Cultural Psychology Final Exam Review

Heine and colleagues (2011) studied immigrants in Vancouver, Canada, who came from Hong Kong. They found that identification with Canadian culture depended on how long immigrants had lived in Canada, a. but only if they came in their mid-20s. b. but only if they came as children. c. but only if they also showed strong identification with Chinese culture. d. but only if they also showed weak identification with Chinese culture. e. regardless of when the immigrants came or how much they identified with Chinese culture.

b. but only if they came as children.

A key belief of the Sambia is that a. people are born straight and become gay over time with experience. b. femaleness is innate but maleness must be explicitly learned. c. male sexuality is stable throughout life. d. homosexual encounters are natural for males and females between the ages of 7 and 15. e. maleness is innate, but femaleness must be explicitly learned.

b. femaleness is innate but maleness must be explicitly learned.

In Marshall's culture, maintaining self-consistency is an important sign of authenticity. Consequently, Marshall tries to think and act similarly across different situations and across time. Given what you know about Marshall's culture, you can also expect that he will a. regularly experience objective self-awareness. b. regularly experience subjective self-awareness. c. possess an entity theory of the self. d. possess an incremental theory of the self. e. be a very conscientious person.

c. possess an entity theory of the self.

Doug was raised in Chicago, Illinois. Hans was raised in Hamburg, Germany. If they both have the attachment style that is most common in their respective cultures. Doug will show ________ attachment and Hans will show ________ attachment. a. secure; secure b. avoidant; avoidant c. secure; avoidant d. secure; anxious-ambivalent e. avoidant; secure

c. secure; avoidant

Which of the following people is most likely to experience an L-shaped acculturation curve? a. Crystal-Joy, who has moved to a culturally homogeneous society b. Lydia, who has an interdependent self-concept, while people in the host culture have an independent self-concept c. Magda, who is feeling a lot of cultural distance between her heritage culture and the host culture d. Timothy, who identifies with his heritage culture but not his host culture e. Noriko, who habitually engages in frame-switching

a. Crystal-Joy, who has moved to a culturally homogeneous society

After studying four species of newly discovered primates that have the same body size, the scientists obtained the following data: Species: Brain volume without neocortex (cm3), Brain surface area (cm2), Neocortex volume (cm3) A: 80, 120, 90 B: 25, 86, 84 C: 66, 134, 67 D: 22, 95, 84 Rank order the species by their expected social group size, from greatest to smallest, according to the social brain hypothesis. (No calculator is needed.) a. D, B, A, C b. A, B, D, C c. C, A, B, D d. B, D, A, C e. The answer cannot be determined from the available data.

a. D, B, A, C

Which of the following is true about young children's development? a. In all cultures, children learn to crawl in the same way. b. In all cultures, children learn to crawl at about the same age. c. The age at which children learn to recognize themselves in the mirror is constant across cultures. d. Babies have more face-to-face contact with their parents in Western cultures than in non-Western cultures. e. Babies have more physical contact with their parents in Western cultures than in non-Western cultures.

e. Babies have more physical contact with their parents in Western cultures than in non-Western cultures.

According to the textbook, which of the following is true about culture and parenting styles? a. Baumrind's typology has been shown to accurately capture parenting styles around the world. b. Parents in most non-Western contexts use permissive parenting styles. c. Parents in most non-Western contexts use neglectful parenting styles. d. Authoritative parenting styles lead to the best outcomes for children all over the world. e. Strong parental control is more associated with positive outcomes in East Asia than in the West.

e. Strong parental control is more associated with positive outcomes in East Asia than in the West.

Imagine viewing an image of a fish tank containing two red fish, a zebra-striped fish, and pink rocks and sand on the floor of the tank. You view and study this image for 2 minutes before it is removed. Which of the following statements is most true of you if you are field dependent? a. If shown an image of the zebra-striped fish in a different underwater scene, you will have difficulty recognizing the fish. b. If shown an image of the zebra-striped fish in the same underwater scene, you will have difficulty recognizing the fish. c. If shown an image of the zebra-striped fish without any background underwater scene, you will have difficulty recognizing the fish. d. If asked to recall the image later in the day, you will have difficulty remembering the color of the rocks and sand. e. If asked to recall the image later in the day, the first information you will recall will be the colors of the fish.

a. If shown an image of the zebra-striped fish in a different underwater scene, you will have difficulty recognizing the fish.

You have a set of photographs of Fore people from Papua New Guinea displaying happiness, disgust, sadness, and fear. You present these photographs to groups of participants from the United States, Argentina, and Japan and ask them to identify which emotion is being expressed. Which of the following results is most likely? a. People from all cultural groups will be able to identify emotions correctly in the majority of the photographs. b. People from all cultural groups will struggle to accurately identify emotions in the photographs because they picture people from an unfamiliar culture. c. People from the United States will accurately identify emotions in significantly more photographs than people from Japan and Argentina. d. People from Japan will accurately identify emotions in significantly more photographs than people from Argentina and the United States. e. People from Argentina will accurately identify emotions in significantly more photographs than people from Japan and the United States.

a. People from all cultural groups will be able to identify emotions correctly in the majority of the photographs.

You have saved up a lot of money over the last few years and have decided to travel the world. In interacting with people from different cultures all over the world, which of the following are you most likely to find? a. The Big Five explains personality adequately everywhere but does especially well explaining personality in the West. b. The Big Five only emerges reliably in cultures characterized by independent views of self. c. You find that the only trait that emerges reliably across all cultures is neuroticism. d. The only trait of the Big Five that does not emerge reliably across cultures is neuroticism. e. Western cultures have a number of personality factors in addition to the Big Five that are not found in cultures characterized by interdependent views of self.

a. The Big Five explains personality adequately everywhere but does especially well explaining personality in the West.

Leticia knows Spanish as her native language and learned English as a very young child. Amy knows English as her native language and learned Spanish as an adult. Which of the following will be true? a. The same location of Leticia's brain will be activated when she processes English or Spanish. b. The same location of Amy's brain will be activated when she processes English or Spanish. c. When Amy speaks Spanish, the parts of her brain responsible for language and vision will be activated. d. When Leticia speaks Spanish, the parts of her brain responsible for language and vision will be activated. e. The motor neurons of each speaker will be activated when they speak—but only when they speak in their native language.

a. The same location of Leticia's brain will be activated when she processes English or Spanish.

You conduct a literature review on a topic for a class paper and realize that all the studies you found seem to use WEIRD samples. Based on this characteristic of the study samples, which of the following would be a limitation of your class paper? a. You would be unable to determine the level of universality. b. You would be relying on a non-Western perspective. c. You would be using a multicultural rather than a color-blind approach. d. Your conclusions would not generalize to people in industrialized countries. e. You would not have enough studies to draw conclusions about WEIRD samples.

a. You would be unable to determine the level of universality.

Dr. G is conducting a study to see whether people can be made to think of themselves in independent versus interdependent ways. Using college students from two different cultures as participants, she had people think about how they are similar to family and friends or how they are different from them. Dr. G then measured how much they believe in traditional Chinese values. This study employs a ________ manipulation, and the way people are made to think about themselves is classified as a(n) ________ variable. a. between-groups; independent b. between-groups; dependent c. within-groups; independent d. within-groups; dependent e. within-groups; measured

a. between-groups; independent

The research evidence for self-enhancement motivation shows that stronger self-enhancement motivations are associated with a. high scores—above the midpoint—on self-esteem questionnaires. b. more objective responses when evaluating one's positive characteristics. c. perceptions that the self is average in relation to others. d. greater use of upward social comparison. e. weaker self-serving biases.

a. high scores—above the midpoint—on self-esteem questionnaires.

Mia loves visiting foreign countries and travels every chance she gets, usually staying for up to a month in each country. "I don't think I will ever get tired of traveling," she says. "Every single culture I've experienced has been so amazing and exciting!" According to the acculturation curve, which stage has Mia experienced? a. honeymoon stage b. crisis stage c. sojourner stage d. adjustment stage e. culture shock

a. honeymoon stage

The acculturation strategy that predicts the most favorable outcomes is a. integration. b. marginalization. c. assimilation. d. blending. e. separation.

a. integration.

Someone with an incremental theory of the self a. thinks that he or she could be a different person in the future. b. thinks his or her traits are central to his or her identity. c. is very high on the need to have self-consistency. d. is more likely than entity theorists to be low on neuroticism. e. makes a very weak distinction between the ingroup and the outgroup

a. thinks that he or she could be a different person in the future.

Calvin is a Protestant Christian who believes in predestination. Which of the following statements accurately describes how Calvin's religious beliefs influence how he perceives himself and his chances of going to heaven after he dies? a. "I engage in good deeds, therefore I know I am a good person and will likely go to heaven." b. "I experience a lot of positive outcomes in my life. This means that God thinks I am a good person and that I will go to heaven." c. "I treat others like I would like to be treated. This makes me a better person and more likely to go to heaven instead of hell." d. "I am modest enough to know that there is a possibility that I may not be good enough to get into heaven." e. "Since other people view me as a good person, God probably does too. This means that I am likely to go to heaven."

b. "I experience a lot of positive outcomes in my life. This means that God thinks I am a good person and that I will go to heaven."

Ayumi is a Japanese student and Alice is a European Canadian student. They are both participating in a study in which they are asked to provide some self-descriptions. Given what you know about cultural influences on tolerating contradictions, which of the following is the likeliest outcome of this study? a. Ayumi is likelier than Alice to say that she is an introverted person across different situations. b. Ayumi is likelier than Alice to say that she is both considerate and selfish. c. Ayumi is likelier than Alice to focus on her individual characteristics, such as intelligence. d. Ayumi is likelier than Alice to be optimistic over the long term. e. Ayumi is likelier than Alice to reference her physiological states.

b. Ayumi is likelier than Alice to say that she is both considerate and selfish.

Real smiles engage muscles around the mouth and eyes, whereas fake smiles only engage muscles around the mouth. Given what you know about cultural variations in which parts of a facial expression are observed, which of the following people will have the most difficulty distinguishing between a real and fake smile? a. Margo, who lives in a culture where people are encouraged to disguise their emotions b. Julia, who lives in a culture where people are encouraged to express their emotions c. Kady, who lives in a culture where people are encouraged to display positive emotions more than negative emotions d. Rachel, who lives in a culture where people display negative emotions more than positive emotions e. Alice, who lives in a culture with a lot of ritualized displays

b. Julia, who lives in a culture where people are encouraged to express their emotions

Suppose that in the future, worldwide climate continues to become more extreme and variable. What will be the most likely effect of this climate change on culture? a. Indigenous groups will continue to maintain their native languages. b. People will become less involved in community organizations that teach traditional values. c. Rates of bilingualism will increase. d. People will become less interested in living in multicultural societies. e. More people will immigrate to places with collectivistic rather than individualistic cultures.

b. People will become less involved in community organizations that teach traditional values.

People who speak ________ are more likely to use ________ when describing an unintentional action, and consequently they will be ________ accurate when identifying the person that engaged in the action. Select one: a. English; active voice; less b. Spanish; passive voice; less c. English; passive voice; more d. Spanish; passive voice; more e. Spanish; active voice; more

b. Spanish; passive voice; less

Which of the following is true about the cognitive skills of a 2.5-year-old human child compared to a chimpanzee and an orangutan? a. The child will likely outperform the chimpanzee and orangutan on physical problem-solving tasks but not social problem-solving tasks. b. The child will likely outperform the chimpanzee and orangutan on social problem-solving tasks but not physical problem-solving tasks. c. The child will likely outperform the chimpanzee and orangutan on both physical problem-solving tasks and social problem-solving tasks. d. The child will likely perform about the same as the chimpanzee and orangutan on both physical problem-solving tasks and social problem-solving tasks. e. The child will likely perform worse than the chimpanzee and orangutan on both physical problem-solving tasks and social problem-solving tasks.

b. The child will likely outperform the chimpanzee and orangutan on social problem-solving tasks but not physical problem-solving tasks.

Which of the following is true of the relationship specifically between human brains and group size, according to the social brain hypothesis? a. Human brain size is not related to group size but rather to humans' diet. b. The neocortex ratio in humans gives them the capacity to keep track of about 150 relationships. c. The smaller the group size, the faster the brain deteriorates in old age. d. Humans with larger brains have an affinity for larger groups. e. Living in larger social groups tends to lead to larger neocortex ratios

b. The neocortex ratio in humans gives them the capacity to keep track of about 150 relationships.

The tendency for Indians to sometimes bite their tongues—an expression not recognized elsewhere—reflects a. feelings of sadness. b. a ritualized display. c. a basic emotion. d. an accessibility universal. e. a reflexive emotional expression.

b. a ritualized display.

After an exhaustive study, you find no cultural variation across all samples explored in terms of sleeping in a tree at night. In other words, all examined cultures exhibited this practice, used trees for sleeping in the same way, and preferred sleeping in trees to the same extent. This finding would best be labeled as a(n) a. nonuniversal. b. accessibility universal. c. existential universal. d. conditional universal. e. functional universal.

b. accessibility universal.

According to prestige bias, humans will tend to a. imitate another person who has skills and is highly respected, but only for the domain in which that person has talent. b. imitate another person who has skills and is highly respected, regardless of whether the domain of imitation is relevant to that person's talent. c. emulate another person who has skills and is highly respected, but only for the domain in which that person has talent. d. emulate another person who has skills and is highly respected, regardless of whether the domain of emulation is relevant to that person's talent. e. imitate people who are talented and emulate people who are not talented.

b. imitate another person who has skills and is highly respected, regardless of whether the domain of imitation is relevant to that person's talent.

Whereas analytic thinking is related to ________, holistic thinking is related to ________. a. thematic categorization; taxonomic categorization b. independent self-views; interdependent self-views c. collectivistic worldviews; individualistic worldviews d. situational attributions; dispositional attributions e. field dependence; field independence.

b. independent self-views; interdependent self-views

Adolescent rebellion a. is observed in the vast majority of the world's cultures. b. is more pronounced in societies with greater numbers of role distinctions and opportunities. c. is especially pronounced in collectivistic societies. d. is universal, although adolescent violence is not. e. may be seen in different societies, but it serves a different purpose in every culture.

b. is more pronounced in societies with greater numbers of role distinctions and opportunities.

The self-serving bias is ________. This explains why Spencer, an American college student, is likely to recall more ________ compared to Hirohito, a Japanese college student, who is likely to recall more ________. a. more common among Westerners than East Asians; failure memories; success memories b. more common among Westerners than East Asians; success memories; failure memories c. more common among East Asians than Westerners; failure memories; success memories d. more common among East Asians than Westerners; success memories; failure memories e. equally common among East Asians than Westerners; success memories; failure memories

b. more common among Westerners than East Asians; success memories; failure memories

Research suggests that the emotion of ________ is also universal but is expressed with the whole body, not just the face. a. contempt b. pride c. shame d. interest e. embarrassment

b. pride

Dynamic social impact theory can explain why a. cultural norms for manners have changed over time. b. residents of one community have more conservative political attitudes than residents of another, nearby community. c. Pizarro and a small band of Spanish soldiers were able to conquer the Incan empire. d. cultural evolution can occur much faster than biological evolution. e. people score higher on IQ tests today than they did a generation ago.

b. residents of one community have more conservative political attitudes than residents of another, nearby community.

Given what you know about cultural influences on the Twenty-Statements Test (TST), which of the following people is most likely to respond primarily by describing his or her important roles and responsibilities within their family? a. Christine, an American woman currently enrolled at a university located in the American Midwest b. Mary, a Kenyan woman currently enrolled at the University of Nairobi c. Naserian, a Kenyan woman from the Masai tribe d. Mary and Naserian are equally likely to respond this way to the TST. e. All three women are equally likely to respond this way to the TST.

c. Naserian, a Kenyan woman from the Masai tribe

Hasan, an American college student, is enrolling in a cultural psychology course next semester. He has to decide between two different sections of the course, with two different professors. To help him make a decision, Hasan reads the reviews for these professors on a popular college course review website. Based on research on promotion and prevention orientation, which review is MOST consistent with Hasan's motivational orientation? a. "Both Dr. A and Dr. B are great professors." b. "You should think carefully about which class you want to take. They both have their downsides." c. "Dr. B really cares about her students and goes out of her way to help them succeed." d. "Dr. A's exams are very difficult. She tests you on information that is not discussed in class." e. "Dr. B has a monotone voice, which makes her class sessions super-boring."

c. "Dr. B really cares about her students and goes out of her way to help them succeed."

You are an executive for a Korean advertising agency and you have been asked to create a TV commercial for a new condominium, targeting people from Korea. Based on Kim and Markus's (1999) research on advertisements in Korea and the United States, which of the following would you most likely use in your commercial? a. "No need for stockpiled money—Condo X is cheap and affordable!" b. "Condo X—there's nothing else quite like it." c. "The architecture of this condo blends in well with the buildings surrounding it." d. "This condo was designed by an architect who has a unique style." e. "Need a place to live? Try our condo!"

c. "The architecture of this condo blends in well with the buildings surrounding it."

You are visiting your friend Shirley and she is giving you directions to the neighborhood grocery store. Which of the following statements is accurate if Shirley thinks about space in absolute terms? a. "Take a left on Kangaroo St., then a left on Koala Ave." b. "Drive past the McDonald's, then turn toward the KFC." c. "The grocery store is east of the bank and north of the soccer field." d. "The grocery store will be on your right after you pass the high school." e. "You will drive 3.2 miles down Kangaroo St. and 1.8 miles down Koala Ave."

c. "The grocery store is east of the bank and north of the soccer field."

How does similarity bias compare to conformist transmission? a. Both focus on learning from similar others. b. Both assume it is better to learn from a highly respected source. c. Only conformist transmission focuses on how common a behavior is in a group of people. d. Only similarity bias involves learning from others. e. Neither involves imitation.

c. Only conformist transmission focuses on how common a behavior is in a group of people.

According to research by Alesina and colleagues (2011), regions that used ________ in farming centuries earlier were found to have ________ today. a. shifting cultivation; less egalitarian gender norms b. shifting cultivation; higher birthrates c. plow cultivation; less egalitarian gender norms d. plow cultivation; higher birthrates e. crop rotation; less egalitarian gender norms

c. plow cultivation; less egalitarian gender norms

Ava, an American, and her roommate Suzumi, who is from Japan, are shopping together at the mall. Both women only have enough money to purchase one item. Based on what you know about cultural influences on cognitive dissonance, which of the following statements most accurately describes how these women will feel after they make their purchase? a. Both Ava and Suzumi are likely to experience dissonance after purchasing a product for themselves. b. Both Ava and Suzumi are likely to experience dissonance after purchasing a product as a gift for a friend. c. Ava is likely to experience dissonance after purchasing a product for herself, but Suzumi will likely experience dissonance after purchasing a product as a gift for a friend. d. Ava is likely to experience dissonance after purchasing a product as a gift for a friend, but Suzumi will likely experience dissonance after purchasing a product for herself. e. Neither Ava nor Suzumi is likely to experience cognitive dissonance after making this purchase.

c. Ava is likely to experience dissonance after purchasing a product for herself, but Suzumi will likely experience dissonance after purchasing a product as a gift for a friend.

People in Culture A breastfeed their children from birth until at least age 3, and people in Culture B never breastfeed their children and instead feed them formula from birth. People in both cultures think the other culture is feeding their children the wrong way. Which of the following most accurately describes this example? a. Culture A is ethnocentric in their views. b. Culture B is ethnocentric in their views. c. Both cultures are ethnocentric in their views. d. Neither culture is ethnocentric; Culture A is objectively right. e. Neither culture is ethnocentric; Culture B is objectively right.

c. Both cultures are ethnocentric in their views.

Claudia and Hideki are math students. Claudia has a self-enhancement orientation, whereas Hideki has a self-improvement orientation. The best way to encourage them both to persist when studying for their upcoming math exam is to give a. both students very difficult sample questions to study. b. both students very easy sample questions to study. c. Claudia very easy sample questions but give Hideki very difficult sample questions. d. Claudia very difficult sample questions but give Hideki very easy sample questions. e. both students a mixture of easy and difficult questions.

c. Claudia very easy sample questions but give Hideki very difficult sample questions.

Engai is a member of the Masai indigenous group in Kenya and Joseph is an American college student. Based on your knowledge of Ma and Schoeneman's (1997) study on self-descriptions, how is each person most likely to finish the statement "I am . . ."? a. Engai: "I am a charitable person"; Joseph: "I am athletic" b. Engai: "I am a father"; Joseph: "I am a son" c. Engai: "I am a member of the elders council"; Joseph: "I am outgoing" d. Engai: "I am loyal"; Joseph: "I am a member of a fraternity" e. Engai: "I am a herder"; Joseph: "I am a college student"

c. Engai: "I am a member of the elders council"; Joseph: "I am outgoing"

Manchi and Eason were both born in Hong Kong. Manchi moved to Canada at age 18, and Eason moved to Canada at age 40. Based on research on cultural adjustment, which of the following best characterizes their adjustment to Canada? a. For both Eason and Manchi, the longer they stay in Canada, the more they will identify with being Canadian. b. For both Eason and Manchi, the longer they stay in Canada, the more they will identify with being from Hong Kong. c. For Manchi, the amount of time she lives in Canada will have little or no effect on her identification with being Canadian. For Eason, the longer he stays in Canada, the less he will identify with being Canadian. d. For both Eason and Manchi, there will be no relationship between how long they stay in Canada and how much they identify with being Canadian. e. The longer she stays in Canada, the more Manchi will identify with being Canadian. For Eason, there will be no relationship between the length of stay in Canada and identification with being Canadian.

c. For Manchi, the amount of time she lives in Canada will have little or no effect on her identification with being Canadian. For Eason, the longer he stays in Canada, the less he will identify with being Canadian.

Which of the following best explains both prestige bias and similarity bias? a. Humans frequently engage in emulative learning. b. Humans just love to learn. c. Humans frequently engage in imitative learning. d. Humans have large neocortices. e. Humans have a small encephalization quotient.

c. Humans frequently engage in imitative learning.

You conducted a study testing whether people can accurately identify the emotions happiness and sadness depicted in photographs of different emotional expressions. Your findings show that people in the United States and the United Kingdom accurately identified these emotions in over 90% of your photographs. Your colleague tells you that this study is weak evidence for universal facial expressions and that you should conduct a follow-up study. Which of the following variations would provide stronger evidence that facial expressions of emotions are universal? a. You enroll twice as many participants in Study 2 as you did in Study 1. b. In Study 2, you recruit participants from the United States and United Kingdom as well as Japan and South Korea. c. In Study 2, you recruit participants from the United States and United Kingdom as well as a small-scale, less industrialized cultural group in Indonesia. d. In Study 2, you recruit participants from the same cultures (the United States and United Kingdom) but expand your set of photographs to include emotional expressions of surprise and fear. e. You present twice as many emotion photographs in Study 2 as you did in Study 1.

c. In Study 2, you recruit participants from the United States and United Kingdom as well as a small-scale, less industrialized cultural group in Indonesia.

A few townsfolk begin a movement promoting social harmony. Over time, they expand the movement by interacting with other townsfolk. Soon they have influenced the whole town to join in the movement. This best illustrates which of the following? a. Shweder's definition of cultural psychology b. Triandis's individualism-collectivism model c. Latané's dynamic social impact theory d. distal causes e. vertical cultural transmission

c. Latané's dynamic social impact theory

Which of the following is a proposed explanation for the Flynn effect? a. People are getting worse nutrition in their diets now than ever before. b. The modern world is becoming increasingly global and simplified, requiring fewer learning and problem-solving skills. c. Modern popular culture has become more challenging for consumers than in previous generations. d. The percentage of people with degrees in higher education has decreased in recent decades. e. The amount of education required for jobs has decreased for both men and women.

c. Modern popular culture has become more challenging for consumers than in previous generations.

An American student, Ronald, and his friend from China, Rui, are looking up at the clear blue sky, where just a few clouds are visible. Coincidentally, the clouds are all grouped into one cluster just above Ronald and Rui. The two start naming shapes that they see in the clouds. According to cultural differences in attentional style, which of the following is most likely to happen in this scenario? a. Rui will give more responses that are diagnostic of psychological disorders than Ronald. b. Rui will give more visual descriptions than Ronald, who will give fewer descriptions in general. c. Rui will give answers that are based more on the cluster of clouds than Ronald, who will base his answers more on a single cloud. d. Rui will give more creative answers than Ronald, who will give more mundane answers. e. Rui will give more colorful descriptions than Ronald, whose descriptions will be more black-and-white.

c. Rui will give answers that are based more on the cluster of clouds than Ronald, who will base his answers more on a single cloud.

How does climate relate to cultural traditions? a. Colder climates predict more collectivistic cultural traditions. b. Hotter climates have greater opportunities for evoked culture. c. Stable climates predict stronger maintenance of cultural traditions. d. Recent climate variability has led to a more globalized culture. e. Wetter climates predict more individualistic cultural traditions.

c. Stable climates predict stronger maintenance of cultural traditions.

Why is studying cultural psychology important? a. Studying cultural psychology shows how cultural differences cannot be explained. b. Psychology research conducted in North America is not valid. c. Studying cultural psychology can give psychologists a more complete understanding of how the human mind works. d. Studying cultural psychology can help psychologists separate culture from the mind. e. Studying cultural psychology emphasizes a color-blind approach as a way to reduce racial discrimination.

c. Studying cultural psychology can give psychologists a more complete understanding of how the human mind works.

The First Nations tribe that has been most successful (of the ones studied) at adjusting to mainstream Canadian settler traditions has been the a. Eastern Cree. b. Haida. c. Tsimshian. d. Mohawk. e. Carrier.

c. Tsimshian.

Which of the following defines culture, according to the textbook? a. a group of at least three people b. males and females across different species who possess mentalizing abilities c. any information learned from other members of one's species that can influence an individual's behaviors d. a group of people who do not share the same context e. novel innovations that an individual creates and does not share with others

c. any information learned from other members of one's species that can influence an individual's behaviors

The immigrant paradox refers to the finding that a. immigrants tend to experience greater negative outcomes compared to people in the host culture who have never immigrated. b. immigrants tend to experience fewer negative outcomes compared to people in the host culture who have never immigrated. c. children of immigrants tend to experience greater negative outcomes in educational achievement and health compared to their immigrant parents. d. immigrants who move to the United States are less likely to become obese the longer they live in the United States. e. immigrants who move to the United States do not adopt unhealthy behaviors, such as smoking and drinking, no matter how long they live in the United States.

c. children of immigrants tend to experience greater negative outcomes in educational achievement and health compared to their immigrant parents.

A classroom of European Canadians and Chinese Canadians students is watching a movie that is intended to induce a lot of anger. According to research on cultural differences in anger responses, one would expect a. cultural group differences in the intensity of their facial expressions, but not in their emotional experiences. b. that the Chinese Canadian students will not show any physiological anger response, whereas the European Canadian students will. c. cultural group differences in the rate at which their physiological responses will return to baseline. d. that the Chinese Canadian students will show more of an extreme physiological response, despite reporting being less angry than the European Canadian students. e. that the Chinese Canadian students' physiological responses will fluctuate much more than the European Canadian students' physiological responses.

c. cultural group differences in the rate at which their physiological responses will return to baseline.

Your research team found evidence that people in multiple cultures walk with their shoes on their heads, but this "shoe-on-head" way of walking is activated for different reasons across cultures. This would be evidence of a(n) Select one: a. nonuniversal. b. accessibility universal. c. existential universal. d. conditional universal. e. functional universal.

c. existential universal.

Identify the response that most accurately completes the following statement: In cultures where expressing anger has more (versus less) potential to disrupt social harmony, people a. express anger less. b. experience anger less. c. experience anger less and express it less. d. experience anger more but express it less. e. experience anger less but express it more.

c. experience anger less and express it less.

The terrible twos is a developmental stage that a. should actually be called the "terrible two through fives." b. exists in the United States and Asia. c. is a nonuniversal. d. derives from the defense mechanism of reaction formation. e. is universally worse in boys than in girls.

c. is a nonuniversal.

You find that people's responses tend to gather toward the center of your scale. This phenomenon is known as the ________ bias. This bias tends to be shown more by ________. a. acquiescence; people from East Asian cultures b. moderacy; people from North American cultures c. moderacy; people from East Asian cultures d. acquiescence; people from honor cultures e. extremity; people from honor cultures

c. moderacy; people from East Asian cultures

Among people who immigrate before they are adults, self-esteem is related to acculturation in that a. the more acculturated an individual is, the higher his or her self-esteem. b. people with high self-esteem tend to acculturate more quickly than people with low self-esteem. c. people's self-esteem comes to approximate the self-esteem norms in the host culture as they acculturate. d. separation attitudes are associated with the highest self-esteem. e. greater self-esteem hinders one's ability to acculturate to the host culture.

c. people's self-esteem comes to approximate the self-esteem norms in the host culture as they acculturate.

Research on the perception of phonemes by infants reveals that a. very young infants cannot distinguish between two phonemes from an unfamiliar language whereas older infants can. b. from birth, infants slowly accumulate a growing number of phonemes that they can recognize, until they have learned all the phonemes in their language. c. the lack of exposure to a language can lead people to be unable to distinguish between two phonemes from that language as they get older. d. 1-year-old infants can distinguish between two phonemes from an unfamiliar language whereas 6-year-olds cannot. e. infants from one language group cannot understand the phonemes used by an unfamiliar language group.

c. the lack of exposure to a language can lead people to be unable to distinguish between two phonemes from that language as they get older.

Minimally counterintuitive ideas tend to persist within a culture because a. they do not violate expectations at all. b. religions make use of minimally counterintuitive ideas. c. they tend to be remembered more than intuitive ideas. d. they are completely outlandish statements. e. they are useful and emotional ideas.

c. they tend to be remembered more than intuitive ideas.

Wan-Ying wants to use the jiào xun type of parenting with her daughter. What is Wan-Ying MOST likely to do? a. encourage her child to be as independent as possible b. ask her to break stereotypes and engage in more masculine play c. try to ensure that her child steers away from socially undesirable behaviors d. allow her child to choose not to do her homework e. insist that the child do her schoolwork completely by herself

c. try to ensure that her child steers away from socially undesirable behaviors

Steven is a new English-speaking cultural psychologist who only uses questionnaires. He wants to establish methodological equivalence when studying cultural differences in happiness between rural Nigerians and urban South Koreans. To do that, he will likely a. use only questions that can be answered as true or false. b. translate his questionnaires from English into the languages spoken in the target countries. c. use statistical techniques to see if participants from the two cultures understand the questions in the same way. d. ensure that participants from both countries answer the questionnaires in English. e. reverse-code half of the items on his questionnaires.

c. use statistical techniques to see if participants from the two cultures understand the questions in the same way.

Justina tells her co-worker that there is free pizza in the lunch room, and before she knows it, everyone in her workplace seems to find out and eats all the pizza. This occurrence illustrates that what kind of ideas are likely to spread? a. communicable ideas b. minimally counterintuitive ideas c. useful ideas d. all of the above e. emotional ideas

c. useful ideas

In a study, five people are asked to taste test three dishes, one of which tastes like garbage. They must then judge which dish was the best. However, four of the people are confederates and are told to always say that the garbage dish is the best. The real participant (the fifth person) is then asked to give his or her judgment. This study is done in both an individualistic and a collectivistic culture. Based on the results obtained using Asch's paradigm across cultures, what do you expect to happen in this case? a. Participants from the individualistic culture will most likely not say that the garbage dish is the best one. b. Participants from both cultures will be equally likely to say that the garbage dish is the best one. c. Participants from the individualistic culture will be more likely to say that the garbage dish is the best one if the first four participants were friends. d. A lot of participants from the individualistic culture will say that the garbage dish is the best one, but even more participants from the collectivistic culture will say the same. e. No participants from either culture will say that the garbage dish is the best one.

d. A lot of participants from the individualistic culture will say that the garbage dish is the best one, but even more participants from the collectivistic culture will say the same.

A group of East Asians and Americans have won a contest, and each person is allowed to pick a car from a selection of cars. All the cars are of the same make, model, and year. The only thing that differs between them is that they can be one of two colors. Furthermore, there is an extremely unequal proportion between the two colors, making the minority color very rare. Given this scenario, which of the following statements is true? a. East Asians will choose their cars randomly. b. Americans will choose cars with the brightest colors. c. East Asians will choose minority-colored cars. d. Americans will choose minority-colored cars. e. East Asians will choose white cars.

d. Americans will choose minority-colored cars.

Which of the following is an example of pluralistic ignorance? a. Boston continues to reflect its Puritan origins, whereas Philadelphia continues to reflect its Quaker origins. b. There is increasing globalization of world cultures. c. Baseball in Japan retains some distinctive Japanese elements. d. Binge drinking is a popular habit among underage college students. e. Southern Italy remains less civic than northern Italy in ways that reflect the regional differences that were evident 800 years ago.

d. Binge drinking is a popular habit among underage college students.

The most collectivistic states of the United States are a. states from the Mountain West and the Midwest. b. Alaska and the states of the Confederate South. c. states on the West Coast and the East Coast. d. Hawaii and Utah. e. Arizona and New Mexico.

d. Hawaii and Utah.

How is the historical prevalence of pathogens linked to the motivation to conform? a. Higher pathogen prevalence predicts weaker conformity rates: Greater risk of infection compels people to spend less time with others, decreasing opportunities to conform to others' behaviors. b. Higher pathogen prevalence predicts weaker conformity rates: People experiencing high risk of infection are more likely to prioritize their own individual rights over the rights of others, reducing their motivation to conform. c. Higher pathogen prevalence predicts weaker conformity rates: The threat of infection makes people mistrustful of others, reducing the motivation to conform. d. Higher pathogen prevalence predicts stronger conformity rates: Adhering to strict social norms for personal hygiene, preparing food, protecting water supplies, and interacting with strangers lowers the risk of infection. e. Higher pathogen prevalence predicts stronger conformity rates: The threat of infection pushes people to spend less time thinking for themselves, and instead they rely on others to make decisions.

d. Higher pathogen prevalence predicts stronger conformity rates: Adhering to strict social norms for personal hygiene, preparing food, protecting water supplies, and interacting with strangers lowers the risk of infection.

Several classmates are leaving the library when they notice a woman tossing her books in her backpack and crying. Which of the following people is most likely to explain this behavior by making a situational attribution? a. Kate, who is very extraverted b. Victoria, who was born and raised in Canada c. Elizabeth, who is a devout Protestant Christian d. Mary, who was raised in a working-class family e. Anne, who is a dialectic thinker

d. Mary, who was raised in a working-class family

Shawn displays something that can be characterized as being a ritualized display of excitement. What does this imply? a. Shawn had to practice a lot to be able to make this display. b. Shawn did not need to learn to make this display. c. Shawn dampened his expression of excitement so as to not upset those around him. d. People from other cultures likely cannot recognize that Shawn is excited. e. This display of excitement involves Shawn's whole body.

d. People from other cultures likely cannot recognize that Shawn is excited.

Recent fieldwork suggests that the Saami people (an indigenous people living in parts of northern Europe) have almost 100 words to describe various kinds of reindeer. English, on the other hand, has only a tiny fraction of words used to describe reindeer. According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, what cultural difference between English and Saami speakers would result from this disparity in the size of reindeer-related vocabulary? a. English speakers are better able to identify the different odors of reindeer. b. Saami speakers engage in spatial reasoning differently than English speakers. c. English speakers have less numerical cognitive ability than do Saami speakers. d. Saami speakers are better able to categorize reindeer than English speakers. e. English speakers view time as flowing in a different direction than do Saami speakers.

d. Saami speakers are better able to categorize reindeer than English speakers.

Which of the following people is the best example of blending? a. Lani, who is able to jump back and forth between her Hawaiian heritage cultural views and her Texan host cultural views b. Dongraegu, who has embraced both the cultural values of his Korean heritage culture as well as those of his Canadian host culture c. Bjorn, who is from a Swedish town where many people living there are recent immigrants, leading to a very multicultural atmosphere d. Sarah, who is American and who gained a much more interdependent self-construal after spending the last 10 years in China, although she is still not as interdependent as the Chinese tend to be. e. Jürgen, who has decided to accept the cultural values of his American host culture to fit in better, disregarding values from his German heritage culture.

d. Sarah, who is American and who gained a much more interdependent self-construal after spending the last 10 years in China, although she is still not as interdependent as the Chinese tend to be.

The examples of native Hawaiians having no large indigenous mammals in Hawaii and of the !Kung being surrounded by large animals in the Kalahari Desert are given in the textbook to illustrate which of the following? a. The presence of large animals is related to cultural persistence. b. The presence of large animals is related to rapid cultural change. c. The presence of large animals is associated with increases in aggression. d. The presence of large animals affects cultural traditions for foraging. e. The presence of large animals predict greater gender inequality.

d. The presence of large animals affects cultural traditions for foraging.

Which of the following is one problem especially associated with studies using WEIRD samples? a. Researchers cannot use effective independent variables. b. It is difficult to find powerful dependent variables. c. They are very difficult to unpackage. d. They have very low generalizability. e. They make it especially impractical to use multiple methods.

d. They have very low generalizability.

Which of the following statements is true about parent-child interactions across cultures? a. Children in every culture lead their interactions with their mothers, and their mothers play a supporting role. b. Children in every culture see themselves as relational beings and respond to their mothers. c. Urban European mothers generally have less face-to-face contact with their infants than rural European mothers. d. Urban European mothers spend less time in physical contact with their infants than rural European mothers. e. Mothers from all cultures spend at least half their time in contact with their infants.

d. Urban European mothers spend less time in physical contact with their infants than rural European mothers.

What does the acronym "WEIRD" stand for? a. White, Educated, Industrialized, Rural, Democratic b. White, Educated, Introverted, Rich, Democratic c. Western, Elite, Industrialized, Rich, Driven d. Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic e. Western, Educated, Introverted, Rural, Democratic

d. Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic

Which of the following is the best example of primary control? a. You and your friends decide as a group to spend a day at the amusement park. b. You choose to paint your house yellow after your partner tells you about her strong preference for yellow. c. You cook spaghetti and meatballs because your parents are in town and it is their favorite dish. d. You return a computer game to the local computer store because it did not excite you as much as you had hoped. e. You buy a dog as a pet because you are allergic to cats.

d. You return a computer game to the local computer store because it did not excite you as much as you had hoped.

Which of the following is reliably associated with reduced acculturative stress? a. extraversion b. conscientiousness c. an interdependent view of self d. cultural fit e. an independent view of self

d. cultural fit

A key difference between cultural psychologists and general psychologists is that a. cultural psychologists study people in many different cultures in order to study universals, whereas general psychologists study people from one culture to study universals. b. cultural psychologists study people from one culture, whereas general psychologists study people from many cultures. c. cultural psychologists try to discover laws that govern the mind as a central processing unit (CPU), whereas general psychologists study variability across contexts. d. general psychologists believe that the mind is independent from context and content, whereas cultural psychologists believe that the mind cannot be separated from context and content. e. general psychologists believe that all of human psychology is universal, whereas cultural psychologists believe that people in different cultures think and behave in very different ways that cannot be explained.

d. general psychologists believe that the mind is independent from context and content, whereas cultural psychologists believe that the mind cannot be separated from context and content.

Kartika believes that people should have emotional "smoothness." This means that she a. feels no emotions. b. transitions easily from one emotion to another. c. has emotional highs and lows. d. tries to avoid strong displays of emotions. e. thinks that people should consistently feel positive emotions.

d. tries to avoid strong displays of emotions.

When it comes to making choices, working-class and upper-middle-class Americans differ in that a. working-class Americans are more likely than upper-middle-class Americans to express themselves through their choices. b. working-class Americans prefer making choices among a small set of options, whereas upper-middle-class Americans prefer making choices from a relatively larger set of options. c. upper-middle-class Americans think more deliberately and thus take longer to make a decision compared to working-class Americans. d. upper-middle-class Americans are more satisfied with choices they make for themselves compared to choices made for them by others, whereas working-class Americans are satisfied with choices regardless of who makes the choice. e. working-class Americans are more likely than upper-middle-class Americans to experience "choice overload" and are consequently more willing to allow other people to make their choices for them.

d. upper-middle-class Americans are more satisfied with choices they make for themselves compared to choices made for them by others, whereas working-class Americans are satisfied with choices regardless of who makes the choice.

As the incoming CEO of a company in which people of different ethnicities work in the same workspace, you have been given the task of creating a work environment in which people of different ethnicities have trust in the company and positive emotions toward each other. To do so, you plan to give a speech. According to the textbook, which of the following approaches would be best for accomplishing your task? a. "There are no racial differences here—only one human race." b. "Treat everyone the same—as a friend—to make this workplace a friendlier place." c. "Everyone brings their own experiences to the table, but what really unites us is that we are all people and all a part of this As the incoming CEO of a company in which people of different ethnicities work in the same workspace, you have been given the task of creating a work environment in which people of different ethnicities have trust in the company and positive emotions toward each other. To do so, you plan to give a speech. According to the textbook, which of the following approaches would be best for accomplishing your task? a. "There are no racial differences here—only one human race." b. "Treat everyone the same—as a friend—to make this workplace a friendlier place." c. "Everyone brings their own experiences to the table, but what really unites us is that we are all people and all a part of this same company." d. "There will be company parties every Friday night!" e. "Every ethnicity brings a different piece of the puzzle, and we should treasure what makes each of us unique."same company." d. "There will be company parties every Friday night!" e. "Every ethnicity brings a different piece of the puzzle, and we should treasure what makes each of us unique."

e. "Every ethnicity brings a different piece of the puzzle, and we should treasure what makes each of us unique."

Your classmate Teodora describes herself as having an interdependent self-view. Knowing only this, which of the following would be INCONSISTENT with this characterization of her self-concept? a. Teodora credits her mother for guiding her throughout her life, making her the woman she is today. b. Teodora spends a lot of time and energy maintaining her friendships but does not spend much time meeting new people. c. Teodora describes herself as a sister, a Serbian, and a member of the university soccer team. d. Teodora is sensitive to how her moods and behaviors might affect her roommate. e. Teodora says that she is the same person she was in high school and that she also acts the same in class, at home, with her parents, and with her friends.

e. Teodora says that she is the same person she was in high school and that she also acts the same in class, at home, with her parents, and with her friends.

American and Chinese children were recruited for a study. All children were either 13 years old or 5 years old. They were first told that a child was happy every day for the past week; then they were asked to predict the likelihood that the child would be happy tomorrow. To analyze the data, researchers matched 13-year-old American children's responses to those of the 13-year-old Chinese children. The same was done with the 5-year-old children's responses. Which of the following would be most likely to occur with this analysis? a. Everyone would be equally likely to predict that the child would continue to be happy tomorrow. b. Everyone would be equally likely to predict that the child would be much less happy tomorrow. c. Chinese children would predict that the child would continue to be happy tomorrow and American children would predict that the child would be much less happy tomorrow. d. The difference in predicted likelihood between Chinese and American children would have a consistent magnitude throughout the age groups. e. The difference in predicted likelihood between Chinese and American children would be much greater for the 13-year-olds than for the 5-year-olds.

e. The difference in predicted likelihood between Chinese and American children would be much greater for the 13-year-olds than for the 5-year-olds.

What is a critique of the social brain hypothesis? a. of neocortex ratios across primate species go against the social brain hypothesis. b. Comparisons of the encephalization quotient across primate species go against the social brain hypothesis. c. Research on the diets of humans compared to other species of primates is more strongly supported than to the social brain hypothesis. d. Evidence supporting the social brain hypothesis is limited to humans and does not extend to other species of primates. e. The social brain hypothesis predicts that group living is beneficial to primates but it doesn't explain why.

e. The social brain hypothesis predicts that group living is beneficial to primates but it doesn't explain why.

A 2.5-year-old human child, a chimpanzee, and an orangutan are presented with the same problem-solving task: they must figure out how to use a tool to reach the top of a cabinet and nudge a wooden block that will knock over a banana. Based on the findings of Herrmann and colleagues (2007), which of the three participants will outperform the others? a. the human child b. the chimpanzee c. the orangutan d. None will be able to complete the task. e. There will be no significant difference in performance across the three participants.

e. There will be no significant difference in performance across the three participants.

Last week you went on a date with someone you met through a mutual friend. At the end of the date, you both agreed that you would like to meet again. However, your date has not responded to any of your text messages. You think that your date is merely busy with work, but your roommate thinks your date is too scared to explicitly tell you they are no longer interested in dating you. Which of the following best describes your response to the situation? Select one: a. You are thinking your date in a dialectical way. b. You are thinking about your date in an analytic way. c. You are thinking about your date in a holistic way. d. You are making a dispositional attribution. e. You are making a situational attribution.

e. You are making a situational attribution.

Which of the following statements is true about the relationship between talking and thinking? Eastern cultural traditions emphasize that talking and thinking a. are closely related, such that more talking reflects more thinking. b. are conditionally related, such that more talking reflects more thinking but only when people are knowledgeable about the topic at hand. c. are conditionally related, such that more talking reflects more thinking but only when people are not distracted by other verbal tasks. d. are conditionally related, such that more talking reflects more thinking but only among people that are typically silent and only verbalize their thoughts when something is important to them. e. are unrelated, such that more talking does not necessarily reflect more thinking.

e. are unrelated, such that more talking does not necessarily reflect more thinking.

The basic emotions can best be characterized as a. nonuniversals. b. ritualized displays. c. at least existential universals. d. display rules. e. at least functional universals.

e. at least functional universals.

Recall the study described in the previous question, in which Dr. G made participants think about themselves in independent or interdependent ways and then measured their belief in Chinese values. A sample dataset for the study follows. Participant, ----------, Belief in Chinese Values 1, Similar to friends and family, 3 2, Different from friends and family, 4 3, Similar to friends and family, 3 4, Different from friends and family, 3 What type of method of studying culture does this study employ? a. situation sampling b. unpackaging c. replication d. survey method e. cultural priming

e. cultural priming

A child observes a model using a new tool to crack open an acorn. The child does not copy exactly what the model does, nor does he understand that the model wanted to crack acorns. The child simply sees that the tool can be used to crack acorns and tries to figure out on his own how to use the tool for that purpose. What is the child exhibiting? a. simple mimicry b. theory of mind c. observational learning d. imitative learning e. emulative learning

e. emulative learning

Your friend Basdeo would like to become more creative. Which of the following would you recommend to him? a. observe another culture from an outsider's perspective b. be more extraverted c. adopt an L-shaped acculturation curve d. visit a culture that is culturally distant from his current culture e. experience another culture firsthand and adapt to their way of life

e. experience another culture firsthand and adapt to their way of life

Your friend Satoshi is writing a personal statement for a scholarship application and he wants to make sure he is sufficiently highlighting his excellent academic record and personal qualities. You recall from your cultural psychology textbook a study showing that Japanese individuals' self-descriptions tend to vary across different situations. Consequently, you advise Satoshi to write his personal statement a. in his professor's office with the professor present. b. at the library when sitting next to another student in his class. c. in the dining hall when 10-20 people are present. d. in the cafeteria when 20-50 people are present. e. in his dorm room alone.

e. in his dorm room alone.

Is culture among chimpanzees cumulative? a. yes, because chimpanzees use mentalizing as much as humans b. yes, because chimpanzees have excellent working memory c. no, because chimpanzees are incapable of cultural transmission d. no, because chimpanzees are a nonsocial species e. no, because chimpanzees perform poorly when it comes to imitative learning

e. no, because chimpanzees perform poorly when it comes to imitative learning

In the study conducted by Scandinavian researchers to observe a family meal in rural India, the researchers misunderstood what they had observed because a. the back-translation from Hindi was poor. b. the dinner they observed was put on by trained actors. c. the researchers failed to use quantitative measures. d. the researchers forgot to bring a video camera and suffered from memory biases. e. they did not know that the practice of having family meals does not occur in that part of India.

e. they did not know that the practice of having family meals does not occur in that part of India.

Leo was born in India and moved to Singapore when he was 3 years old with his parents, who work in a global nonprofit organization. Because Leo's parents often have to move to different countries for work, Leo lived in seven different countries before he was 18 years old. Which term most closely describes Leo's background? a. migrant b. bicultural c. immigrant d. monocultural e. third culture kid

e. third culture kid