Cultural Anthropology UNWSP Part 2

the idea of linguistic relativity.

Benjamin Whorf's research into the Hopi language led to

slight but noticeable differences in physical appearance.

Brazilians rely on an unofficial system of "types" (tipos) to identify differences among people. The tipos are based on

process language in the human brain.

Broca's area and Wernicke's area are two structures that

a speaker uses several language varieties in a particular interaction.

Code-switching is a speech act in which

the structures of language.

Descriptive linguistics is a subfield that studies

social stigma based on ancestry.

A Japanese person of Buraku descent (Burakumin) can be distinguished from non-Buraku Japanese by

a morpheme.

A minimal unit of meaning in a language, that may be bound or unbound, is

hypodescent.

A socially constructed racial classification system in which a person of mixed racial heritage is automatically categorized as a member of the less (or least) privileged group is called

It is a substandard variation of English that does not meet the criteria for Language Universals.

All of the following are accurate statements about African-American Vernacular English (AAVE), EXCEPT

weekly visits to a Buddhist temple.

All of the following are examples of symbolic ethnicity EXCEPT

all gestures share the same meaning across cultures, such as the "A-OK" hand sign.

All of the following are true about human paralanguage, EXCEPT

An ethnic group claims a distinct identity based on cultural characteristics and a shared heritage, while race defines groups based on arbitrary physical traits.

Although there is overlap, how does ethnicity (membership in an ethnic group) differ from race?

socio-economic status (social class).

Among people who self-identify as "white," one aspect of their lives has the greatest impact on their experience of society and the advantages conferred. This important feature is

arbitrary and subjective.

Any efforts to classify human populations into racial categories should best be understood as

a symbol.

Anything that serves to refer to something else, but has an arbitrary meaning, is best referred to as

White privilege.

Author Peggy McIntosh (1988) talks about the unearned benefits and advantages associated with being a "white" person in the United States. The term that she coined in her essay to refer to this set of advantages is

men tend to use styles that show status and competitiveness, while women tend to use styles that are cooperative and assert equality.

Deborah Tannen, linguistics professor at Georgetown University, argues that men and women have different speaking styles. Her research found that

confusing students in terms of which register to use when speaking to people in their communities.

Digital communication has had all of the following effects, EXCEPT

. a certain skin color may be more common in one region than another, but the variation is gradual and continuous.

Skin color in humans is represented in geography by a cline, or clinal pattern. The skin color cline means that

language shift.

The abandonment of a language in favor of a new one is called

"blacks" and other "blacks" on the same continent.

The greatest genetic diversity is between

Dialects spoken by people in small communities are gaining in popularity.

Globalization has had all of the following effects EXCEPT

A dialect is a variation of a language, usually distributed across geographic regions, that is considered lower in social and political prestige to another "standard" variety.

How can we best understand the use of the term "dialect?"

proxemics.

In Brazil, people who are interacting typically do so standing close to one another, often touching one another. This aspect of paralanguage is referred to as

Carolus Linnaeus

Which early natural scientist divided the human species into four "races": Americanus, Europaeus, Asiaticus, and Africanus?

If we look at other sports, such as the high jump, one can see that "white" athletes from U.S. and Western Europe dominate; it is clearly cultural and social supports that create excellence in groups of people, not genetics.

It has been argued that "black" athletes are naturally gifted runners and jumpers due to benefits passed down from their enslaved ancestors. What does the evidence say about this claim?

a set of characteristics of all human languages that are the same or similar.

Language universals are

in Brazil, an increase or decrease in social status may change people's perception of an individual's "type" (tipo), while in the U.S. a change in social status does not influence the perception of race.

One of the differences between the U.S. and Brazilian systems of "racial" classification is that

the high Vitamin D content of the diets of these groups.

Several groups of people, including the Chukchi of Eastern Siberia and Inuit of Alaska, Canada, and Greenland, have darker skin than other people living at similar latitudes. This is due to

language revitalization.

The Wampanoag project, led by Jessie Little Doe, is creating new native speakers of the Wampanoag language. This type of project is called

war.

The common English phrases "I won the argument" and "I had a fight with my boyfriend last night" are examples of the conceptual metaphor in American culture that argument is

a nonconcordant trait that is mistakenly associated with one "racial" group.

The fact that not only people of East Asian ancestry have an epicanthic eye fold...is an example of

morphology.

The field of linguistics that focuses on the study of the meanings of words and other morphemes, as well as how the meanings of phrases derive from them is called

semantics.

The field of linguistics that focuses on the study of the meanings of words and other morphemes, as well as how the meanings of phrases derive from them is called

all normally developing human infants have an innate ability to acquire the language(s) used around them.

The general idea of Chomsky's Universal Grammar is that

one's cultural environment and language are so interrelated that the way a person speaks may influence the way they see the world.

The hypothesis of linguistic relativity promotes the idea that

symbolic

The idea that a U.S. bride would wear a white dress to her wedding, but a Chinese bride would wear red, relies on the __________ meaning of colors in different cultures.

the Critical Age Range Hypothesis.

The idea that children will gradually lose the ability to acquire language naturally without effort is called

a phoneme.

The minimal unit of sound that can make a difference in meaning, but that does not carry meaning itself (such as /b/ in "bit" or /p/ in "pit") is

all of the answer choices are correct. is criticized by members of the Deaf community as a threat to Deaf culture. approaches deafness as a medical disability, an idea the Deaf community does not share. attempts to prevent Deaf children from using signed languages and teach them to blend in to the hearing community by lip reading.

The oralist approach to the education of Deaf and hard-of-hearing people

assimilation.

The pressure on members of ethnic and immigrant minority groups to abandon their native customs, traditions, languages, and identities quickly and adopt those of mainstream society is the pressure of

racial formation.

The process by which social, economic, and political forces determine the content and importance of racial categories is referred to as

non-standard or stigmatized forms of a language, also may be called a "dialect."

The term "vernacular" is used to identify

kinesics.

The term for all forms of human body language is

lexicon.

The vocabulary of a language is called a

Migration routes Social class Settlement patterns d.All of the answer choices are correct

What causes language variation?

Many peoples of the world were omitted from the racial groups with no clear way of including them in one group or another.

What was the major criticism of the early 20th century "three-race" theory that divided the world's peoples into the categories of Caucasoid, Mongoloid, and Negroid?

race is not an accurate way to describe any biological differences in the human species, but ideas about race are real in social and cultural ways.

When anthropologists say "race is not real," what they mean more accurately is that

Irish Italian All of the answer choices are correct Jewish

Which of the following immigrant groups were targeted in the 19th and early 20th century as inferior to "whites" (the U.S.'s mainstream Anglo Protestant society)?

A strong cultural preference for the sport Social and economic opportunities within the sport, especially for youth All of the answer choices are correct A high degree of prestige for those who excel

Which of the following social supports leads to the development of athletes who excel in a particular sport?