Database Management Systems (CSE 4503) Chapter 1

Naive End Users

"Parametric" Make up a large section of end-users, Ex. Mobile App users, Bank Tellers, Social Media Users

Database Approach Advantages

- Control redundancy in data storage and in development and maintenance efforts - Restrict unauthorized access to data. Only the DBA staff uses privileged commands and facilities. - Provide persistent storage for program Objects -Provide Storage Structures (e.g. indexes) for efficient Query Processing

Early Database Applications

- Hierarchical and Network Models were introduced in mid 1960s and dominated during the seventies. - Bulk of the worldwide database processing still occurs using these models, particularly, the hierarchical model using IBM's IMS system.

Costs of using a DBMS

- High initial investment and possible need for additional hardware. - Overhead for providing generality, security, concurrency control, recovery, and integrity functions.

a DBMS may be unnecessary:

- If the database and applications are simple, well defined, and not expected to change. - If access to data by multiple users is not required.

Object-oriented and emerging applications:

- Object-Oriented Database Management Systems (OODBMSs) were introduced in late 1980s and early 1990s to cater to the need of complex data processing in CAD and other applications. - Their use has not taken off much

Relational Model based Systems

- Relational model was originally introduced in 1970, was heavily researched and experimented within IBM Research and several universities. - Relational DBMS Products emerged in the early 1980s.

Businessess

Banking, Insurance, Retail, Transportation, Healthcare, Manufacturing

Types of End Users

Casual and Naive

Database

Collection of Related Data

Meta-Data

Data that descirbes other data

Define (DBMS Functionality)

Define a particular databse in terms of data types, structures and constraints

Database Designers

Define the content, structure, the constraints, functions and transactions against the database. Communicate and understand the end user's needs.

DBMS Functionality

Defining, Constructing, Manipulating, Processing, Sharing

System Designers and Implementors

Design and implement DBMS packages in the form of modules and interfaces and test and debug them. The DBMS must interface with applications, language compilers, operating system components, etc.

Tool Developers

Design and implement software systems called tools for modeling and designing databases, performance monitoring, prototyping, test data generation, user interface creation, simulation etc. that facilitate building of applications and allow using database effectively.

Service Industries

Financial, Real-estate, Lega, Electronic Commerce, Small Businesses

Application Programmers

Implement the specifications developed by analysts and test and debug them before deployment.

a DBMS may be infeasible:

In embedded systems where a general purpose DBMS may not fit in available storage

Database System

Includes the DBMS software and its data.

Modification (DBMS Functionality)

Insertions, Deletions, and updates to DBMS content

Data

Known facts that can be recorded

Construct (DBMS Functionality)

Load initial database contents on a secondary storage medium

Stand-Alone End Users

Maintain personal databases using ready-to-use applications (ex. Tax program, personal photos, videos).

Operators and Maintenance Personnel

Manage the actual running and maintenance of the database system hardware and software environment.

OLTP

Online Transaction Processing - allows hundreds of concurrent transactions to execute per second

Mini-World

Part of the real world that has relevant data, that's stored in a database

Impact of Databases on Smart Devices

Personalized Applications

Retrieval (DBMS Functionality)

Querying, generating reports

Education

Resources for content and Delivery

Database Administrators

Responsible for authorizing access to the database, monitoring its use, acquiring resources, controlling its use, monitoring efficiency of operations.

Manipulation (DBMS Functionality)

Retrieval, Modification, and Accessing

Unauthorized Users

Should not be allowed to access data

Recent Impact of Databases

Social Networks, Environmental Applications, Scientific Applications, Medicine

Database Management System (DBMS)

Software package that facilitates the create and maintenance of a database

Catalog

Stores the description of a particular database (ex. Data structures, types, constraints)

Business Analysts

There is an increasing need for such people who can analyze vast amounts of business data and real-time data ("Big Data") for better decision making related to planning, advertising, marketing etc.

How do Applications Interact with Databases?

Through Queries, and Transactions

System Analysts

Understand the user requirements of naïve and sophisticated users and design applications including canned transactions to meet those requirements.

Casual End Users

Use data for queries and reports, sometimes they update database content

Sophisticated End Users

Use software packages that work closely with database (ex. Business Analysts, scientists, engineers)

Data Model

Used to hide storage details, presents users with conceptual view of database

Actors on the Scene

Users who control and use the database content, design, develop and maintain database applications

Workers Behind the Scene

Users who develop the Database Management System software, and computer systems operators

Queries

access different parts of data and formulate the result of a request

Transactions

read some data and "update" certain values, or generate new data which is stored in the database