Cultural Psychology Final

A person is building a road to connect two towns, but the road is stopped by a mountain. The person can either build the road so that it follows the side of the mountain and continues on from the other side, or the person can just tunnel through the mountain. This person decides that people should not get pushed around by nature, so decides to tunnel through the mountain. Which of the following terms best describes this way of thinking? A. incremental theory of the world B. secondary control C. self-enhancement D. self-serving bias E. maintaining face

A. incremental theory of the world

You are an executive for a Korean advertising agency and you have been asked to create a TV commercial for a new condominium, targeting people from Korea. Based on Kim and Markus's research on advertisements in Korea and the United States, which of the following would you most likely use in your commercial? A. "The architecture of this condo blends in well with the buildings surrounding it." B. "Need a place to live? Try our condo!" C. "Condo X—there's nothing else quite like it." D. "This condo was designed by an architect who has a unique style."

A. "The architecture of this condo blends in well with the buildings surrounding it."

You live in a culture in which people grow their own food and rarely have to buy food from others. One day, a researcher from the United States asks you to play the Dictator Game with a stranger. You are given $50 and you must decide how much to give to the stranger. Based on all the information given in this question, which of the following amounts are you NOT likely to give? A. $25 B. $5 C. $0 D. $13

A. $25

During a professional ice hockey game, fans from around the world saw Tony Bertram, a professional hockey player, punch an unsuspecting player in the face and throw him onto the ice. According to analytic versus holistic thinking styles, which of the following do you think is most likely to happen? A. East Asians will blame Tony's family problems, and Westerners will blame Tony's nasty personality. B. East Asians and Westerners will equally blame Tony's nasty personality. C. East Asians will blame Tony's family problems, and Westerners will blame Tony's teammates. D. East Asians and Westerners will equally blame Tony's family problems. E. East Asians will blame Tony's nasty personality, and Westerners will blame Tony's family problems.

A. East Asians will blame Tony's family problems, and Westerners will blame Tony's nasty personality.

Don is from an individualistic culture, and Juan is from a collectivistic culture. According to a study by Suh and colleagues on the relationship between life satisfaction and positive affect, which of the following scenarios regarding subjective well-being is to be expected? A. Experiencing more positive affect makes Don happier than it makes Juan. B. Having more money makes Don happier than it makes Juan. C. Experiencing less negative affect makes Don happier than it makes Juan. D. Having more extreme emotional experiences makes Don happier than it makes Juan. E. Having more harmonious interpersonal relations makes Don happier than it makes Juan.

A. Experiencing more positive affect makes Don happier than it makes Juan.

As an American exchange student in Japan, Michael is trying to understand the cultural differences that he is noticing. In particular, he finds that his new Japanese friend, Michiru, has very different emotional experiences than his European-American friends back home. Based on research regarding cultural differences in emotional experiences, which of the following is the likeliest difference for him to notice? A. Michiru feels better than his European-American friends when he is experiencing respect. B. Michiru reports feeling more intense positive feelings than his European-American friends. C. His European-American friends experience both shame and anger more than Michiru. D. Michiru experiences a broader range of emotions than his European-American friends.

A. Michiru feels better than his European-American friends when he is experiencing respect.

An example of communal sharing is A. an office with a jar of coins, where workers can take or put in as many coins as they like. B. buying something from eBay, where the seller's relationship with the buyer is independent of price. C. people exchanging Christmas gifts with each other. D. a family in which mom decided that each person should take turns taking out the garbage.

A. an office with a jar of coins, where workers can take or put in as many coins as they like.

At Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral development, someone is considered moral when he A. chooses to do a good deed because he is likely to be recognized by doing so. B. refrains from stealing from a store because it is illegal. C. helps his little sister with homework rather than his little sister's friend. D. donates money to AIDS research because he has AIDS.

A. chooses to do a good deed because he is likely to be recognized by doing so.

Raquel habitually engages in self-enhancement. She recently did poorly on a sociology exam. Which of the following would you NOT expect her to do? A. compare herself with how the best student in her class did B. disregard the importance of sociology C. focus on how other classmates from her track and field team did really well D. blame her poor performance on her professor for not writing a fair exam E. think about how the student with the lowest score in class did

A. compare herself with how the best student in her class did

A classroom is full of European-Canadians and Chinese-Canadians, and they are all watching a movie that is intended to induce a lot of anger. According to research on cultural differences in anger responses, one would expect A. differences regarding how quickly their physiological responses will return to baseline. B. that the Chinese-Canadian students' physiological responses will fluctuate much more than the European-Canadian students' physiological responses. C. that the Chinese-Canadian students will show more of an extreme physiological response, despite reporting being less angry than the European-Canadian students. D. the Chinese-Canadian students to not show any physiological anger response, whereas the European-Canadian students will.

A. differences regarding how quickly their physiological responses will return to baseline.

Sending your boss a Christmas card after he had first sent you one would best be seen as an example of A. equality matching. B. authority ranking. C. communal sharing. D. market pricing.

A. equality matching.

You and Abdul are making sandwiches to sell to people waiting in line for a concert. You make and sell 10 sandwiches. Abdul makes and sells 20 sandwiches. The profit from your venture is $120. According to the principle of ________, your share of the profit is ________. A. equality; $60 B. distributive justice; $60 C. You Answered need; $40 D. compromise; $50 E. equity; $60

A. equality; $60

With which of the following is a low context culture most closely associated? A. explicit communication B. implicit communication C. incremental theory of self D. entity theory of the world

A. explicit communication

At Kohlberg's conventional level of moral development, someone is considered moral when she A. refrains from stealing from a store because it is illegal. B. donates money to AIDS research because she has AIDS. C. helps her little sister with homework rather than her little sister's friend. D. chooses to do one of two good deeds because she is more likely to be recognized by doing the chosen deed.

A. refrains from stealing from a store because it is illegal.

Kartika abides by the idea that people should have emotional "smoothness" This means that she A. tries not to have strong displays of emotions. B. has emotional highs and lows. C. thinks that people should consistently feel positive emotions. D. transitions easily from one emotion to another.

A. tries not to have strong displays of emotions.

It is likely that the general goal of fairness is ________ and the way fairness is implemented is ________. A. universal; nonuniversal B. universal; almost universally driven by the principle of equality C. universal; universal D. universal; primarily driven by the principle of equity E. nonuniversal; nonuniversal

A. universal; nonuniversal

In a dictator game played among anonymous participants, ________ tend to be more generous. A. people high on openness to experience B. people who live in market economies C. people who do not understand the concept of money D. farmers who grow their own food E. people who live in dictatorships

B. people who live in market economies

At an academic debate, you overhear one researcher say, ÒBased on Iyengar and colleagues' work on choice across cultures, Asian Americans have a stronger preference for everyone else to make choices for them rather than making choices for themselves.Do you agree? A. Disagree. Asian Americans prefer to make choices for others rather than for themselves. B. Disagree. Asian Americans prefer choices that are chosen for them by an in-group member, but not by an out-group member. C. Agree. Asian Americans prefer someone else to make choices for them, regardless of who that someone else is—because they are high in collectivism. D. Disagree. Asian Americans prefer to make choices for themselves rather than have someone else choose for them. E. Agree. Asian Americans prefer someone else to make choices for them, regardless of who that someone else is—because they are high in agreeableness.

B. Disagree. Asian Americans prefer choices that are chosen for them by an in-group member, but not by an out-group member.

Ichiro, a Japanese student, wants to sell his used book that he's had for a decade. Kent, an American student, wants to sell the exact same book, which he has also owned for a decade. They price their respective books depending on how much they think the books are worth. The books themselves are valued at $50. Based on cross-cultural research on endowment effect, which of the following best predicts what the two price tags will most likely be? A. Ichiro: $20; Kent: $15 B. Ichiro: $30; Kent: $60 C. Ichiro: $50; Kent: $50 D. Ichiro: $70; Kent: $20 E. Ichiro: $60; Kent: $50

B. Ichiro: $30; Kent: $60

Based on Kitayama and colleagues' study of emotions among Japanese and Americans, one would expect that, between Jun, who's Japanese, and Jerry, who's American, A. Jun would feel more anger than Jerry. B. Jun would feel more shame than Jerry. C. Jun would feel more extreme emotions than Jerry. D. Jun would feel more happiness than Jerry.

B. Jun would feel more shame than Jerry.

Which one does not belong: a human, a giraffe, and a car? A. analytic thinker: human; holistic thinker: car B. analytic thinker: car; holistic thinker: giraffe C. analytic thinker: giraffe; holistic thinker: giraffe D. analytic thinker: car; holistic thinker: car E. analytic thinker: giraffe; holistic thinker: human

B. analytic thinker: car; holistic thinker: giraffe

Arranged marriages A. are increasing in frequency throughout the world. B. are less common in cultures with nuclear families as opposed to extended families. C. prevent love from developing. D. are always associated with unhappy marriages for both men and women.

B. are less common in cultures with nuclear families as opposed to extended families.

Which of the following is NOT part of Shweder's model of moral reasoning? A. ethic of autonomy B. ethic of justice C. ethic of community D. ethic of divinity

B. ethic of justice

Kosuke is a Japanese student who just won a drawing competition. Kent is a Canadian student who also just won a drawing competition. Immediately after their victories, they were asked to create another drawing. Compared to Kosuke, what is Kent more likely to do? A. move on to a different task B. spend more time drawing than Kosuke C. stop drawing earlier than Kosuke D. draw for about the same amount of time as Kosuke

B. spend more time drawing than Kosuke

Which of the following statements would be the most important to someone who is very liberal in North America? A. "Pornography should be banned outright because it promotes one of God's sins." B. "There is nothing you can offer me that would make me want to leave my team and join yours." C. "This is wrong because it is causing people a lot of pain." D. "The only thing I know to do is to obey what my father says."

C. "This is wrong because it is causing people a lot of pain."

The Department of Chemistry is trying to understand how people solve problems in organic chemistry classes. Students are given a series of complex organic chemistry problems to solve. Which of the following will characterize the students' performance? A. Verbally articulating their thought processes enhances the performance of East Asian students on the problems. B. None of the above C. East Asian students will perform worse on the problems if they are asked to verbally articulate their thinking process, but their performance will be relatively unaffected if they recite their own names repeatedly. D. Western students will perform worse on the problems if they are asked to verbally articulate their thinking process

C. East Asian students will perform worse on the problems if they are asked to verbally articulate their thinking process, but their performance will be relatively unaffected if they recite their own names repeatedly.

A group of East Asians and European Americans have won a contest, and each person is allowed to pick a car from a selection of cars. All cars are of the same make, model, and year. The only thing that differs between them is that they can be one of two colors. Furthermore, there is an extremely unequal proportion between the two colors, making the minority color very unique. Given this scenario, which of the following statements is true? A. East Asians tend to choose unique-colored cars. B. European Americans tend to choose majority-colored cars . C. European Americans tend to choose minority-colored cars. D. East Asians tend to choose white cars.

C. European Americans tend to choose minority-colored cars.

Lumusi is a Ghanaian teenager who reports having more enemies than does her American counterpart, Lisa. According to research discussed in the textbook on Ghana, which of the following explains why Lumusi reports having more enemies than Lisa? A. Enemies are desirable in Ghanaian contexts, so people there seek them out. B. Lumusi may report having more enemies, but she actually does not. C. Ghanaians are less likely to choose their relationship partners. D. There is more conflict in their lives, so Ghanaians need to be more wary about enemies.

C. Ghanaians are less likely to choose their relationship partners.

Stephen and Jon are both diagnosed with a form of anxiety disorder. The difference between them is that Stephen's primary symptoms are feeling anxious, mood fluctuations, and other mental issues. Jon's symptoms, on the other hand, are discomfort in the chest, headaches, and diarrhea. Which of the following best explains the differences in the symptoms that the two are suffering? A. Jon's anxiety disorder is more severe than Stephen's. B. Jon's anxiety disorder is less severe than Stephen's. C. Stephen is going through psychologization, whereas Jon is experiencing somatization. D. Stephen is concerned about how others might see him, while Jon is not.

C. Stephen is going through psychologization, whereas Jon is experiencing somatization.

A Chinese art critic, Weiwei, and his American counterpart, William, are both looking at a painting of a group of people standing behind a vase in the middle foreground. If you were to compare the eye gazes of Weiwei and William, what would you find? A. Weiwei and William describe the painting differently, but they are actually looking at the objects quite similarly. B. Their gazes initially start out in different places on the painting, but become more similar over time attending to an object. C. William spends more time gazing at the vase than does Weiwei. D. The people standing in the background appear blurrier to William than they do to Weiwei. E. William shifts his attention around more than Weiwei.

C. William spends more time gazing at the vase than does Weiwei.

Your roommate is from a high context culture. As a result, which of the following is most likely to be an exchange between the two of you? A. You ask your roommate why she seems upset with you, and she responds by telling you exactly what she is thinking B. Your roommate does not want you to practice dancing in the living room, so she leaves you a note on your door to let you know. C. You ask your roommate if you can use her hairdryer. She does not want you to, but she says, "I am not sure," with a very subtle disapproving expression. D. None of the above

C. You ask your roommate if you can use her hairdryer. She does not want you to, but she says, "I am not sure," with a very subtle disapproving expression.

People from cultures that do not have words for numbers beyond two or three A. are unable to discriminate between different quantities. B. have no conception of what amount is visually greater than or smaller than another. C. are able to discriminate between rough proportions, but not for precise numbers. D. can still detect changes in the number of objects in the same way as those who have words for a complete number set.

C. are able to discriminate between rough proportions, but not for precise numbers.

You are walking with your friend when both of you see a person on the street trip and fall. You think that the person is a clumsy person, but your friend thinks the person was distracted by something across the street. In this situation, which of the following more accurately captures what you are engaging in? A. inferential judgment B. field dependence C. dispositional attribution D. conclusion making

C. dispositional attribution

Analytic thinking is argued to be associated with A. family resemblance reasoning. B. high horizons in drawings. C. dispositional attributions. D. None of these answers is correct. E. field dependence.

C. dispositional attributions.

People who are especially field dependent tend to be A. introverted. B. from Western cultures. C. holistic thinkers. D. hunters or herders.

C. holistic thinkers.

Which of the following concepts tend to go together? A. tolerance for ambiguity and altruistic punishment B. just world beliefs and global leadership C. just world beliefs and principles of equity D. principles of equity and humane-oriented leadership E. just world beliefs and principles of equality

C. just world beliefs and principles of equity

You and a friend run into each other on the street, and you see that he is carrying a fish that he has just caught. You would love to get that fish home and cook it to make your wife happy. You and your friend agree that the fish is equivalent to the corn you are carrying in your bag. The two of you then exchange the fish for the corn before heading off to your respective homes. What is this an example of? A. equality matching B. authority ranking C. market pricing D. communal sharing

C. market pricing

Which of the following products or services does NOT capitalize on universal bases of attraction? A. laser procedures that remove scars B. makeup that covers skin blemishes C. photo-editing software that can mix different body shapes together D. creams that get rid of acne and pimples

C. photo-editing software that can mix different body shapes together

Gregory has been diagnosed with depression by his psychiatrists; however, he does not really report experiencing negative affect. He primarily experiences stomach and sleep problems. Which of the following most accurately characterizes Gregory's experience? A. lack of insight B. He is lying. C. somatization D. antipsychologization

C. somatization

Analytic thinking is best characterized by A. multiple-level categorization. B. synthetically integrating theses and antitheses. C. taxonomic categorization. D. any form of categorization. E. thematic categorization.

C. taxonomic categorization.

According to the propinquity effect, which of the following people are most likely to become friends? A. Betty and Bulma, who work in different departments of the same company B. Malcolm and Maurice, two people who both drive the same model of car C. Lara and Lindsay, who are both psychology majors D. Amy and Alyssa, who meet each other at the bus stop every day

D. Amy and Alyssa, who meet each other at the bus stop every day

Claudia and Hideki are math students. Claudia has a self-enhancement orientation, whereas Hideki has a self-improvement orientation. The best way to make them both continue to put in effort to learn math is to give A. both students a very easy math test, but do not tell them their scores. B. both students a very easy math test that is rigged to make them do well. C. both students a very difficult math test that is rigged to make them do poorly. D. Claudia a very easy math test so she is rigged to do well, but give Hideki a very difficult math test so he is rigged to do poorly. E. Claudia a very difficult math test so she is rigged to do poorly, but give Hideki a very easy math test so he is rigged to do well.

D. Claudia a very easy math test so she is rigged to do well, but give Hideki a very difficult math test so he is rigged to do poorly.

If a Japanese and an American were each contacted by a stranger for help, we would expect that the A. Japanese would trust the stranger more than the American only if the stranger were of the same sex as himself or herself. B. American would trust the stranger less than the Japanese. C. American would only trust the stranger more than the Japanese if the American had an acquaintance who knew the stranger. D. Japanese would trust the stranger less than the American.

D. Japanese would trust the stranger less than the American.

According to the secularization theory, which of the following findings seem the likeliest? A. meritocracy gaining appeal as a principle for fair distribution B. 94 percent of Americans reporting belief in God(s) in some form C. an increase in the belief that one's thoughts have nothing to do with morality D. a decline in the use of the ethic of divinity to determine morality

D. a decline in the use of the ethic of divinity to determine morality

Jeremiah has moved around to ten different states in the United States within five years due to his job. This means that, compared to someone who has not moved around at all before, Jeremiah will A. experience less similarity-attraction effect. B. see his personality traits as more fluid and dependent on specific relationships. C. be more unconditionally committed to the local sports team. D. buy more things from national chain stores.

D. buy more things from national chain stores.

Contrasting the attributions made by Indians and Americans in research by Joan Miller reveals all of the following EXCEPT A. Indian adults show evidence for a reverse fundamental attribution error. B. Americans do not become increasingly likely to make situational attributions as they get older. C. Indians become increasingly likely to make situational attributions as they get older. D. cultural differences in attributions are the same in young children as in adults. E. All of these statements are true.

D. cultural differences in attributions are the same in young children as in adults.

The fact that people from some cultures lack an enzyme to allow them to digest milk reflects that A. cultural practices are shaped by the local B. this inability is due to a proximal cause. C. none of the above D. cultural practices can affect human evolution.

D. cultural practices can affect human evolution.

Over the last fifty years, the average height of the people from the reclusive country of Druidia has been increasing. Based on data profiled in the textbook, which of the following is likeliest to be associated with this increase? A. none of the above B. an influx of genetically tall people into the country C. genetic changes over the last fifty years D. improved diet during infancy and adolescence

D. improved diet during infancy and adolescence

Trust toward strangers A. is unusually low among Americans, compared to many other cultures. B. is correlated with feelings of self-esteem. C. steadily decreases across the life span in all cultures. D. is weaker in collectivistic cultures.

D. is weaker in collectivistic cultures.

The relation between money and happiness is that A. money does predict happiness consistently across all levels of income. B. there is no relation between money and happiness. C. money is positively related to happiness in poor countries, but negatively related to happiness in rich countries. D. money is positively related to happiness at very low levels of wealth but becomes less related in developed countries.

D. money is positively related to happiness at very low levels of wealth but becomes less related in developed countries.

Jinro walks along the same street every day and sees the same red tree swing during his walk. Based on propinquity effect, the more he is exposed to this tree swing, the A. less he will like it if he is from a collectivistic culture, whereas the reverse would hold true if he is from an individualistic culture. B. more likely he will become bored with it and find it unattractive. C. more he will like it if he is from a collectivistic culture, whereas the reverse would hold true if he is from an individualistic culture. D. more pleasant affect he will experience when processing it.

D. more pleasant affect he will experience when processing it.

An employee is having some problems in his personal life. Seeing this, his boss steps in and tries to help him through the difficulties. This boss's behavior is an example of ________ leadership and would be most appropriate in ________. A. paternalistic; Australia B. participative; Australia C. team-oriented; Brazil D. paternalistic; Brazil E. participative; Brazil

D. paternalistic; Brazil

According to the James-Lange theory of emotions, which of the following precedes an emotion in a scenario where Ed meets his boss for the first time? A. the assumptions that Ed makes about past experiences with his previous bosses B. None of the above C. how Ed interprets his profuse perspiration upon seeing his boss D. the profuse perspiration that Ed experiences upon seeing his boss

D. the profuse perspiration that Ed experiences upon seeing his boss

________ leads the world in the number of patents, because they concentrate on ________. This is consistent with ________. A. The United States; making important breakthroughs; their emphasis on individualism B. Germany; engineering; their emphasis on precision C. Switzerland; areas of their expertise; their emphasis on efficiency D. China; using their connections to get products and processes patented; the concept of guanxi E. Japan; making incremental improvements; their emphasis on the usefulness aspect of creativity

E. Japan; making incremental improvements; their emphasis on the usefulness aspect of creativity

Recent fieldwork suggests that the Saami people (an indigenous people living in parts of northern Europe) have almost 100 words to describe various kinds of reindeer. English, on the other hand, has only a tiny fraction of words used to describe reindeer. According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, what cultural difference between English and Saami speakers would result from this disparity in reindeer-related vocabulary size? A. English speakers are better able to identify the different odors of reindeer. B. English speakers have less numerical cognitive abilities than do Saami speakers. C. English speakers view time as flowing in a different direction than do Saami speakers. D. Saami speakers engage in spatial reasoning differently than English speakers. E. Saami speakers are better able to categorize reindeer than English speakers.

E. Saami speakers are better able to categorize reindeer than English speakers.

Shira wants to be a global leader for her multicultural team. To accomplish this, she should A. always follow the principle of need. B. ensure everyone understands that she has seniority. C. conform to each employees' cultural expectations. D. ignore cultural differences between group members. E. be nonjudgmental and tolerant of ambiguity.

E. be nonjudgmental and tolerant of ambiguity.

The high salaries of CEOs in the United States are likely to be derived from American ideas about A. seniority. B. democracy. C. education. D. paternalism. E. equity.

E. equity.

In research by Murphy-Berman and colleagues with American and Indian participants, the researchers found that Americans' favorite solution for rewarding employees was to reward on the basis of ________ and their least favorite solution was to reward on the basis of ________. For Indians, their most favorite solution for rewarding employees was based on ________ and their least favorite solution was based on ________. A. equality; equity; equality; need B. equity; equality; need; equity C. equity; equality; equality; equity D. equality; need; need; equity E. equity; need; need; equity

E. equity; need; need; equity