cell eating, engulfs solids and digests them Pino: cell drinking, engulfs liquids and digests them
Describe the function of Nucleus
Protect the DNA that controls the activities of the cell
What is homeostasis and why is it important?
The need of an organism to maintain and regulate constant or stable internal conditions. Its important because it regulates your body temperature, PH balance, and material/nutrient concentration
what is the two main purposes for cell division
They divide due to growth and repair; cells cant just grow they have to stay small to increase surface area and allow things to move in and out easier
Explain the difference between multicellular and unicellular
Unicellular means something is composed of one cell while Multicellular means something is composed of many cells that may develope into a big organism such as tissues and organs