Day 2 Board Exams Mineralogy (private 2021)
coral reefs & limestone mountain
Organic rock of biochemical origins:
Unglazed porcelain
Orthoclase can be scratched by: a) Unglazed porcelain b) Knife c) Copper penny d) Fingernail
sawtooth
Periodic Recharge of the chamber with more primitive magma results to _____ pattern
Carbonatites
Thought to be remobilized limestones or precipitates from hydrothermal solutions
Polygonal
: texture of recrystallized rock when all grains are the same mineral (Marble, Quartzite)
Eclogite
: ultra-high pressure metamorphism of mantle peridotite to Ga+Opx+Ol+Cpxmineral assemblage
Contact Aureole
: zone of contact metamorphic rocks surrounding intrusion
wadati-benioff zone
A planar zone of seismicity corresponding with the down-going slab in a subduction zone.
IMPACT METAMORPHISM
Brought about by the impact of large, high-velocity meteorites on planetary surfaces.
bentonite
Clay derived from the alteration of volcanic ash, consisting chiefly of montmorillonite; may or may not swell when wetted a.bauxite b.halloysite c.bentonite d.fuller's earth
electron microscopy or X-ray diffraction
Clays and shales are too fine-grained and are examined by what?
Fractional crystallization
Considered the dominant mechanism by which most magmas, once formed, differentiate.
Felty
Consisting of random microlites
Crust
Consists of 1% of the volume of the earth. two types: Oceanic and Continental.
Compact
Fine-grained so much so that individual grains can be seen
Spatial Trend
Flanks of a rift tend to be more silica-undersaturated and alkaline than the rift itself.
resurgent caldera
Following the collapse of the third caldera, the center has risen again (perhaps as new magma refilled a chamber below) to become what is called a __________
measured heat flow at the surface or in drill holes or mines
Geothermal gradients are typically calculated using models based on __________________.
Uniform Layering, Graded Layers, Rhythmic & Intermittent Layering
Give one type of LMI (Layered mafic intrusion)
ALKALINE, <51%
Give the rock suite and Alkali-lime index for Intraplate continental melts
Stratotypes (or other Standards of Reference)
Gives the geographic location and geologic setting of the stratotype with an indication of accessibility, maps, and markers, both artificial and natural
Sulfide
Golden paint is an/a:
sulphides
Gossans are weathering derivatives of what minerals A. sulphides B. calcite C. clay D. oxides
Island Granitoids
Granitoid rocks that is formed at mid-ocean ridges
Crustal anorgenic granitoid
Granitoid rocks that occur in settings that is not genetically associated with compressive orogeny
foliation
Granoblastic rocks therefore do not develop ________
Strong acids and bases
HCl LiOH KOH HNO3
Transitional (Post-Orogenic)
It has some aspects of both orogenic and anorgenic but it is not necessary to occur between the two.
clapeyron equation
It indicates the magnitude of the pressure effect is not the same for all minerals.
isotherms
It is a contour showing equal temperature or contour showing relationship at same temperature.
subduction
It is a geological process that takes place at convergent boundaries of tectonic plates where one plate moves under another.
Phenocryst
It is a large and well-shaped crystal. a. Geode b. Phenocryst c. Quartz d. Pegmatite
leading edge
It is a magmatic arc formed at the edge of a continent.
Pacific ring of fire
It is a major area in the basin of the Pacific Ocean where a large number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur.
iridescence
It is a play of color in which a mineral changes color when rotated. This is a result of the scattering of light from zones of contrasting composition within the mineral.
Be
It is created by cosmic rays + oxygen and nitrogen in upper atmos.
back-basin arc
It is formed by the process of back-arc spreading, which begins when one tectonic plate subducts under another.
Granitoid Rock
It is naturally have a medium to course grain size that reflects slow cooling and the presence of volatiles, particularly H2O, which facilitates mineral growth.
anatexis
It is partial melting of rock under extreme conditions of temperature and pressure.
Pb
It is quite scarce in the mantle and it is a sensitive measure of crustal (including sediment) components in mantle isotopic systems
volcanic front
It is the belt where volcanism develops at a given time.
Plagiogranites
It is the most common oceanic anorgenic granitoids
equilibrium melting
It is the reverse of equilibrium crystallization.
Neodymium
· Used in rare-earth magnets , lasers, ceramic capacitors, and electric motors of electric automobiles ·
Little coloring
· Using kirchberg, siderite will stain to: ·
Red brown
· Using silver chromate test, aragonite will stain to: ·
Specularite
· Variety of hematite with metallic luster ·
Anisotropic
· Velocity of light transmitted varies with crystallographic direction, except special orientations. ·
B12
· Vitamin __ is found in cobalt ·
Felsophyric texture
· Which of the following textures does not reflect magmatic differentiation? ·
psilomelane
Which of the following is not a copper mineral? A. chalcocite B. bornite C. psilomelane D. chalcopyrite E. malachite
quartzite
Which of the following metamorphic rocks does not belong in the same list as the others? quartzite phyllite greenschist gneiss
luzonite
Which of the following minerals does not belong to the group? A. malachite B. bornite C. luzonite D. enargite E. chalcopyrite
foliation
Which of the following physical properties of rocks where they break along approximately parallel surfaces? A. cleavage B. foliation C. schistosity D. gneissic E. streak
marl
Which of the following rocks is geologically unlike the other rocks? a. granite b. basalt c. andesite d. marl
Secondary textures
a type of igneous texture that are alterations that take place after the rock is completely solid
quartz
abundant grain type in sandstone and conglomerates
Fibrous/Splintery
habit of: Chrysotile, rutile, tremolite, cummingtonite
earth flow
humid areas hillsides rich in clay/silt slow rates
5 times
iron is _____ times heavier than water
Metabasites
metamorphosed mafic rocks which was used as the basis of defining metamorphic facies.
Paragneiss
metasedimentary gneiss is also called what?
planetesimals
meter- to several kilometer-sized bodies, called _________.
lawsonite and stilnomelane
minerals in the prehnite-pumpellyite facies (2)
chlorite, albite,actinolite, epidote, quartz, calcite, phengite, biotite
minerals of greenschist
Atomic mass
neutrons + protons
Trigonal minimum symmetry
one 3
solvus
phase boundary (line) that separates conditions in which complete solid solution occurs within a mineral series from conditions under which solid solution is limited
true
t or f: Peroc-Macoa formation means that strata intermediate in position (horizontally or vertically) between two stratigraphic units
false
t or f: Stratigraphic units are limited by international boundaries and should differ across them.
true
t or f: Subsurface stratotypes are acceptable if adequate surface sections are lacking and if adequate subsurface samples and logs are available.
true
t or f: The Precambrian has been subdivided into arbitrary geochronometric units, but it has not been subdivided into chronostratigraphic units recognizable on a global scale.
true
t or f: The terms "lower", "middle", and "upper" should not be used for formal subdivisions of lithostratigraphic units.
true
t or f: The thickness of formations may range from less than a meter to several thousand meters.
Cleavage
tendency of a rock to break along smooth even planes
udden-wentworth scale
terrigenous sediments are identified using what?
Nesosilicates
tetrahedra are not linked with one anotehr Bound only with ionic bonds from interstitial cations Structures controlled by charge and packing of interstitial cations Dense structures --> high specific gravity Bond strengths almost equal in all directions Si octahedral site 1 Octahedral site 2 Olivine minerals - forsterite, fayalite, garnet
Massive
texture that lacks crystal faces; fine-grained minerals
Granular
texture where minerals are of Approximately equal size; applies to minerals ~2-10 mm; coarse or fine grained
Bucas grande and siargao
the only places in the PH where aluminous laterites are explored
Cagayan and camarines (camalanuigan & tinambac)
the only places in the PH where sedimentary bedded iron deposits exist
intergranular texture
the plagioclase and pyroxene crystals are subequal in size, and glass (or its alteration products) is still relatively minor
Reversed Polarity
when the Earth's magnetic field changes 180 degrees
Pisoids
· Concentrically layered carbonate particles over 2mm across ·
Amphibole asbestos
· Health concerns about mesothelomia, asbestosis, and lung cancer are brought about by the mineral ·
Bituminous
· High grade coal in terms of economic purpose ·
Biaxial
· Orthorhombic, monoclinic, and triclinic minerals have 2 optic axes and are called ____ ·
Botryoidal
· Overlapping colloform masses that looks like a bunch of grapes ·
%
· Unit used to denote the concentration of Cu in an ore deposit ·
Strontium
· Used as an ingredient in toothpaste for sensitive teeth ·
rock salt and gypsum
2 common evaporites
limestone and sinter
2 simple precipitites
adiabat
Any rising rock material.
Earthy/Dull
Appears dull like dirt or soil
Greasy
Appears to be covered by thin layer of oil
Unit face
Arbitrary assignment of all three dimensions 1a, 1b, and 1c
Compatible Trace Elements
Concentrate in the solid more than the melt
Incompatible Trace Elements
Concentrated in the melt more than the solid
46.54
How much weight percent Fe is in pyrite? (a.n. Fe = 55.85; S = 32.07)
hornblende and plagiocase
amphibolite is made up of what minerals? (2)
para-amphiboles
metamorphosed calcareous sediments are called:
Greywackes
sandstones with >15% clay in matrix
Tectonic uplift
· The first stage of erosional process ·
Skarns
"Tactites" are also known as
clinopyroxene
(Ca(Fe,Mg)Si2O6)
formal
(Formal/informal) stratigraphic terminology uses unit-terms that are defined and named according to guidelines conventionally established.
Geophones
- are seismic detectors which are laid out in arrays extending outward from the shot point.
Stratotypes
- are units based on actual rock sections and units independent of reference rock sections
Magnetostratigraphy
- based on the principle that iron-bearing minerals such as magnetite become magnetized at the time they crystallize in magma or lava flow.
Polarity Superzone
- consists of two or more polarity zones
Exploration Seismology
- deals with the use of artificially generated seismic waves to obtain information about geologic structure, stratigraphic characteristics, and distribution of rock types.
Gneissic layering
- different minerals segregate into parallel layers to the schistosity
Magnetometers
- measures the remanent magnetism
Blastomylonite
: mylonite rock with porphyroblasts
Diastem
. A short interruption in deposition with little or no erosion before resumption of sedimentation. Diastems are not an appropriate basis for establishing unconformity-bounded units
HARKERS DIAGRAM
. An example of Bivariate Diagram which the concentrations of an element or oxide are plotted
quartz
.The alteration mineral common to argillic, propylitic, phyllic and potassic alteration a.quartz b.illite c.chlorite d.carbonate e.feldspar
orthoclase
.The high temperature hydrothermal K-feldspar is a.sanidine b.microcline c.adularia d.orthoclase e.alunite
quartz
.The most stable mineral at the surface of the earth? a.calcite b.feldspar c.quartz d.plagioclase
tabling
._________ is generally applied to mineral particles which are considered too fine to be sorted by screening. a.surface concentration b.classification c.gravity concentration d.tabling e.none of the above
41.84 mW/m^2
1 HFU (heat flow units) = ____________
pauling's rules
1) Coordination Principle 2) Electrostatic Valency Principle 3) Sharing of Polyhedral Elements 1 4) Sharing of Polyhedral Elements 2 5) Principle of Parsimony
Atomic Radii
1) Defined by radius of maximum radial charge density of outermost shells of the atom 2) Effective radius depends on type and number of neighboring atoms and or ions and on charge of ions 3) Coulomb's Law = k * q * q / d^2
Silicate Structures
1) Isolated Tetrahedron 2) Double Tetrahedra 3) Tetrahedral ring 4) Infinite, single chained tetrahedra chain 5) Infinite, double chained tetrahedral chain
diamond, fluorite, garnet, spinel
4 common cubic gem/s
Face-centered lattice (F)
4lattice points in cell 1 at each corner 1 on each face/side (1/2) *6 + (1/8)*8 = 4
greenschist, amphibolite, hornfels, sanidinite, eclogite
5 original facies:
Greenstone
: Chl+Ep+Act+Na-Pl fine-grained rock resulting from low-grade metamorphism of basalt
Amphibolite
: Hbl+Na-Pl rock produced by metamorphism of basalt to middle-or high-grade
maar
A _______ is typically lower than a scoria cone and has a much larger central crater relative to the deposited ring of debris
calcium feldspar
A high-temperature framework silicate:
aqueous
Adding H2O cause __________ melt to become more stable with respect to the solid.
Crocidolite
Also known as blue asbestos.
0.1-1.0 WT. %
At what range of weight percentage are minerals considered as Minor Elements?
karst topography
Bedrock shaped (dissolved) by groundwater
flint
Black synonym of chert caused by finely disseminated hematite
breccia
Coarse > 2mm with large grains, angular fragments sedimentary rock. a. coarse rock b. sandstone c. breccia d. conglomerate e. granule
conglomerate
Coarse > 2mm with large grains, rounded fragments sedimentary rock. a. coarse rock b. sandstone c. breccia d. conglomerate e. granule
GNEISS
Coarse and foliated Typically quartz- and feldspar-rich layers segregate out from more micaceous or mafic layers
granite
Coarse-grained igneous rocks consisting essentially of quartz(20-30), alkali feldspar and very common mica(biotite or muscovite).
HORNFELS
Contact metamorphism in the absence of deformation gives rise to a random fabric of interlocking grains which produces a tough rock
Plateau basalts
Continental flood basalts are also called _______.
MAJOR MINERALS
Controls properties such as viscosity, density, and diffusivity of magmas and rocks
M-Type Granitoids
Derived due to fractional crystallization of basaltic magma
I-Type Granitoids
Derived due to partial melting of igneous proloith.
s-type granitoids
Derived due to partial melting of sedimentary and metasedimentary rock
Cumulate
Displaying interstitial growth of a mineral between earlier ones that are all in contact and give the distinct impression that they accumulated at the bottom of a magma chamber
enclave
Distinguished from xenoliths, which are fragments of metamorphically altered older country rock that fell into magma or lava and became enveloped within igneous rock.
Irradiation
Does not make material radiactive; with exception of some activation products
Gravity
Dominant mechanism by which fractional crystallization is accomplished.
thermoluminescence
Emitting visible light when heated to a low temperature below that of red heat. A. photosynthesis B. phosphorescence C. thermoluminescence D. ultraviolet light
epsilon prime
Epsilon (ε) and Omega (ω) are the main indices of refraction in uniaxial crystals. What do you call the intermediate values?
Hyalo-ophitic
Having an intersertal texture in w/c a larger amount of glass is present than pyx
glauconite
Hydrous potassium iron alumina-silicate mineral
norite
IUGS recommended term for orthopyroxene dominated gabbro
smaller
If two ions have a similar radius and the same valence, the _____ ion is preferentially incorporated into solid over the liquid
chatoyancy
In reflected light, a silky appearance which results from the presence of many inclusions arranged parallel to a crystallographic direction. A. milky B. brilliancy C. glassy D. chatoyancy
Taconite
Iron formation whose iron content has not been sufficiently enriched by natural leaching of silica to constitute ore: a) Taconite b) Talus c) Tellurides d) Theralite
Common
Is graphite abundant or common?
Assimilation
Is the incorporation of chemical constituents from the walls or roof of a magma chamber into the magma itself.
Sorosilicates
Isolated double tetrahedral groups One shared oxygen Results in Si:O = 2:7 Most minerals in this group are rare
Platinum
Isometric; SG: 14-19; H:4-4.5; steel- gray with bright lustre; metallic: a) Pyrrhotite b) Magnetite c) Silver d) Platinum
eutectic point
It is when liquid and two solid phases exist in equilibrium at the eutectic composition and the eutectic temperature
Clastic
It means fragmentary and fractured appearance of constituents. a. Brecciaed b. Clastic c. Mosaic d. Jagged
Lamproites
It mutually lack primary plagioclase, sodic feldspar, melilite, monticellite, kalsilite, nepheline, and sodalite and occur strictly in continental-intraplate areas and thick lithosphere.
Anorgenic
It refers to magmatism within a plate or a spreading plate margin
porphyroblasts
Large metamorphic crystals are termed:
Outer core
Liquid/molten state part of the core
Pearly
Looks like a pearl
tenacity
Manner in which the mineral or substance resists breaking, crushing, bending, or tearing, in short, its cohesiveness. A. hardness B. tenacity C. streak D. all of the above
Phyllosilicates
Mica is an example of what silicate group structure: a) Cyclosilicates b) Inosilicates double-chain c) Phyllosilicates d) Tectosiicates
calcite, silica and iron oxide
Most common cements
cumulophyric texture
Multiple-grain clusters of adhering phenocrysts is called __________.
decussate
Muscovite displays a _______ texture Consists of randomly oriented interlocking platy, prismatic or elongated crystals.
Radioactive decay equation
N = No * (e^-(lambda*t)) N = quantity of parent isotope No = initial concentration Lambda = decay constant
well exposed and developed
Named stratigraphic units must be defined or characterized at a specified locality where they are _________ _____ _____ ______ in order that there will be a common, material standard of reference for their identification.
Lamprophyres
Normally occur as dikes and are not simply textural varieties of common plutonic or volcanic rocks.
Hydroxides
OH- or H2O; weaker bonding than oxides
Chlorite
Of the four general types of phyllosilicates, only certain 2:1 (T-O-T) minerals expand. Which of these minerals has a T-O-T structure and is non-expanding? Kaolinite Chlorite Montmorillonite Illite
isograds
On a map of metamorphic rock distributions, the lines on the map that separate regions having different index minerals are called:
lava lake
On basalt shields, the caldera may fill with magma from below to create a ________.
triclinic system
One fold axis of symmetry and having the three axes whose lengths and angles of intersection are different. a. Orthorhombic system b. triclinic system c. monoclinic system d. tetragonal system
liquidus
Phase boundary (line) that separates the all - liquid (melt) stability field from stability fields that contain at least some solids (crystals)
Kimberlites
Principal source of diamonds, which are included in entrained peridotite or eclogite xenoliths or become scattered as the xenoliths disaggregate.
Uralitization
Replacement of pyx by amphibole
Cyclosilicates
Rings of SiO4 linked tetrahedra Si:O = 1:3 Three possible configurations Si3O9 - very rare (one mineral) Si4O12 - rare Si6O18 - common
Inner core
Solid state part of the core
debris flow
Some also called mudflows Common to semi-arid regions, volcanoe
asterism
Some crystals especially those in the hexagonal system, when viewed in the direction of the vertical axis, show starlike rays. A. asterism B. chatoyancy C. pleochroism D. sharp edged
cryptodomes
Some domes are inflated beneath the ground surface and are called _______.
sieve texture
Some have attributed ________ , or deep and irregular embayments, to advanced resorption, but others argue that it is more likely to result from rapid growth enveloping melt due to undercooling
achondrites
Stones without chondrules are called
Barren Intervals
Stratigraphic intervals with no fossils common in the stratigraphic section.
Rotoinversion Axis
Symmetry operator that combines rotation about the center and inversion through the center Designated by a number with a bar, or a symbol with a circle inside
Gray copper
Synonym for tetrahedride: a) Green stone b) Gray copper c) Grossularite d) Greenockite
Pilotaxitic
Synonym of felty
TRUE
T OR F The printing of fossil names for stratigraphic units should be guided by the rules laid down in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature or the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. The initial letter of the unit-term (Biozone, Zone, Assemblage Zone) should be CAPITALIZED as well as that of the generic names; the initial letter of the specific epithets should be in LOWERCASE; taxonomic names of genera and species should be in ITALICS, e.g. Exus albus Range Zone
normal zoning
The composition of plagioclase in equilibrium with a melt becomes more Na rich as temperature drops. The expected zonation in cooling igneous plagioclase would thus be from a more anorthite-rich core toward a more albite-rich rim. This type of zoning is called ___________.
partial melting
The reason seismic waves slow down in the low velocity layer is attributed to 1 to 5% ______________ of the mantle
malleable
The resistance of a mineral that can be hammered into thin sheets. a. sectile b. malleable c. ductile d. brittle
Compositional convection
The rise of less dense liquids from the solid suspension, may result in highly evolved liquids segregating toward the top of the chamber, perhaps forming a stagnant, density stratified cap boundary layer.
Fragmental
The rock is composed of pieces of disaggregated igneous material, deposited and later amalgamated
aa
The rubble-like lava flows that result are called
Geochronology
The science of dating and determining the time sequence of the events in the history of the Earth.
epoch
The series is a chronostratigraphic unit ranking above a stage and below a system. The geochronologic equivalent of a series is an_______
Low-velocity layer
The shallowest such layer, between 80 and 220 km, is called the ____________________ because within it, seismic waves slow down slightly, as compared to the velocity both above and below the layer
Unit-stratotype
The type section of a layered stratigraphic unit that serves as the standard of reference for the definition and characterization of the unit.
zonule
The use of this term is discouraged. It has received different meanings and is now generally used as a subdivision of a biozone or subbiozone
Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen
The volatiles that help generate carbonatite and alkaline melts.
plate tectonics
Theory that the earth's surface is made up of separate, rigid plates moving and floating over another, less rigid layer of rock. a. equal density b. continental drift c. plate tectonics d. Pangeanism e. subduction
Anorthosite
There are phaneritic rocks with more than 10% QAP or with 10% FAP weights. Rocks plotting close to P with 90% plagioclase percent by composition are called __________.
taxon-range zones and concurrent-range zones
There are two principal types of range zones:
coulees
There is a gradation from steep-sided domes, to domes that flatten and flow downhill to thick flows
Large igneous provinces
These are areas of igneous rocks that were erupted or emplaced at depth within an extremely short geologic time interval.
Ocean Island Basalts
These are basaltic rocks found on many volcanic islands away from plate boundaries.
Tertiary hotspots
These hotspots have a superficial origin.
Fe- and Mg-rich silicate Minerals
This comprises the mantle.
Orthorhombic system
Three unequal and mutually perpendicular axes. a. Orthorhombic system b. Hexagonal system c. isometric system d. Tetragonal system
Half-life
Time it takes for parent to decay to 50% of the original concentration generally --> by 10 half lives, material is completely gone No-->particularly high discharge --> runs out grout pipe to storage treatment pipe in South
true
True or false: aside from jewelry, diamonds can be used as abrasives.
True
True or false: calomel occurs with cinnabar and mercury.
True
True or false: the morphology of the mineral platinum are as follows: cubic crystals, nuggets, grains, and scales.
H2O and CO2
Two common compounds that greatly affects the melting behaviour
Polymorphism
Two minerals have the same chemical formula but different structures
Inosilicates
Two of four O in each tetrahedron are shared Si:O = 1:3 Pyroxenes -> anhydrous, XYZ2O6 Single chain --> fire strangers SI2O6 4- Major mantle materials besides feldspar --> large components of basalts and gabbros
graded layering
Type of a non-uniform layer that shows gradual variation in mineralogy or grain size
Hackly
Type of fracture that results in jagged and sharp edges
non uniform
Type of layering that varies either along or across the layering
Liquid Immiscibility
Type of magmatic differentiation where liquids do not mix with each other
Ocean Island Volcanism
Type of volcanism that is sporadic or scattered throughout the ocean basin.
funnel
Typical form of a LMI which discordantly cuts both the external Strata and the internal Layering
Framework silicates
U:Si = 2:5 Haiweeite Weeksite Soddyite
spinifex
Ultramafic lavas, such as Precambrian komatiites, when quenched, may develop spectacular elongated olivine crystals, in some cases up to 1 m long, called ______ texture.
multiply saturated
When a melt is saturated in several phases at once.
all of the choices
Which of the following statements about sedimentary rocks is TRUE? sedimentary rocks are the type of rock we see most often at the Earth's surface diagenesis during burial turns loose sediment into sedimentary rock sedimentary rocks only make up about 5% of the crust all of the choices
apatite
Which of the following terms or products are NOT associated with the evaporation of seawater? evaporates calcite gypsum apatite
all of the above will have an impact on metamorphism
Which of the following will have no effect on the process of metamorphism? * the type of rock that got metamorphosed the addition of water to the rocks being metamorphosed the length of time of metamorphism all of the above will have an impact on metamorphism
Proustite
Which of the minerals is not orthorhombic
none of the above
Which of these are not polymorph transformation processes? reconstructive order-disorder displacive none of the above
kandites
Which of these are regarded as 7-angstrom clay minerals? illite kandites smectites zeolites
Oligoclase
Which of these do not contain major K2O concentrations? Sanidine Oligoclase Microcline Orthoclase
Norman L. Bowen
Who made the Bowen's Reaction Series?
Charnockite
______ constitutes a distinct variety of K-felds and hypersthene bearing granulites.
Shield
______ volcanoes range in size from a few kilometers across to the largest vent landforms
melting
___________ point increases with increased pressure
NaAlSi3O8
albite formula
Planar fabrics (S-fabrics)
aligned minerals are platy phyllosilicates, but they may be tabular grains of quartz or carbonates (grain-flattening fabric)
CaAl2Si2O8
anorthite formula
green or brownish green
color of glauconite in PPL.
vesicular
containing gas bubbles
Why is cinnabar a dangerous mineral?
contains mercury --> toxic
gravity
controlling force of mass wasting
BLUESCHIST
dark, lilac-grey foliated metabasite Presence of abundant sodic amphibole (typically glaucophane and crosstie) Seldom truly blue in hand specimen
mafic
dark-colored minerals such as pyroxene and olivine account for over 45% of the composition of these rocks a. darkest b. light color c. mafic d. felsic e. none of the above
blueschist facies
eclogite transits from what facies?
Ionic Bonding
energy of bonding depends on center to center spacing between ions and product of charges
lithostatic
equal in all directions, and is termed ________ pressure
hydrostatic
equalized pressure is called ___________ pressure
Chill zone
finegrained chilled margin within the igneous body margin or localized baking of the country rocks are good indicators of an igneous origin for plutonic (intrusive) bodies
straighter
for igneous source polycrystalline quartz, the crystal boundaries are:
pumiceous
having a frothy vesicular structure characteristics of pumice
skeletal
having crystals that grew as, or have been corroded to a skeletal framework with a high proportion of internal voids.
miarolitic
having gas cavities into which euhedral minerals protrude. applies to certain plutonic rocks.
melanocratic
indicating a dark colored rock.
Al2Si2O5(OH)4
kaolinite formula
Burial Metamorphism
kind of metamorphism that occurs in the forelandof a orogenic beltwhen the overriding plate buckles under the overburden of a growing volcanic arc & accretionary prism
2mm to 64mm
lapilli size range
lythophysae
large ovoid structures representing gas bubbles in devitrified rhyolitic glass
oxidation of the ferrous iron in glauconite
limonite is the result of:
25 to 50
lives are lost as a result of landslides in the U.S. every year
Paoay lake
local area within ilocos norte where magnetite sand is extensive
Vitreous
luster that appears as polished piece of glass
pyrolusite
most common important ore minerals of manganese is a. pyrolusite b. Rhodochiosite c. psilomelane d. millerite
H2O, CO2, CH4
most common metamorphic fluids.
silurian-devonian
one part silurian and one part devonian
epitactic
oriented nucleation of one mineral on another of a different kind
Mylonitization
produces mylonites in fault zones that contain fabrics dominated by crushing of mineral grains (commionution)
abraham g. werner
proponent of neptunism
james hutton
proponent of plutonism
Quartz and carbonate, olivine
readily undergo plastic deformation under most crustal metamorphic conditions
juvenile
refers to either water or other constituents that are products of the magma itself.
Repetti discontinuity
the discontinuity between outer and inner crust
peritectic point
the point on the phase diagram where a reaction takes place between a previously precipitated phase and the liquid to produce a new solid phase
true
true or false .In zoned skarn deposits, anhydrous minerals become dominant near the intrusive while hydrous minerals are more abundant away from the pluton.
true
true or false: .Boiling can cause increase in pH
true
true or false: Garnet breaks down during the retrograde stage of skarn development.
false
true or false: The Bayer process involves the dissolution of the bauxite material in a caustic cyanide solution, precipitation of the sodium aluminate to aluminium trihydrate and the consequent calcination to produce alumina.
paleogene and neogene
two subsystems of tertiary:
Reflection Seismic Method
wherein waves created by an explosion are reflected back to the surface directly from subsurface rock interfaces without being refracted and traveling laterally along discontinuity surfaces
they are more resistant to chemical weathering
why is alkali felds more common than calcic plag?
Riebeckite
· "blue asbestos" is actually mineral crocidolite which is a variety of what mineral?
Grunierite
· "brown asbestos" is actually the mineral amosite and is a variety of this mineral.
Gold
· "tellurides" are tellurium bonded with ___. A common mineral in this group is calaverite. ·
Epsomite
· (MgSO4).(7H2O) ·
Plinian
· 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption exhibits what kind of eruption? ·
0.0397%
· 397ppm is equivalent to
Silicate
· Cabochon gem is a/an: ·
Andalusite
· The low pressure polymorph of Al2SiO5
Bloody red
· What is the hematite? ·
Bed
—named distinctive layer in a member or formatio
olivine
the major mineral constituent of the upper mantle
Infiltration
the movement of water into rocks or soil through cracks and pore spaces
Bismuth
the principal supplies of this mineral are obtained as byproducts of copper and lead smelting: a) Arsenic b) Beryllium c) Bismuth d) Cadmium
Transpiration
the release of water vapor to the atmosphere by plants
fragmental
the rock contains broken, angular fragments of rocky materials produced during an explosive volcanic eruption a. porphyry b. conchoidal c. phaneritic d. coarse-grained e. aphanitic f.fragmental
Z
the sign for atomic number/number of protons
geothermal gradient
the temperature variation with depth.
650-850 degrees celsius
the temperature where the transition from Amphibolite to granulite Facies occur.
porphyritic
the texture displays two dominant grain sizes that vary by a significant amount, the texture is called _______. The larger crystals are called phenocrysts, and the finer crystals are referred to as groundmass.
albite to oligoclase and actinolite to hornblende
the transition of greenschist to amphibolite facies involves 2 reactions:
Saltation
the transport action of rolling or skipping
granite or gneiss
the ultimate sources of terrigenous rocks are:
Deflation
the wind's lifting and removal of loose material
Fluid inclusions or vacuoles
these are inclusions during crystallization. abundance of these are derived from low temp source.
Gangue Minerals: Mesothermal
these are the gangue minerals in this type of deposit: Quartz Carbonates
Gangue Minerals: Hypothermal
these are the gangue minerals in this type of deposit: Quartz Fluorite Tourmaline Topaz
Tuff cones
they are smaller than tuff rings, with steeper sides and smaller central craters. They form where magma interacts with very shallow surface water. They seem to result from less violent and more prolonged eruptions than maars or tuff rings. They look like scoria cones but have bedding that dips into the craters as well as outward.
Isograd
this first appearance of an index metamorphic mineral
describe
to _______ is to summarize the total content and relationships of the unit of the classification. Thus, a description is a summary of all the attributes of the unit.
classify
to ________ is to arrange the data in a study into a set of categories that have defined boundaries or unit characterizations
identify
to ________ is to recognize a set of observations as falling within the defined boundaries or bearing the unique attributes of a category of a classification.
define
to _________ is to set limits. A definition, thus, sets limits or boundaries to units in the classification.
characterize
to _________ is to state what is unique, thus, a characterization of a stratigraphic unit specifies its unique attributes or unique combination of attributes
diagnose
to __________ is to state which character or combination of characters permits unambiguous identification of a unit in a classification.
true
true or false: alunite has limited pH range but wide temperature range of stability.
false
true or false: molybdenite is a more common copper ore associated with S-type granites.
true
true or false: Contact metamorphism does not involve hydrothermal fluids.
pipe vesicles
tubelike elongate vesicles that result from rising gases
granophyric
two minerals do not have time to form independent crystals but rather form an intergrowth of intricate skeletal shapes referred to as __________ texture
Aluminous laterite
type of laterite deposit that are over mafic rocks (e.g. basalt, gabbro) - and where iron diminishes in the soil profile, bauxite forms
Nickeliferous laterite
type of laterite deposit that are over ultramafic rocks (e.g. dunite, peridotite) - where these rocks contain significant amounts of Ni that develop into silicate nickel ore (garnierite) upon weathering
hornfels
typical products of contact metamorphism (mineral)
Hornfels
typical products of metamorphism
zeolite facies
volcanic glass is altered to the ******* heulandite or stilbite (less commonly to analcime), along with phyllosilicates such as celadonite, smectite, kaolinite, or montmorillonite, plus secondary quartz and carbonate. Crystalline igneous minerals remain essentially intact. .
Runoff
water that flows over the land
Airguns
were one of the techniques that use acoustic sources which produce sound energy by releasing highly compressed air
Wide variations in temperature and moisture
what accelerates weathering?
clay minerals and secondary cement
what are the matrix of terrigenous sediments?
quartz, feldspar, rock fragments
what are the principal components of terrigenous sediments?
indicates that some crustal rocks have been subjected to temperatures previously considered impossible so far beyond the beginning of melting of many rock types
what does UHP metamorphism indicates?
Brahmaputra River
what flows out of the Himalayas that carries a huge sediment load?
black diamond
what is a carbonado?
muscovite
what is more resistant to weathering and more common than biotite?
H2O
what is removed by partial melting in amphibolite facies
diorite
what is the coarse-grained equivalent of the igneous rock andesite?
Red
what is the streak of copper?
Law of Constancy of Interfacial Angles
what law states that: each mineral has a characteristic crystal form. Although the size and shape of a mineral crystal form may vary, similar pairs of crystal faces always meet at the same angle.
Subophitic
what texture is this
eutaxitic
what texture is this
heteradcumulate
what texture is this
orthocumulate
what texture is this
adamantine
what texture? brilliant like diamonds, e.g. cassiterite
metallic
what texture? like polished metal, e.g. pyrites
greasy
what texture? as if covered with a thin layer of soil
vitreous
what texture? like broken glass, e.g. quartz
pearly
what texture? like pearl
resinous
what texture? like resin or wax, e.g. sphalerite
Nov 13, 1982
when was the batas pambansa blg 265 - "an act prohibiting the extraction of gravel and sand from beaches .." approved?`
marine environments
where does glauconite usually occur?
Au and Ag
· 2 most common native minerals that form by complete solid solution ·
Fusain
· A black fibrous with a silky lustre, friable and soft coal that represents fossil charcoal. ·
Vitrain
· A bright, shiny black coal that usually breaks cubically and mostly consists of woody tissue. ·
Eclogite
· A class of metamorphic rocks distinguished by their composition, consisting essentially of omphacite and pyrope with small amounts of diopside, enstatite, olivine, kyanite, rutile, and rarely, diamond. ·
Crystal form
· A collection of equivalent crystal faces that are related to each other by the symmetry of the mineral. ·
Foid-gabbro
· A fine-grained equivalent of basanite ·
Trachyte
· A fine-grained volcanic rock consisting of 5% volcanic glass, 6% biotite, 4% hornblende, 3% quartz, 13% oligoclase, and 69% microcline. ·
Zeolite
· A hydrous sodium and calcium aluminum tectosilicate mineral group formed by diagenetic or low temperature metamorphic reactions
Cataclasis
· A low temperature, brittle grain - fracturing process that involves grain size reduction through the mechanical grinding, rotation and crushing of rock.
Greenstone
· A metamorphosed basaltic rock which is non foliated is called ·
Traction transport
· A mode of transport and deposition in which pyroclasts are entrained in moving interstitial fluids and are free to behave independently. ·
Schiller effect
· A play of colors or colored reflections exhibited especially by labradorite and caused by internal structures that selectively reflect only certain colors ·
Differentiation
· A process by which random chunks of primordial matter are transformed into a body whose interior is divided into concentric layers that differ from one another both physically and chemically. ·
Devolatization
· A process where minerals such as amphiboles lose highly mobile volatile components such as water and transforms to hydrous minerals
Triboluminiscence
· A property of a mineral that emits visible light when rubbed or struck with a hammer ·
Piezoelectricity
· A property of mineral that emits electrical charges when pressure is applied ·
Phosphorescence
· A property of mineral that emits visible light for some time after the ultraviolet light has been turned off ·
Wherlite
· A rock mainly composed of olivine plus clinopyroxene ·
Mesocratic
· A rock that has 50% dark colored mineral according to shand classification ·
Olivine pyroxene hornblendite
· A rock with 80% hornblende, 10% pyroxene, and 10% olivine. ·
Picrobasalts
· A rock with lower SiO2 content than basalt and is olivine-rich and contains little plagioclase ·
Arkosic arenite
· A sandstone that has 10% mud matrix, 20% quartz grains, 45% feldspars, and 25% lithics ·
Lutite
· A sedimentary rock that is composed of silt and clay sediments ·
Assher cut
· A square-step cut with beveled corners ·
Rheology
· A study of how materials react to stress
Foramol
· A temperate carbonate formed in cooler waters and is mainly composed of the remains of benthic foraminifers and mollusks. ·
Metamic
· A term used to imply structure disruption in minerals to become mineraloid ·
Isodemic
· A term used when all ionic bonds have the same strength ·
Phreatic
· A type of eruption which is steam dominated due to heating from heat source ·
Tumuli lava
· A type of lava flow that forms ovoid mounds that are a few feet high and a few tens of feet long produced from the buckling up of hardened outer edges and surfaces ·
Tychite
· A white, isometric mineral consisting of a sulfate-carbonate of sodium and magnesium ·
Reaction rim
· A zone consisting of grains of new minerals that have formed at the rim a pre-existing mineral. ·
Amazonite
· According to goldich stability series, the most stable mineral in the following is? ·
Archean
· Age of Witwatersrand deposits of south africa ·
Subaluminous
· Al2O3 = Na2O + K2O a. peraluminous b. metaluminous c. subaluminous d. peralkaline ·
Carnallite
· All are ore minerals for antimony except: stibnite, jamesonite, carnallite, tetrahedrite ·
Diatreme
· Alligator lake is a product of what type of volcano?
Platiniridium
· Alloyed iridium & platinum ·
Chrysotile
· Also known as "white asbestos"
Amosite
· Also known as brown asbestos ·
Lepidolite
· Also known as purple mica ·
Spilites
· Also known as sodium rich basalts
Blue giants
· Among the following, which star has the highest luminosity and temperature. [a. yellow dwarf b. red dwarf c. blue giants d. red giants]
Ortho-amphibolites
· Amphibolites derived from basic igneous rocks such as basalt and gabbro are called
Para-amphibolites
· Amphibolites derived from sedimentary protoliths are called
Orthorhombic
· Anhydrite crystallizes at what system? ·
Lamprophyre
· Any group of igneous rocks characterized by a porphyritic texture in which abundant large crystals of dark-colored minerals are seet in a not visibly crystalline matrix ·
Pleochroism
· Appearance of different colors when a crystal is viewed in transmitted light in different direction. ·
Chert
· Are fine-grained siliceous sedimentary rocks made up of silt-sized interlocking quartz crystals and chalcedony, a form of silica which is made up of radiating fibers a few tens to hundreds of microns long. ·
Cataclasites
· Are fragmented rocks that have expeienced the breakage of brittle rock into smaller sized fragments.
Refractory minerals
· Are heat resistant materials that have vary high melting temperatures and are chemically resistant to breakdown ·
Fillers
· Are inert, inexpensive materials that extend the volume of material at low cost. ·
Granodiorite
· Are light-colored rocks, containing approximately two-thirds SiO2, rich in plag, low alkali felds and quartz with small amounts of hornblende and biotite. ·
Absorbents
· Are used to remediate spills or to remove waste products from liquids ·
Stability field
· Areas representing the range of applied pressure and temperature in which a mineral may exist in its stable form. ·
Mid-oceanic ridge basalts
· Areas where rocks contain phenocrysts of olivine, chromite, plagioclase, and augite with plagioclase as the most abundant. ·
BQFAG
· Arrange the ff in order of competency (brittle-ductility transition) with increasing temperature: Feldspar, Quartz, Biotite, Garnet, Amphibole
Gold, crushed stone, limestone, granite, glass
· Arrange the ff materials in order of increasing bulk modulus: Limestone, granite, gold, glass, crushed stone
15%
· At least how many weight percent of iron do ironstones or iron formation contain? ·
Blueschist
· At temps between 350 deg & 450 deg and pressure of ~8kbar - greenschist turns to what?
Orthorhombic
· At what crystal system does BARITE, BORNITE, TOPAZ, ANDALUSITE, CORDIERITE, CERRUSITE crystallize? ·
Hexagonal
· At what crystal system does BERYL, COVELLITE, SMITHSONITE, TOURMALINE, BRUCITE, ZINCITE crystallize? ·
=Isometric
· At what crystal system does GALENA, FLUORITE, SPHALERITE, MEGNETITE, CHROMITE, CUPRITE crystallize? ·
Monoclinic
· At what crystal system does HORNBLENDE, EPIDOTE, CUMMINGTONITE, AUGITE, PIGEONITE, DIOPSIDE, & GYPSUM crystallize? ·
Hexagonal
· At what crystal system does MAGNESITE, DOLOMITE, SIDERITE, ALUNITE, APATITE crystallize? ·
Tetragonal
· At what crystal system does PYROLUSITE, CASSITERITE, RHODONITE, WOLLASTONITE crystallize? ·
Orthorhombic
· At what crystal system does SILLIMANITE, MARCASITE, ENARGITE, ARAGONITE, STIBNITE crystallize? ·
Isometric
· At what crystal system does SPINEL, URANINITE, PYRITE, SYLVITE & HALIDE crystallize? ·
Tetragonal
· At what crystal system does ZIRCON, LUZONITE, RUTILE, SCHEELITE, WULFENITE crystallize? ·
Triclinic system
· At what crystal system does the optic indicatrix occupy any position relative to the crystallographic axes? ·
600-650 deg
· At what temperatures does garnets become ductile?
>250 deg C
· At what temperatures does slate turn into phyllite?
Ankaremite
· Basaltic rock rich in olivine and augite phenocrysts ·
Ankaremite
· Basaltic rock rich in olivine and augite phenocrysts; on some, the abundance of mafic phenocrysts may have been enhanced by gravitational accumulation. ·
Lopolith
· Basin or saucer-shaped condordant bodies with top nearly flat and convex bottom ·
Guano
· Bat excrement is also known as ____ - can be used as a minor nitrogen source for fertilizer purposes ·
Clockwise-northern; counterclockwise-southern
· Because of the coriolis effect, Subtropical gyres rotate _________ in the ________ hemisphere.
Silicates
· Bloodstone according to Berzelius belongs to what group of minerals:
Covalent bond
· Bond that produces minerals that are insoluble, high melting points, hard, non-conductive and low symmetry ·
Zeolite/prehnite-pumpellyite/greenschist
· Burial metamorphism induced metamorphic facies include:
Volatile
· Came from lava that create vesicles when solidified ·
Rudstone
· Carbonate that is clast supported with >2mm sized components ·
Wackstone
· Carbonate where original components are not bound together during deposition. It contains mud with more than 10% grains ·
Chrysoberyl
· Cat's eye mineral ·
Secondary explosions
· Caused by the contact of water with hot pyroclastic flow deposits ·
Perthitic intergrowth
· Caused by the exsolution of plagioclase from potash-rich feldspar as they cool. They occur as blebs, patches, and stringers of sodic plagioclase in a potassium feldspar host ·
Schistosity
· Characterized by platy minerals exhibiting a planar or layered structure that are discernible with the unaided eye. ·
Organic matter inclusion
· Coloration of black marble is due to: ·
Bentonite
· Composed mainly of smectite clays that are alteration products of basaltic rocks ·
Magma
· Consists mostly of liquid rock matter, but may contain crystals of various minerals, and may contain a gas phase that may be dissolve in the liquid or may be present as a separate gas phase. ·
Syenite
· Course-grained equivalent of trachyte ·
10^-11Pa
· Crustal rocks have an average value of ____ in Young's Modulus
Euhedral
· Crystal form that is bounded by crystal faces. ·
Capillary
· Crystal habit forming very thin threads which resemble hair ·
Hexagonal
· Crystal system of calcite ·
Enargite
· Cu3AsS4 variety that crystallizes in the orthorhombic system? ·
Luzonite
· Cu3AsS4 variety that crystallizes in the tetragonal system ·
Volcanic neck
· Cylindrical plutonic dikes exposed at the surface by subsequent erosion ·
Relief
· Degree of visibility of a transparent mineral in an immersion medium.
Sillimanite (& K-felds)
· Dehydration of muscovite in the presence of quartz yields this mineral:
Kyanite
· Dehydration of staurolite and/or pyrophyllite yields what mineral?
MVT
· Deposit that form from warm ( < 300°C) saline solutions that flow in the pore spaces within permeable carbonate or sandstone rocks in deep sedimentary basins. This type of deposit precipitate lead and zinc in thick limestone, dolostone or sandstone deposits ·
100km
· Depth of subducting slab required for a volcano to manifest at the surface ·
Passive slip
· Described as slip at an angle to layering that results in new cleavage or schistosity that accumulated movement parallel to the new surface ·
Zeolite facies
· Developed during hydrothermal alteration at divergent margins, hotspots, and convergent margins or during burial metamorphism at depths less than 5km. ·
Albite-epidote hfls
· Develops in the outer fringes of many metamorphic aureoles ·
Shear
· Develops when differential movement occurs along a set of parallel lines ·
Ozone
· Dobson units are used in
>10-15km
· Ductile shear zones occur at what depths?
Granite
· During physical weathering, which of the ff is the easiest to weather? a. basalt b. granite c. rhyolite d. andesite ·
Two; two
· Each month, there are ___ spring tides and ____ neap tides, each about 1 week apart
Perihelion
· Each year, on about January 3, our planet is about 147.3 million kilometers (91.5 million miles) from the Sun, closer than at any other time—a position known as
Bridgmanite
· Earth's most abundant mineral ·
Zr
· Element that very incompatible and do not substitute into major silicate phase ·
33KM
· Equivalent average depth for 1GPA lithostatic pressure
Alert level 4
· Extension of danger zone to 8km or more will be raised if the volcano is in: ·
Inclined
· Extinction angle of augite a. inclined b. parallel c. symmetrical d. depends on the sample ·
Blueschist
· Facies that forms at convergent plate margins in ophiolite complexes and subduction zone mélanges. ·
Nuees ardentes
· Fast-moving cloud of hot, incandescent mixture of rock fragments, ash and gases that flow along the surface as billowing pyroclastic debris travelling considerable distance from the erupting volcano. ·
Marcasite
· FeS2 polymorph that occurs in low-med temp metalliferous veins & sed rocks ·
Lower mantle
· Ferropericlase is abundant in? ·
Steatite
· Fine-grained compact and massive variety of talc ·
Dacite
· Fine-grained equivalent of tonalite or granodiorite. ·
Immersion method
· First method used to determine refractive index of minerals ·
10%
· Foid-bearing monzonite has how many percent feldspathoids in relevance to plagioclase and alkali-feldspar? ·
Titanium
· For people with allergic reactions to gold or silver metal jewelry such as earrings, what is the metal of choice?
Schistocyte
· Formed by mineral alignment under applied stress during metamorphic crystallization ·
Breadcrust bombs
· Formed if the outside of the pyroclastic bombs solidifies during their flight ·
Greenschist facies
· Forms under medium temperature (350-550 deg C) and pressure (3-10 bar= 10-30km depth) conditions associated with dynamothermal metamorphism at convergent plate boundaries ·
Cognate clast
· Fragmented comagmatic volcanic rocks from previous eruptions of the same volcano
Isometric
· Garnet's crystal system is: ·
Sorting
· Generally, describes the distribution of grain size of the sediments ·
Basaltic magma
· Generally, partial melting of peridotite or ultramafic source rock yields to?
Anatexis
· Generally, refers to the partial melting of a source rock ·
Pyroclastic flow
· Generates glowing avalanche ·
Very poorly sorted
· Glacial deposits are characteristically: ·
Orthogneiss; paragneiss
· Gneiss from igneous protolith: ___________ ; gneiss from sed protolith: ___________
Quartz wedge
· Ground to produce interference of colors from the beginning of the first to end of the third or fourth order. ·
Kyanite
· High pressure member of Al2SiO5
sillimanite
· High temp + High pressure polymorph of Al2SiO5
Antigorite
· High temperature mineral variety of serpentine
24
· How many active volcanoes does the Philippines have? ·
6
· How many barrovian minerals are there?
1
· How many perfect cleavage directions does gypsum has? ·
32
· How many points group exist in crystallography? ·
Phyllic
· Hydrothermal Alteration where the produced minerals include sericite, quartz, and pyrite. This occurs when silicic rocks decompose and this is associated with porphyry copper deposits.
Alunitic
· Hydrothermal alteration the occurs in hot spring environments & Au and Cu porphyry deposits by oxidation of sulfide minerals
Spilitization
· Hydrothermal alteration where Ca-Plagioclase is altered to become albite
Sericitic
· Hydrothermal alteration where the produced mineral is sericite and occurs with the alteration of feldspar
Propylitic
· Hydrothermal alteration where the produced minerals are chlorite, epidote, actinolite, & tremolite. This also occurs on Au & Cu porphyry deposits and occurs when basic & ultrabasic rocks enriched in amphibole, biotite, and plag are decomposed.
Potassic
· Hydrothermal alteration where the produced minerals include biotite, K-feldspar, & adularia. This commonly underlies the phyllic zone and occurs when the high temperature alteration of silicic magma results in K enrichment
Pollucite
· Hydrothermally synthesized mineral used in the storage of radioactive waste ·
Charnockite
· Hypersthene-bearing granitic gneisses. ·
Keratophyres
· IUGS term for Na-Rich andesite
The rock is differentiated
· If a rock is enriched with Rb, it means: ·
Bireflectance
· If polarized light is used on non-isometric minerals, they show _____; an analogous term to pleochroism in nonopaque minerals ·
Always; never
· If the twin law can be defined by a simple planar composition surface, the twin plane is _______ parallel to a possible crystal face and _______ parallel to an existing plane of symmetry ·
Turbiditic flow deposit
· If you saw a deposit made up of reversely graded beds and the clasts are dominated by pumice, sand grains, and mud particles, what would be the process involved in the deposition? ·
Glass plate
· If you want to identify apatite using Moh's scale, what are you going to use as identifier? ·
3-layered clay
· Illite is an/a: ·
Fractional crystallization
· Implies that solids and melt separate into isolated fractions that do not continue to react together during the melting process. ·
Palagonite
· Important alteration product of devitrification or volcanic glass alteration ·
4
· In Mohs scale, how many of these minerals are silicates? ·
1
· In Mohs scale, how many of these minerals has an orthorhombic crystal system? ·
Limestone
· In a delta, which of the ff lithologies is not typically expected to form? a. conglomerate b. arenite c. luthite d. limestone
Tholeiitic
· In ocean island, what type of basaltic magma is more likely to occur? a. calc-alkaline b. bimodal c. tholeiitic d. ultramafic ·
Subaluminous
· In terms of alumina saturation, what do you call a rock that has a mineral assemblage of olivine, clinopyroxene, and orthopyroxene. ·
17
· In the periodic table of elements, how many elements are considered as "rare-earth elements/metals" by the Internation Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry? ·
make sure that the polars are crossed and you have plane-polarized light
· In using becke line method to determine the relief, which of the following statements is wrong? a. shut the diaphragm a bit b. make sure that the polars are crossed and you have plane-polarized light c. pick a grain that has sharp edges along the edge of the thin section d. the right becke line moves into the medium of higher refractive index
Kuroko type
· In what VMS type deposit can antimony be mined? ·
Eolian
· In what environment does quartz most likely become well-rounded? ·
Micas (clays)
· In what mineral/s are "kinking" common?
Breccia
· Intraformational rudites tend to form: ·
Plastic flow
· Involves the preferential diffusion of select ions within the magma in response to compositional, thermal or density gradients as well as water content. ·
Siderite
· Iron can be derived from a carbonate mineral called ·
atoll
· Is a particular class of carbonate bank formed above a subsiding volcanic island? ·
2:5
· Isinglass has a Si:O of? ·
Wolframite
· It acts as a heat sink and provides the mass for mobile phone vibration ·
Barrovian FS
· It develops in response to geothermal gradients of ~20-40 Deg C/KM, reflecting the progressive increase in both temperature and pressure during regional metamorphism. ·
Plinian eruption
· It generates sustained sustained eruptive columns, with some reaching heights of ~45km ·
Hotspots
· It has localized source of magma supply whose output thickens the basaltic crust in its immediate neighborhoods. It constructs volcanic edifice on the seafloor through the intrusion of an underplating magma into the crust. ·
Stishovite
· It is a high-pressure low temp quartz ·
Fluorite
· It is a key ingredient in the processing of aluminum and uranium ·
Crested rose
· It is by far considered to be the heaviest non metallic ore ·
Goshenite
· It is the clear variety of beryl ·
Mg
· It is the fourth most abundant element on earth ·
Yttrium
· It is used in making microwave filters for radar ·
Abukama FS
· It records high geothermal gradients ranging from 40 to 80 deg C/KM ·
Suspension
· It's a mode of transport where turbulence within the flow produces sufficient upward motion to keep particles in the moving fluid more-or-less continually ·
Adularia
· K-feldspar produced by authigenic or low-temp hydrothermal processes in which the {110} prism is dominant ·
Triclinic
· Kyanite and Axinite crystallizes at what system? ·
Ultramafic
· Laproite is an/a: a. ultramafic b. mafic c. intermediate d. felsic
Shield
· Large areas of highly deformed igneous and metamorphic rocks. ·
Structure
· Larger-size feature generally seen in an outcrop, such as bedding in a pyroclastic rocks or pillows in a submarine lava flow ·
Zeolite
· Laumontite and heulandite are index minerals of: ·
2:5
· Lepidolite is a monoclinic mineral that belongs to a silicate group that has Si:O ratio of? ·
Vibration direction
· Lies in the wavefront and is perpendicular to the ray vibration in isotropic media ·
Light vector
· Lies parallel to the plane of the wavefront ·
Ag3AsS3
· Light ruby silver has a chemical formula of? ·
Isograd
· Lines drawn on geological maps that mark the first appearance of a particular index mineral ·
Chert
· Lithification of siliceous oozes forms? ·
Hornblende hfls
· Low pressure equivalent of amphibolite facies
60-220km
· Low velocity layer is found between: ·
150;200
· Lowest minimum heat (in centigrade) for metamorphism is ____ and highest is ______
Argillic
· Major hydrothermal alteration where the produced minerals include kaolinite, smectite, and illite. Where low temp decomposition of feldspars in acidic conditions occur.
Alabaster
· Massive variety of gypsum ·
Invariant
· Means that the three-phase equilibrium assemblage completely constrains the state of the system to a particular combination of P and T. ·
Electronegativity
· Measure of strength of how nucleus attracts electrons to its outer shell ·
Greenschist
· Metamorphic facies formed in convergent plate margins like orogenic fold and thrust belts, which are characterized by moderate temperature/pressure metamorphic conditions. ·
1200
· Metamorphism stops at temperature of: ·
Metaquartzite
· Metamorphosed quartz arenite becomes:
Taconites
· Metaquartzites that contain 20-30% iron are also called
Pallasite
· Meteorites that document melting and segregation in planetisimals and are consist of olivine crystals in an iron-nickel matrix ·
Clinochore
· Mg-rich chlorite ·
6
· Microcline has the hardness of: ·
Sericite schist
· Mindoro jade is composed of? ·
Ore mineral
· Minerals from which one or more metals may be extracted at a profit ·
Hexagonal
· Morganite has a crystal system of? ·
Cataclasis
· Mortar texture is produced by:
Iron
· Most abundant element in earth's bulk composition ·
Tectosilicate
· Most eruptive volcanoes possess silicate mineral from which group? ·
Lanao Del Sur & Cotabato
· Mt. Ragang is found in : ·
Pumice
· Non-crystalline rocks that are characterized frothy texture and presence of vesicles ·
Uniform stress
· Non-foliated textures that lack well-defined metamorphic layering are produced by what type of stress: uniform or non-uniform stress?
Symmetrical extinction
· Occurs when a mineral goes to extinction when a feature such as a pair of cleavages or crystal faces is bisected into symmetrical halves by the cross-hair ·
Frenkel defects
· Occurs when an ion moves or is displaced to an interstitial site, leaving a vacant structural site. ·
Serpentinization
· Occurs when olivine or pyroxene minerals are altered to serpentinite by seawater-derived hydrothermal fluids.
Almandine
· Odd one out: all are bauxite group except: Diaspore, Almandine, gibbsite, boehmite ·
Tremolite
· One can extract Lithium in all minerals except: Spodumene, lepidolite, lithiophilite, tremolite ·
Clinochore
· One can extract tantalum in the ff minerals except: microlite, pyrochlore, clinochore, tantalite ·
USA
· One is not a major producer of Rare Earth Metals: China, USA, India, Malaysia ·
Topset
· Part of delta which has sediments dominated by gravels deposited by braided rivers and reworked by wave processes at the shoreline. ·
Transition zone
· Phase transition of olivine to spinel type structure happened in this geophysical layer of the earth ·
Heterogenous accretion
· Planet growth characterized by simultaneous condensation and accretion of various compounds as the temperature fell inside an originally hot solar nebula ·
Wurtzite
· Polymorph of sphalerite ·
Snell's law
· Predicts that incident light not perpendicular to the surface will always be refracted or bent toward the medium with the highest refractive index ·
Diapirism
· Process where the instability due to density differences between layers of unconsolidated sediment results in movements of material on large scale. ·
Hawaiian eruption
· Produces steady lava fountaining and the production of thin lava flows. [a. Icelandic eruption b. strombolian eruption c. Hawaiian eruption d. phreatic eruption] ·
Zyklon A
· Prussic acid at crystalline state is known as? ·
Quartzofeldspathic
· Psammitic protoliths contain high concentrations of SiO2, Na2O, & K2O. other term for psammitic rocks is:
Y
· REE that is strongly partitioned to garnets ·
Oxides
· Red ocher belongs to which group? [a silicate b. oxides c. hydroxides d. sulfides] ·
Poikilitic texture
· Refers to crystals, typically phenocrysts, in an igneous rock which contain small grains of other minerals. ·
Texture
· Refers to degree of crystallinity, grain size or granularity, and the fabric or geometrical relationship between the constituents of a rock. ·
Rapakivi texture
· Refers to sodium plagioclase overgrowths on pre-existing orthoclase crystals
Ophitic texture
· Refers to texture where random plagioclase laths are enclosed by pyroxene or olivine ·
Atomic number
· Refers to the number of protons in an atom of an element.
1.53
· Refractive index of Canada balsam ·
2.4
· Refractive index of diamond ·
Lherzolite
· Represents the fertile unaltered mantle. ·
Triclinic
· Rhodonite is an important source for Mn and has a crystal system of? ·
20%
· Rhyolite has at least how many percent of quartz in relevance to plagioclase and alkali feldspar? ·
Low-K arc basalts
· Rocks in immature oceanic island arcs containing oliving, plagioclase, and augite with sparse orthopyroxene, and/or magnetite. ·
Soapstone
· Rocks that contain an abundance of talc, which gives the rock a greasy feel, similar to that of soap. ·
Lunar regolith
· Rubble pile of charcoal-gray, powdery dust and rocky debris that covers the moon due to series of impacts. ·
Corundum
· Ruby and sapphire are varieties of? ·
No equal sides
· Sanidinde has a crystal system that has? ·
Iron formation
· Sedimentary rocks that contain at 15% iron ·
Pebble
· Sediments with 8mm grain size ·
Iridescence
· Shows a series of colors due to light undergoing reflective interferences with itself either on the surface or in interior. ·
Syneresis cracks
· Shrinkage cracks that form under water in clayey sediments. ·
0.0625 to 2mm
· Size range of sand particles according to udden-wentworth scale ·
Exoskarn
· Skarns that develop in any sedimentary rock ·
Endoskarn
· Skarns that develop in igneous country rock ·
Xylol solution
· Solution used for washing thin section during preparation ·
Monoclinic
· Sphene has a crystal system of? ·
Ooids
· Spherical bodies of calcium carbonate less than 2mm in diameter ·
Banded Iron Deposits
· Superior-type deposits are another term for what type of deposit? ·
L-S tectonites
· Tectonites with both foliation and lineation
Sulfosalts
· Tennantite belongs to which group? ·
Volcanic eruption
· Tephra is produced by: ·
Pegmatite
· Texture characterized by large crystals averaging more than 30mm in diameter ·
Minnesotaite
· The Fe-bearing analog of talc ·
2V
· The angle between two optic axes is known as ·
H2O
· The chromophores of milkty quartz ·
Mesopause
· The coldest temperatures anywhere in the atmosphere occur at the:
China clay
· The commonest member of the kandite group and is generally formed in soil profiles in warm, humid environments where acidic waters intensely leach bedrock lithologies such as granite. ·
USA
· The country that leads in producing germanium ·
Orthorhombic
· The crystal system for peacock ore is: ·
11g/cm
· The density of core is approx.. ·
Blueschist facies
· The diagnostic facies for Phanerozoic subduction zones ·
Bismuth
· The element found in the over-the-counter medicine pepto-bismol is ·
Calcite
· The ff minerals are used as detergents except one: borax, halite, calcite, trona ·
Satin spar
· The fibrous variety of gypsum ·
impulsive behavior of animals that leads to evacuation
· The following phenomena are commonly observed signs used by scientists to infer an impending volcanic eruption except: a. drying up of springs/wells around the volcano b. localized landslides, rockfalls, and landslides from the summit area not attributable to heavy rains c. increase in the temperature of hot springs, wells near the volcano d. impulsive behavior of animals that leads to evacuation ·
Albedo
· The fraction of the total radiation that is reflected by a surface is called
Red
· The gypsum plate as an accessory plate for polarizing microscope is used for its ___ interference color ·
ratio of graphite to clay
· The hardness of a pencil (no. 1 being soft and no. 4 being hard) relates to what? ·
Montreal agreement
· The increase of usage and damage in the atmosphere caused by CFC brought about this international agreement
Albite-epidote hfls
· The low pressure equivalent of greenschist facies
Hornblende hfls
· The low-pressure equivalent of the amphibolite facies. ·
Ilmenite
· The major source for Ti is: ·
68%
· The mantle is composing how many percent of the earth's total mass?
1.6x10^-27
· The mass of proton in kg ·
4
· The moh's scale hardness is used to identify the hardness of minerals. How many minerals in the scale belong to the hexagonal crystal system? ·
Rosickyite
· The monoclinic form of sulfur is ·
29
· The moon makes a complete revolution around the earth every __ days
H
· The most abundant element in the universe ·
Shale
· The most abundant sedimentary rock ·
Hematite
· The most common oxide, bright red to black in color, occurring as a weathering or alteration product in a wide variety of sediments and sedimentary rocks. ·
Synanceia verrucosa (reef stonefish)
· The most venomous fish on earth is found in the Philippine waters.
Cementation
· The nucleation and growth of crystals within pore spaces in sediments. ·
Cebu
· The oldest intrusive body in the philippines is found in: ·
Harker diagram
· The oldest method in the variation diagram, which plots oxide elements against SiO2 ·
Sulfur
· The only native element whose crystal system is orthorhombic ·
-50 mesh to +10 mesh
· The optical size of mineral grains for examination with a polarizing microscope ·
95.5 deg C
· The orthorhombic structure of Sulfur is stable at this temp ·
Peritectic point
· The point on a phase diagram where a reaction takes place between a previously precipitated phase and the liquid to produce a new solid phase. ·
Lithification
· The process of transforming sediments into sedimentary rock through compaction influenced by pressure where connate water is expelled and involves both chemical and physical changes that take place at any time after initial deposition. ·
Paramorphism
· The property of a mineral whose internal structure has changed without change in composition or external form. ·
Shale
· The protolith of the metamorphic rock hornfels is:
Petrogenesis
· The science concern in the interpretations of the origin of rocks. ·
Shoreface
· The shallower part of the shelf that is within the depth zone for wave action and where sediments are extensively reworked by wave processes. ·
30um
· The standard thickness of a thin section ·
Sand dunes
· The tallest features in barrier islands are
Liquidus
· The temperature where the first crystals form. ·
Cabochon and faceted
· The two most common cuts for gems
Cyprus
· The type of VMS deposit in east pacific rise ·
Kuroko
· The type of VMS deposit of Okinawa trough ·
Deep-ocean circulation
· Thermohaline circulation is also known as
Hemipelagic sediment
· These are fine-grained marine sediments consist of terrigenous and some biogenic material, derived from the nearest landmass or organism living in the water. ·
Arc-tholeiites
· These are high aluminum basalts
Stylolite
· These are highly irregular solution surfaces consist of accumulated iron oxides, micas, and other insoluble materials. ·
Charnockites
· These are hypersthene bearing granitic gneisses
Volcaniclastic sediments
· These are products of volcanic eruptions or the result of the breakdown of volcanic rocks ·
Sand and gravel
· They mainly compose the sediments in coastal and estuarine deposits ·
Asbestos
· Thin, strong fiber minerals that are flexible, heat resistant, and chemically inert ·
Flame atomic absorption spectroscopy
· This analytical technique is considered as "wet" analytical procedure ·
Free working distance
· This can be changed by moving the stage up or down using knurled focusing knobs on the microscope arm ·
Volatile
· This component serves as cataclysts in driving retrograde metamorphic reactions ·
Tetragonal
· This crystal system has a single 4-axis of rotation or rotoinversion that coincides with the c crystals axis ·
Radium
· This element (daughter isotope of uranium) is chemically similar to calcium, it is readily absorbed into bones causing cancer. ·
Mottled extinction
· This is a special type of extinction exhibited by micas such as biotite and muscovite and also carbonates such as calcite and dolomite ·
Uranium
· This metal is the primary fuel for nuclear reactors and is a major energy source. ·
Barite
· This mineral is combined with water to produce drilling mud ·
Mercury
· This mineral is liquid at temperatures above -39oC
Lead
· This mineral is used as sweetener for wine (which caused the fall of the roman empire lmao) ·
Zeolite
· This mineral's name is from the literal translation of "boiling rock" - because when you heat this rock water gets trapped inside it
Metamorphism
· This process changes the size and shape of already formed mineral grains and remove defects from the crystal structure. ·
Dysprosium
· This rare earth metal Is used as a permanent magnet ·
Olistolith
· This term refers to the "blocks" that forms part of a sedimentary deposit. It is generally made up of a chaotic mass of heterogenous materials together with mud, formed from ancient submarine gravitational sliding or slumping. ·
Cyprus
· This type of VMS deposit is basalt dominated, has minor amounts of Au and Ag. Also associated with ophiolites ·
Besshi
· This type of VMS deposit is notable for its enriched Cu and Co with minor concentrations of Zinc ·
Eogenetic cement
· This type of cement is formed at the sediment-water and sediment-air interfaces. It is essentially syn-sedimentary. ·
Sapropelic coal
· This type of coal is commonly formed from the deposit or accumulation of aquatic algae at the bottom of lakes. ·
Algoma-type deposit
· This type of deposit contain iron ore concentrations that occur in metasedimentary deposits, most of which are Archean of age. Commonly mined in Algoma region in Canada and in south Africa. Contains hematite and magnetite interbedded with volcanic rocks, greywackes, turbidites, and pelagic seds. ·
SEDEX (sedimentary exhalative)
· This type of deposit is similar to Algoma type in that if Algoma is enriched in iron, this is enriched in lead-zinc-iron ·
Cinder cone
· This type of volcano is relatively small with steep slopes (30-40) and is made up of pyroclastic material ·
Amphibole
· Tiger's eye is a/an: ·
Monoclinic
· Titanite, staurolite, realgar, talc, chalcocite all crystallize at what system? ·
True
· True or false: Celestite, halite, anyhydrite, and aragonite are associated with sulfur.
True
· True or false: Gold occurs in pegmatites.
True
· True or false: bauxite deposits can contain gold ·
True
· True or false: grains showing parallel extinction don't give a centered interference figure but a can be measured parallel to c ·
True
· True or false: its more expensive to extract Cu in silicate bearing minerals than in sulphides
Hexagonal & tetragonal
· Two crystal systems that are uniaxial ·
Isostructure
· Two or more minerals whose atoms are arranged in same type of crystal structure ·
Diadochic
· Two ore more elements, such as Mg2+ and Fe2+, that can occupy the same structural site in a crystal structure ·
Coaxial strain
· Type of strain which infers that no rotation of the incremental strain axes occurred from an initial to fi nal strain state.
negative
· Uniaxial crystals are deemed _____ if the E-ray has the greater velocity than O-ray
Positive
· Uniaxial crystals are deemed _____ if the O-ray has the greater velocity than E-ray ·
Tenebrescence
· Unique optical property on certain minerals where they change color upon exposure to sunlight and ultraviolet light
Argon
· Used in incandescent and fluorescent bulbs as a protective layer around the filament to keep oxygen from corroding it ·
Ash
· Volcanic material usually consists of glass with minor to no mineral fragments. ·
EMPA (electron microprobe analysis)
· What analytical technique is similar to XRF except instead of an X-ray tube as a source of energy, this one uses finely focused beams of electrons ·
XRF (x-ray flouresence analysis)
· What analytical technique is used when the sample is crushed finely and compressed into a pellet or disc with an admixture of a binder and then irradiated with high intensity X-ray. (clue: beer's law) ·
C axis
· What axis is the optic axis? ·
Red
· What color has the longest wavelength at 0.7 micrometer?
Placer
· What does not belong? Magnesium is mined in: greenstone belts, ophiolites, hydrothermal, seawater, evaporated brine basins, placer
500-550 deg C
· What is temperature at the eutectic point of aluminum silicate diagram (sillimanite-kyanite-andalusite)? ·
Mica plate
· What is the "quarter wave plate" (accessory plate) ·
Scadmium
· What is the alloyed material with aluminium in baseball bats? ·
CaF2
· What is the chemical formula of fluorite? ·
Boron
· What is the chromophore in blue diamond? ·
Manganese
· What is the chromophore in morganite? ·
56,124
· What is the cleavage angle of hornblende?
Cubic cleavage
· What is the cleavage of pyrite? ·
Granodiorite
· What is the coarse-grained equivalent of dacite? ·
Ultrabasic
· What is the generalized rock description for an igneous rock with less than 45 percent silica?
0-0.5
· What is the ragne of poisson's ratio of earth materials?
Oblate spheroid
· What is the shape of the indicatrix if the crystal is negative (E-ray greater then O-ray) ·
Prolate spheroid
· What is the shape of the indicatrix if the crystal is positive (O-ray greater then E-ray) ·
Brown
· What is the streak of chromite? ·
Lead gray
· What is the streak of galena? ·
Light metals
· What order does titanium belong to: PGE or light metals ·
Law of inclusion
· What principle is applied if you see an enclave in rocks? ·
Meigen test
· What staining technique is used for identifying aragonite and calcite ·
Cataclasis
· What tends likely to occur on a meteorite impact: cataclasis or mylonitization?
placer
· What type of deposit is dominant in the Athabasca basin?
Sanidinite facies
· What type of hfls facies develops where the country rock is in contact with the intrusion or in country rock inclusion within the intrusion?
2003
· What year did it occur when the PH registered an all time high in Au production with 37,840kg of Au produced
SIMS (secondary ion mass spectrometry)
· What's the best analytical method to determine elements H to U in ppm or in ppb and determine the isotopic composition of a sample ·
Quartz wedge
· What's the most effective accessory plate to use to determine optic sign of high-order intereference ·
ZPGAGBE
· What's the order of the metamorphic facies by eskola in order of increasing temperature?
Boudins
· When layers of competent and incompetent rocks rupture, the competent ones break while the incompetent ones flow. Structures that contain both are called:
Eclogite facies
· Where does ultra-high pressure (UHP) minerals occur?
Formation of clay
· Which of the ff factors does not control the formation of conglomerate? [a. lithology b. mineralogy c. resistance to weathering d. formation of clay] ·
Malachite weathered from azurite
· Which of the ff is a mineral? a. microcrystalline quartz on a rock sample b. sugar crystal that form naturally c. malachite weathered from azurite d. opal gemstones ·
exsolution present in plagioclase
· Which of the ff is not an evidence of magma mixing or mingling? a. Na to Ca Plagioclase zoning b. having enclaves c. having forsterite in andesite d. exsolution present in plagioclase ·
Laumontite
· Which of the ff minerals is not an indicator of high pressure and low temp condition? ·
Ferrosilite
· Which of the following does not belong to the group? [a. spodumene b. esseneite c. ferrosilite d. augite] ·
Carat
· Which of the following is not a criterion for gemstones? a. fashionability b. beauty c. carat d. portability
Garnierite
· Which of the following is not an ore of lead? a. galena b. cerussite c. anglesite d. garnierite ·
Omphacite
· Which of the following is not index mineral of greenschist facies? [a. actinolite b. omphacite c. biotite d. muscovite] ·
Stishovite
· Which of the following known polymorphs of silica exhibits the highest-pressure regime? [a. cristobalite b. coesite c. stishovite d. tridymite] ·
Chrysolite
· Which of the following minerals crystallizes first during fractional crystallization? ·
Andradite
· Which of the following minerals does not form in seawater? ·
Pentlandite
· Which of the following minerals does not have Cu? [a. malachite b. azurite c. pentlandite d. cuprite] ·
Calaverite
· Which of the following minerals is an ore or Au? [a. ataxite b. rhodonite c. calaverite d. lavulite] ·
Biotite
· Which of the following minerals represents the highest temperature of formation? a. calcite b. quartz c. biotite d. adularia ·
Spheroidal weathering
· Which of the following processes is not considered as physical weathering? [a. wetting and drying b. freezing and thawing c. spheroidal weathering d. root wedging] ·
Slate-phyllite-schist-gneiss
· Which of the following shows prograde metamorphism? a. slate-schist-phyllite-gneiss b. phyllite-slate-schist-gneiss c. gneiss-schist-phyllite-slate d. slate-phyllite-schist-gneiss ·
Blue giants
· Which of the following stars is the hottest? a. red giants b. white dwarf c. blue giants d. yellow stars
Decrease in MgO and CaO with increasing SiO2 is due to late fractionation of ol, px, hbl
· Which of the following statements is not true? a. High NiO indicates mantle origin and low NiO indicates residue b. High Cr# number indicates that the magma undergone series of magmatic differentiation c. Ol-Plag-CPX-OPX crystallization trend shows or indicates MOR origin d. Decrease in MgO and CaO with increasing SiO2 is due to late fractionation of ol, px, hbl ·
Reaction rim
· Which of the following textures indicates melting of crystals or post-magmatic reaction? a. reaction rim b. ophitic texture c. intergranular texture d. intersertal texture
Sieve texture
· Which of the following textures indicating mixing process a. pilotaxitic texture b. ophitic texture c. sieve texture d. normal zoning ·
Magma mixing
· Which processes likely caused the presence of Na-plagioclase, pyroxene, amphibole in a mafic rock? a. partial melting b. contamination c. magma mixing d. exsolution ·
Kyanite
· While the other two Al2SiO5 variety crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, what is the polymorph that crystallizes in the triclinic system? ·
Jenny Anne Barreto
· Who was the NZ-based Filipino geophysicist that reported the discovery of the Apolaki caldera in 2019?
materials containing low abundances of elements for which absorption and fluorescence effects are reasonably well understood
· X-ray fluorescence is limited to the analysis of the following except: A. materials that can be prepared in powder form and effectively homogenized B. relatively large samples, typically > 1g C. materials for which compositionally similar, well-characterized standards are available D. materials containing low abundances of elements for which absorption and fluorescence effects are reasonably well understood ·
no
· You found a rock that contains Ce as REE. The sample weigh 700g and you took 40% for your geochemical analysis. After several reaction, you found out that it yields 78% oxygen gas when reacted with sodium bicarbonate. In the first reading 23% of Ce is incorporated to your rock sample. With 0.78M HCl, you generate a formula to create 65% of salt out of your sample and extracted it leaving 500mL of solution with 56% Ce. Now, is the REE compatible to sample? a. yes b. No c. It depends d. Can't say]
Granite
· Young's modulus is denoted by the value of E (where E=stress/strain) meaning its resistance to elastic distortion. Which has a higher value of E, granite or shale?
Willemite
· Zn occurs primarily in the sulfi de mineral sphalerite, and to a lesser degree in the zinc silicate mineral ___________
Portland cement
· ___________ is made by heating limestone and clay in a kiln to produce clinker. Clinker is then ground to a powder and mixed with gypsum ·
Mylonitization
· a ductile grain reduction process that produces oriented grains of smaller diameter. Deformation occurs via a combination of grain fracturing, plastic bending and internal deformation of grains and rotation, which produce visible foliations in response to non - uniform stress.
Bulk modulus (incompressibility)
· a measure of the resistance to a change in shape.
Monzogranite
· a phaneritic rock that consists of 25% quartz, 37% plag, and 38% alkali felds. ·
radiosonde
· an instrument package that is attached to a balloon and transmits data by radio as it ascends through the atmosphere
Impactites
· are high strain rate cataclastic rocks created by the tremendous short - term stresses associated with extraterrestrial rock bodies impacting Earth
Porphyroblasts
· are large grains that have experienced neocrystallization and growth in response to favorable temperature and pressure conditions during metamorphism
porphyroclasts
· are large relict grains from the protolith that have experienced deformation but have retained their original composition
Pseudotachylites
· are partially melted rocks that form by quenching under high strain rates in shear zone fractures
parasitic
· are small folds occurring in the limbs and hinges of larger scale folds
Granulite facies
· at what metamorphic facies do migmatites and charnockites occur?
300 deg C
· at what temp does phyllite change into schist?
Photochroism
· colors change under different lighting conditions; for example, alexandrite appears green in natural light (sunlight) but turns ruby red in artifi cial (incandescent) light. ·
Hornfels
· is a general term for fine-grained, contact metamorphic rock rich in silicate minerals
Order
· it is the term used to describe interference color ·
Spilitization
· occurs as a result of the exchange of sodium from seawater for calcium in plagioclase, which converts the plagioclase into albite.
Aphelion
· on July 4, Earth is about 152 million kilometers (94.5 million miles) from the Sun, farther away than at any other time—a position called
Coal
· out of all the fossil fuels, what is the most detrimental to the environment?
Diopter adjustment ring
· part of the petrographic microscope that is used for focusing eyepiece ·
Neocrystallization
· refers to the nucleation and growth of new minerals as pre - existing minerals become unstable due to temperature/ pressure changes
Hydrostatic stress
· refers to the uniform compressive force directed radially inward by the surrounding mass of water
Cu (7.5%-10%)
· sterling silver is just Ag alloyed with ·
6.5°C per kilometer
· temperatures drop an average of _________ in the troposphere.
Primary productivity
· the amount of carbon fixed by organisms through the synthesis of organic matter using energy derived from solar radiation (photosynthesis) or chemical reactions (chemosynthesis)
Parallel
· the best strategy for exiting a rip current is to swim ________ to the shore for a few tens of meters.
Acute bisetrix
· the optic angle is always acute, and when it is bisected by Z, the z is called ·
tropic of cancer
· vertical rays of the Sun strike 23½° north latitude (23½° north of the equator), a latitude known as the
Violet
· what color has the shortest wavelength at 0.4 micrometer?
Sillimanite zone
· what zone is the highest temperature zone defined by barrow and tilley?
Wehrlite
· which of the ff rocks is the most SiO2 undersaturated? a. troctolite b. wehrlite c. plag-bearing pyroxenite d. norite ·
quartz-rich granitoids
· which of the ff rocks is the most acidic? a. rhyolite b. dacite c. quartz-rich granitoids d. quartz alkali feldspar trachyte ·
albitic
·Hydrothermal alteration with high temp alteration resulting in Na-enrichment producing albite & paragonite
Unconformity-bounded units
—bodies of rock bounded above and below by significant discontinuities in the stratigraphic succession
Member
—named lithologic subdivision of a formation
Formation
—primary unit of lithostratigraphy
Flow
—smallest distinctive layer in a volcanic sequence
Group
—two or more formation
Magnetostratigraphic polarity units
—units based on changes in the orientation of the remanent magnetization of the rock bodies.
Biostratigraphic units
—units based on the fossil content of the rock bodies.
Lithostratigraphic units
—units based on the lithologic properties of the rock bodies.
chronostratigraphic units
—units based on the time of formation of the rock bodies
magma generation (is controlled mainly by plate tectonic processes. magma is generated in 6 principal settings)
• Mid-ocean ridges (oceanic divergent plate boundaries) • Continental rifts (incipient continental plate boundaries) • Island arcs (intra-oceanic subduction zones) • Continental arcs (ocean-continent subduction zones) • Back-arc basins (divergence behind the leading edge of the overriding plate at subduction zones) • Hotspots (rising plumes that can penetrate either oceanic or continental lithospheric plates)
melting (igneous)
•The high T range of metamorphism transitions into:
diagenesis
•The low T range of metamorphism transitions into:
facies series (miyasharo)
"any large-scale traverse up grade through a metamorphic terrane should follow one of several possible metamorphic field gradients, and, if extensive enough, cross through a sequence of facies"
Chalcophile
("copper-loving") elements form an intermediate sulfide phase.
Siderophile
("iron-loving") elements form a dense metallic phase.
Lithophile
("stone-loving") elements form a light silicate phase.
olivine
((Fe,Mg)2SiO4
orthopyroxene
((Fe,Mg)SiO3)
Oxidation
(add oxygen to form other minerals
Hydration
(add water to form other minerals)
Hydrolysis
(dissolve some minerals to form others
Sanidinite facies
(facies) not evident in basic rocks
informal
(formal/Informal) stratigraphic terminology uses unit-terms as ordinary nouns in a descriptive sense, not as a part of a specific scheme of stratigraphic classification. The use of informal terms in published documents is strongly discouraged.
Geochronologic units
, by contrast, are divisions of time distinguished on the basis of the rock record as expressed by chronostratigraphic units
BURIAL METAMORPHISM
- A form of regional scale metamorphism that takes place at low temperatures in the absence of appreciable deformation
Compositional terms
- Acidic > 66 wt. % SiO2 - Intermediate 52-66 wt. % SiO2 - Basic 45-52% wt. % SiO2 - Ultrabasic < 45 wt. % SiO2
grain size of phaneritic rocks
- Fine grained < 1 mm diameter (< sugar granules) - - Medium grained 1-5 mm diameter (sugar to pea sized) - Coarse grained 5-50 mm diameter - Very coarse grained > 50 mm diameter (the lower size limit is not really well defined)
7 most common elements that comprise 97% of the Earth's mass
- O 50.7% - Mg 15.3% - Fe 15.2% - Si 14.4% - S 3.0% - Al 1.4% - Ca 1.0%
Chlorite
- Sheet silicate mineral - Abundant in sed rocks - May occur as detrital flakes, usually derived from low-grade metamorphic rocks, as an alteration product, especially of volcanic rock fragments Or as an authigenic mineral filling porespaces
Staurolite
- a characteristic mineral of lower amphibolite facies pelites and commonly grows from the breakdown of chloritoid, a greenschist facies mineral, by reaction with quartz
Curie Point
- a critical cooling temperature of minerals (iron-rich significantly) where they become magnetized in alignment with Earth's magnetic field
Self-exciting dynamo
- a mechanism by which a celestial body such as Earth or a star generates a magnetic field. it describes the process through which a rotating, convecting, and electrically conducting fluid can maintain a magnetic field over astronomical time scales
Shot point
- a point source where explosive were used to generate seismic waves
Mylonite
- a rock in which the matrix has undergone extensive syntectonic recrystallization to a finer grain size, leaving large grains remaining as porphyroblasts
Oceanic crust
- about 10km thick and has an essentially basaltic composition. - the oldest of this kind is in the southwest pacific.
Continental crust
- about 30-45kms this is more heterogenous, including all sorts of sedimentary, igneous and met. rocks. - covers about 40% of the earth's surface.
Thermal Remanent Magnetism
- after cooling, after having consistent polarity, these magnetic properties are retained properties for a geologically long periods of time
Detrital Remanent Magnetism
- also termed as depositional remanent magnetism; the alignment of small magnetic mineral grains mechanically with Earth's magnetic field during deposition
Robert Mallet
- an English seismologist, was the first scientist to measure the velocity of seismic waves in subsurface materials.
Armoured relics
- inclusions totally enclosed within porphyroblasts
Mass Spectrometer
- is the instrument that measures the number of atoms of the parent radioactive material and inert daughter product
Seismology
- is the study of earthquakes and the structure of Earth on the basis of characteristics of seismic waves
Seafloor metamorphism
- most widespread occurrence of hydrothermal metamorphism taking place at active spreading centres
Normal-Polarity Magnetization
- north-seeking magnetization of rocks point toward Earth's present magnetic northpole
porosity
- percent of the volume of material that is pore spaces
Protomylonite
- porphyroblasts still predominate
Iron
- principal minerals include: goethite, siderite, limonite, magnetite, hematite
permeability
- the ability of a material to transmit a fluid
North-seeking magnetization
- the direction of magnetization of a rock
Seismic (elastic) waves
- the natural or artificial propagation of these waves are involved in the use of seismic methods for obtaining information about subsurface rocks and structures
Syntectonic recrystallization
- the process whereby new grains progressively grow become strained and are replaced
Isochronous units
- the reference rock bodies for geologic time units, surfaces which every point has the same age
Angle of repose
- the steepest angle at which the debris remains stable
Paleomagnetism
- the study of remanent magnetism in rocks of various ages to determine the intensity and direction of Earth's magnetic field in the geologic pas
Seismic Stratigraphy
- the study of seismic data for the purpose of extracting stratigraphic information
Normal Polarity
- when the Earth's magnetic field has the present orientation
Feldspar
. Alumino-silicate minerals or either Potassium, sodium and calcium well formed monoclinic or triclinic crystals with good cleavage. It has a hardness of 6 to 6.5 sp. gr. of 2.5 to 2.7. a. Micas b. Oviline c. Feldspar d. Pyroxenes
Disconformity
. An unconformity in which the bedding planes above and below the stratigraphic break are essentially parallel.
Angular Unconformity
. An unconformity in which the bedding planes above and below the unconformity are at an angle to each other
X-RAY FLUORESCENCE (XRF) SPECTROMETRY
. Instrument used for routine, relatively non-destructive chemical analyses of rocks, minerals, sediments and fluids. It works on wavelength-dispersive spectroscopic principles that are similar to an electron microprobe.
granitoids
. It refers to a spectrum of coarse-grained felsic rocks, from tonalite to syenite.
play of colors
. When on turning the mineral, several spectral colors are seen in succession. A. play of colors B. play of crystals C. play of light D. brilliant
SYSTEM
.It is a region or space in the universe in which one thermodynamic processes take place
feldspars
1) Most abundant minerals in Earth's crust 2) Found in all igneous rocks, most metamorphic rocks, and in sedimentary rocks and sediments (everywhere) 3) X-ray and optical techniques are especially useful for determining composition of variety of feldspar 4) Usually used industrially for aggregates, glassmaking, ceramics, and filler in paints, plastics, rubber
Why is uraninite an important mineral?
1) Principal ore for uranium Primary mineral used to produce nuclear fuel; main source for nuclear fuel; natural analogue for UO2 in spent nuclear fuel 2) Contains rare earth elements (e.g. technetium) 3) Structurally identical to main kind of nuclear fuel 4) Only corrodes in highly oxidized aqueous conditions 5) U 4+ not soluble; U 6+ is very soluble
Phyllosilicates Types
1) Serpentine group 2) clay mineral group 3) Mica group 4) Chlorite group
XRD Parts/Process
1) X-ray which reflects from surface of substance has traveled less distance than an X-ray which reflects from plane of atoms 2) Penetrating X-ray travels down to internal layer, reflects, and travels back same distance before being back at surface 3) Distance traveled depends on separation of layers and angle at which X-ray entered material 4) n is an integer when reflected waves from different layers are in phase with each other
limestone, chert, banded iron formation
3 biochemical precipitites
presence of elevated T and P & metamorphic fluids
3 things needed in metamorphism.
Point group
32 possible combinations of the non-translational symmetry elements such that they all pass through a point and are compatible with the 14 Bravais lattices
Tetragonal minimum symmetry
4
Hematite, ilmenite, rutile, cassiterite
6 oxygens (anions) surround the Fe in hematite (Fe2O3), Ilmenite (FeTiO3), and rutile (TiO2) --> all in octahedral coordination about the metal cations; ilmenite minerals are isostructural with corundum (Al2O3); Cassiterite --> part of rutile group, so octahedral coordination for this as well
Idioblast
: a euhedral porphyroblast
Augen
: a porphyroclastthat contains a strain shadows producing an elliptical "eye"shape
Hypidioblastic
: a rock texture composed of a mix of anhedral and subhedral porphyroblasts
Preferred crystallographic orientation
: alignment of crystallographic axes
Gneissosity
: alternating bands of light and dark minerals in high-grade metamorphic rocks
Xenoblast
: an anhedral porphyroblast
Hornfelsic
: fine-grained rock resulting from contact metamorphism
Quartzite
: granoblastic recrystallized sandstone or chert
Serpentinite
: metamorphism of peridotite produces a massive granoblastic rock containing serpentine group minerals
Slaty Cleavage
: preferred alignment of microscopic mica producing a rock cleavage
Cataclastic
: rocks produced by the grinding action of moving fault blocks (Gouge, Breccia)
Pseudotachylite
: shocked fault zone rock produced by very intense seismic events
Pyroclastic rocks percentage of fragments
> 64 mm diameter - Bombs (if molten during fragmentation— thus typically rounded/blobby, flattened, or stretched) - Blocks (if not molten during fragmentation—thus typically angular or broken) 2-64 mm Lapilli < 2 mm Ash
chronozone
A ________ is a formal chronostratigraphic unit of unspecified rank, not part of the hierarchy of conventional chronostratigraphic units. It is the body of rocks formed anywhere during the time span of some designated stratigraphic unit or geologic feature. The corresponding geochronologic unit is the chron
system
A ________ is a unit of major rank in the conventional chronostratigraphic hierarchy, above a series and below an erathem. The geochronologic equivalent of a system is a period
substage
A ______is a subdivision of a stage whose equivalent geochronologic term is subage. Adjacent stages may be grouped into a superstage. Names of substages and superstages follow the same rules as those of stages.
twin
A _____is an intergrowth of two or more orientations of the same mineral with some special crystallographic relationship between them
Stratigraphic Unit
A body of rock established as a distinct entity in the classification of the Earth's rocks, based on any of the properties or attributes or combinations thereof that rocks possess. Stratigraphic units based on one property will not necessarily coincide with those based on another.
Magnetostratigraphic Unit (Magnetozone)
A body of rocks unified by similar magnetic characteristics which allow it to be differentiated from adjacent rock bodies
Geochronometry
A branch of geochronology that deals with the quantitative (numerical) measurement of geologic time. The abbreviations ka for thousand (103), Ma for million (106), and Ga for billion (milliard or thousand million, 109) years are used.
Felsic Mineral
A calcic plagioclase, associated with high temperature mafic minerals
Granodiorite
A coarse-grained acid rock consisting of quartz (20-40%), alkali feldspar and various Ferromagnesian minerals, dominantly hornblende and biotite: apatite, magnetite, are the most common accessory minerals. a. Diorite b. Andesite c. Granodiorite d. Dacite
graphic
A coarser variation of granophyric texture is called _______, where the cuneiform nature of the quartz rods in the feldspar host is readily seen in hand specimen
MASH
A combined process of crustal assimilation and melting, plus storage and homonization.
Oxide
A compound of oxygen and another group or another element Chemical compound that contains at least one oxygen atom and one other element; have high symmetry from packing of oxygen anions
destructive boundary
A continental arc boundary where the subducting plate scrapes away leading continental edge.
active continental margin
A continental type margin that has a trench and no continental rise.
passive continental margin
A continental type margin that occurs prior to subduction zone.
Anorthite
A course grained plutonic rock consisting of more than 90% plagioclase feldspar, remainder made up of gabbroic mineral. a. Diorite b. Gabbro c. Basalt d. Anorthite
Correlation
A demonstration of correspondence in character and/or stratigraphic position
differential stress causes minerals to align parallel to each other
A foliation develops in a metamorphic rock because: platy minerals always align with each other during any type of metamorphism high temperatures during metamorphism always cause minerals to recrystallize with a foliation the original rock that got metamorphosed must have had a foliation in it differential stress causes minerals to align parallel to each other
Peridotite
A generic name for rocks consisting of olivine with or without other ferromagnesians: a) Dunite b) Serpentinite c) Peridotite d) Harzburgite
Eclogite
A green and red metamorphic rock that contains clinopyroxene and garnet (omphacite + pyrope). The protolith is typically basaltic.
Superbiozone (Superzone)
A grouping of two or more biozones with related biostratigraphic attributes
bauxite
A laterite of Al a.bauxite b.saproite c.limonite d.albite
Stratum (plural=strata)
A layer of rock characterized by particular lithologic properties and attributes that distinguishes it from adjacent layers.
cement rock
A low-magnesium limestone containing clay. a. Lime b. Portland cement c. cement rock d. Phosphate rock
fertile mantle
A mantle is called a _____ if its composition is still close to that of the original magma.
Stockwork
A mass of rock irregularly fractured along which mineralization has spread: a) Lode b) Vein c) Stockwork d) Dike
phase
A mechanically separable part of the system; may be a liquid, gas or solid with a discrete set of mechanical properties and composition
Patent Metasomatism
A melt or fluid processes secondary replacement or veining.
Zone
A minor body of rock in many different categories of stratigraphic classification. The type of zone indicated is made clear by a prefix, e.g., lithozone, biozone, chronozone.
Pt
A most malleable, corrosion resistant and one of the heaviest metal is ' a. Pt c. Cr b. Fe d. Au
Triple junction
A point where the boundaries of three tectonic plates meet.
Metasomatism
A process of alteration of rocks by which their chemical composition is modified, new substances being introduced while those originally present are partly or wholly removed in solution.
diaphaniety
A property described as the amount of light transmitted or absorbed by a solid. It is used strictly for hand specimens because most minerals that are opaque as hand specimen becomes transparent when very thin.
pyrolite
A pyroxene-olivine mineral which is the best known example of a synthetic mantle analog.
ternary peritectic system
A reaction where a solid phase and liquid phase will together form a new solid phase at particular temperature and composition.
Neovolcanic Zone
A region along the plate boundary within which volcanism is concentrated?
Symplectite
A replacement texture in which a mineral is replaced by an intergrowth of one or more minerals
Pseudomorph
A replacement texture in which one or more minerals replace another retaining the form of the original mineral
Metacryst
A replacement texture wherein isolated grains of guest mineral are common: a) Sea-and-Island texture b) Intergrain replacement c) Metacryst d) Replacement breccia
fossilized rock
A rock that forms from fossilized remains of plants and animals. a. Petrified wood b. fossilized rock c. Chemical sedimentary rock d. metamorphic rock
ultrabasic
A rock with 44% silica is considered as what type of rock? *
Conrad discontinuity
A seismic discontinuity in the lower continental crust and marks the transition between upper and lower crust.
biohorizon
A stratigraphic boundary, surface, or interface across which there is a significant change in biostratigraphic character
Chronohorizon (Chronostratigraphic Horizon)
A stratigraphic surface or interface that is synchronous, everywhere of the same age.
Subbiozone (Subzone)
A subdivision of a biozone
Geochronologic Unit
A subdivision of geologic time.
Colloid
A substance in which one substance of insoluble particles that stay suspended throughout another substance Impacts mobility of radionuclides bc radionuclides are bigger than atoms but too small to settle out of solutions so through colloids --> different elements are able to travel long distances underground Valuable for transport of insoluble materials (plutonium) Intrinsic and mineral
topography analogy
A suitable way for studying ternary systems and can help simplify our perception of the system.
Unconformity
A surface of erosion between rock bodies that represents a significant hiatus or gap in the stratigraphic succession. Some kinds of unconformities are:
Lithohorizon
A surface of lithostratigraphic change, commonly the boundary of a lithostratigraphic unit, or a lithologically distinctive very thin marker bed within a lithostratigraphic unit
BIVARIATE DIAGRAM
A type of Diagram where two parameters are plotted, one vertically and one horizontally
Peritictic Texture
A type of texture that develops by hydration of obsidian on fracture surfaces that are exposed to moisture in the atmosphere or to meteoric water. As the outer rind hydrates, it expands and separates along a crack from the non-hydrated substrate. The inward repetition of this process creates a sequence of concentric cracks that reflect light, creating the characteristics pearl gray color under a microscope, this is called
A-Type Granitoids
A type that is implaced in either within the plate anorgenic settings or in type final stages of an orogenic event.
Composite-stratotype
A unit-stratotype formed by the combination of several specified intervals of strata combined to make a composite standard of reference.
andesite
A volcanic rock composed essentially of plagioclase with pyroxene, hornblende and biotite, in varying proportions as the mafic constituents may contain minor amounts of quartz a.norite b.nepheline syenite c.andesite d.basalt
slope failure
Addition of water through irrigation, septic systems, artificial ponds or leaky in-ground pools, etc., loosens up slope material and adds weight, promoting what??
Goldschmidt
Advanced some simple rules for the qualitative prediction of trace element affinities, based solely on the ionic radius and valence
Isometric
All crystals are anisotropic except those crystallizing in the _____ system
grain-flattening fabric
All minerals are elongated and define a diagonal tectonic fabric which is a form of schistosity known as a ________
Arsenic
All of these metals are by- products of treating zinc ore except: a) Germanium b) Arsenic c) Cadmium d) Gallium
montmorillonite
Also known as expendable clay a.illite b.montmorillonite c.kaolinite d.smectite
contact metamorphism
Also known as thermal metamorphism Result of heating of the country rocks in the immediate vicinityof igneousintrusionsorbeneath thickflows.
marginal flank eruptions
Although many flows in shield volcanoes come from the central vent, there may also be ____________.
hexagonal system
Among the primary crystal systems, What crystal system has the fewest substances assigned to it? clue: it includes: arsenic, calcite, dolomite, quartz, apatite, tourmaline, emerald, ruby, cinnabar, and graphite.
Inosilicates - double chain
Amphiboles Decreased thermal stability compared to pyroxenes W0-1X2Y5Z8O22 (OH,F)2 Important minerals in blueschist metamorphic facies --> low temperature high pressure metamorphism along ancient subduction zones
erathem
An _____ consists of a group of systems. The geochronologic equivalent of an erathem is an era
AMCG (Anorthosite Mangerite-Charnockite Granite) Complexes
An association of plutons that scatter about the anorthosite ages
eon
An eonothem is a chronostratigraphic unit greater than an erathem. The geochronologic equivalent is an ___
nepheline syenite
An igneous rock containing virtually no quartz nor feldspar composed essentially of ferromagnesian silicates a.ultramafic rocks b.anorthosite c.nepheline syenite d.basic rocks
Obsidian
An igneous rock with a glassy texture and conchoidal fracture: a) Quartz b) Obsidian c) Ignimbrite d) Dunite
Xenolith
An inclusion of country rock
xenolith
An inclusion of pre-existing rock in an igneous rock. a. inclusion b. mineral grain c. xenolith d. pluton e. sill
Horizon
An interface indicative of a particular position in a stratigraphic sequence
International Union of Geological Sciences(IUGS)
An international non-governmental organization devoted to international cooperation in the field of Geology. It also recommends the usage of correct terms applied to naming rocks.
radioactive
An isotope of an element that has an unstable nucleus that can undergo a nuclear reaction
Dunite
An ultra-basic mono-mineral rock consisting of more or less pure olivine. a. Perodotite b. Dunite c. Monzonite d. Andesite
aa or block lavas
Andesite flows are more viscous than basalts, and, although they may occur as flows, they more typically form either as ______ or ______ ________
granitoid rocks
Anorthosites have highly felsic nature and their location in continental areas are shared with ______
labradorite type
Anorthosites with their highly calcic plagioclases are called _______
composite volcano/stratovolcano
Another common volcanic landform is the ___________ . These steep-sided cones are usually slightly concave upward and have slopes up to 36°
MAGMA SERIES
Are groups of rocks that shows a consistent pattern on a Variation Diagram suggesting a genetic relationship
kimberlites
Are igneous rocks that sometimes contain diamond.
OPHIOLITES
Are large sheet-like mafic to ultramafic masses, presumed to be of ancient oceanic crust and upper mantle thrust onto the edge of continents and/or incorporated into the mountain belts.
restites
Are olivine-rich refractory residuum left behind by partial melts.
TRACE ELEMENTS
Are too dilute to form a separate phase, so they act strictly as substitutes for minor or major elements
Describe the coordination environments about U and O in uraninite
Around uranium = cubic Around oxygen = tetrahedral Tetrahedral about O2-; cubic about U4+ Has fluorite; cubic structure
anorthite, labradorite,andesine, oligoclase
Arrange the plagioclase by decreasing order of Ca content. - andesine, labradorite, anorthite, oligoclase - anorthite, labradorite,andesine, oligoclase - labradorite, anorthite, oligoclase, andesine - anorthite, labradorite, oligoclase, andesine
polymorphs
As you undoubtedly learned in mineralogy, many natural substances have more than one crystal structure. Alternative structural forms of the same chemical substances are called ________. examples are graphite-diamond, calcite-aragonite, kyanite-andalusite-sillimanite, and the several polymorphs of SiO2.
accretionary lapilli
Ash falling through very moist air may accumulate successive layers on a single ash nucleus, forming spheroidal balls called ____________. Consolidated deposits of such lapilli are called pisolitic tuffs.
Archean Anorthosites
Associated with gabbroic intrusions in greenstone belts
Active Rifting
Asthenospheric upwelling forces the lithosphere apart.
magnesiowustite or ferropericlase
At 660 km, the coordination of Si in mantle silicates changes from the familiar IV-fold to VI-fold, and the dominant silicate becomes an (Mg,Fe)SiO3 magnesium silicate with a perovskite-like structure, and the excess Mg and Fe form an (Mg,Fe)O oxide called either __________ or _________. This latter transition, of course, is not a simple a → b phase transformation, but an a →b + c reaction.
volcano complexes
At some localities, the "site" may be somewhat distributed, and volcanism is spread out over a larger area, with sporadic activity lasting thousands to hundreds of thousands of years. Such occurrences are commonly called _________.
what separated japan from mainland asia?
At times, rifting occurs behind a continental arc, and the volcanic portion separates from the continent as a marginal sea forms through back-arc spreading.
600 degrees Celsius to 700 degrees Celsius
At what temperature calcite begins to melt in the presence of a dense H2OCO2 vapor?
95%
Atleast how many percent of the lavas in the Deccan traps are tholeiitic basalts?
Borates
BO3 3- Capable of polymerizing chains, sheets, isolated multiple groups B is tiny, coordinates 3 oxygen in triangular group and one O is shared CAlculate CN from RR, upper stability limit for CN = 3 CN = 4 (tetrahedral coordination)
Diamond (balas, bort, & carbonado are also variations)
Balas is a variation of what mineral?
Metallic bonding
Band theory; sheet of electrons on an atoms surface; sea of electrons
cryptic layering
Based on the systematic Variations in the chemical composition of certain minerals in a layered sequence.
chocolate brown
Baumhaurite, dufrenoysite, sartorite, & rathite has the streak of what color?
Forward method
Beginning with possible mantle samples and melting them to asses the results, it is also the attempt to mimic the original process.
low-velocity layer
Below the _____________ we encounter two more seismic discontinuities within the mantle. The 410-km discontinuity is believed to result from a phase transformation in which olivine changes from the well-known ("α-phase") structure to wadsleyite ("β-phase") and then to ringwoodite("γ-phase") with an isometric spinel-type structure
Ilmenite
Both Fe and Ti remain octahedrally coordinated while O is coordinated by 4 cations (tetrahedral i.e. 2 Fe and 2 Ti)
Fractional crystallization
Can lead to zonation in plagioclase
TRIANGULAR DIAGRAM
Can represent three parameters, one at each corner, but they can show only relative proportions, not absolute quantities, because the three parameters must be normalized so that they sum to 100% in order to plot as a unique point
SCHIST
Characterized by parallel alignment of moderately coarse grains (usually visible with the naked eye) Type of fabric is known as schistosity Deformation is fairly intense and may be developed by other minerals, such as hornblende, as well as by phyllosilicates.
Blueschist & Eclogite facies (facies of high pressure)
Characterized by the development of low molar volume phases and assemblages under conditions of high pressure. (2 facies)
PtAs2
Chemical formula for sperrylite: a) Sb2S3 b) MoS2 c) ZnAl2O4 d) PtAs2
CaMgSi2O6
Chemical formula of Diopside
CaFeSi2O6
Chemical formula of Hedenbergite
CaSiO3
Chemical formula of Wollastonite
Galena
Chief ore of lead. a. Galena b. Stibnite c. Bornite d. Argentite
Clinochlore
Chlorite group with a chemical formula (Fe,Mg)3(Fe3)AlSi3O10(OH)8.
quartz diorite
Coarse-grained igneous rocks consisting essentially of quartz (20-40%), alkali feldspar and very common mica (biotite or muscovite), accessory mineral may be present including apatite zircon and magnesite. a. rhyolite b. gabbro c. quartz diorite d. granite
informal
Code designations of biostratigraphic units should be considered (formal/informal) nomenclature.
Orthorhombic symmetry
Combination of 3m and 2
Potash feldspar
Commercially the most important type of feldspar a.Potash feldspar b.Calcic plagioclase c.Soda plagioclase d.Calcic-alkalic plagioclase
Plagioclase, Olivine and Mg-Cr Spinel
Common MORB phenocrysts are?
quartz, kyanite, amphiboles, zoisite, rutile or minor sulphides
Common accessory minerals eclogite
quartz, kyanite, amphiboles, zoisite, rutile or minor sulphides
Common accessory minerals of eclogite:
Quartz
Common in acid igneous, metamorphic and clastic rocks, veins, and geodes. It has a hardness of 7 width specific gravity of 2.65, commonly colorless or white, vitreous to greasy luster; transparent to opaque and the most common of all minerals. a. Galena b. Feldspar c. Quartz d. Gypsum
lack of asthenosphere
Commonly cited as reason for the diminished of volcanic activity in shallow subduction zone angles.
amorphous
Commonly clay size or colloidal size crystalline texture of sedimentary rocks. a. pisolitic b. oolitic c. amorphous d. none of the above e. rounded
limestone
Commonly used as flux in iron blast furnace a.coke b.charcoal c.lime d.limestone
peritectic
Condition under which a reaction occurs between a pre-existing solid phase and a liquid (melt) to produce a new solid phase
eutectic
Condition under which liquid (melt) is in equilibrium with two different solids
granulite, greenschist, amphibolite facies (facies of medium pressure)
Conform to elevated geotherms typical of most orogenic regions (3 facies)
skeletal
Crystal corners and edges have a larger volume of nearby liquid to tap for components (or to dissipate the heat of crystallization) than do crystal faces. In addition, corners and edges have a higher proportion of unsatisfied bonds. Thus we might expect the corners and edges to grow more rapidly than the faces in such quench situations. When this occurs, the resulting forms are called _________ crystals.
Fractional Crystallization
Crystal does not react with the melt and is not in contact; Ending composition of the crystal is equivalent to the end member ordinarily as in the case with albite and anorthite
Bravais Law
Crystal faces develop along planes defined by the points in the lattice. In other words, all crystal faces must intersect atoms or molecules that make up the points. A face is more commonly developed in a crystal if it intersects a larger number of lattice points. Such statement is stated by what law?
luster
Describes the manner in which light is reflected from the surface of a mineral. A. metallic B. shiny C. luster D. reflection
Liquid evolution curve
Describes the way the liquid composition changes as crystallization proceeds.
Al-Ep Hornfels, Hornblend-hornfels, pyx, sanidine facies (facies of low pressure)
Developed in contact metamorphic terranes, although they can also occur in regional terranes with very high geothermal gradients (4 facies).
Pourbaix Diagram
Diagram describing the stable states of an element as pH and reduction potential vary Shows predominate form of element under given set of environmental conditions Thermodynamically favored species Maps out possible stable phases of aqueous electrochemical system
Discrimination Diagram
Diagrams used to infer the original tectonic/igneous setting of an ancient (meta)volcanics.
Magnetism
Diamagnetic=no attraction to magnetic field Paramagnetic=drawn to a magnetic field if present Ferromagnetic=magnetically attractive
0.5-30 cm
Diameter of megacrysts
Adamantine
Diamond-like luster
chemical fractionation
Effect where all elements distribute themselves unevenly between any two phases at equilibrium
sinkholes
Either gradual or abrupt depression in surface due to dissolved limestone bedrock.
AMPHIBOLITE
Essentially bimineralic dark green rock made up of hornblende and plagioclase.
Ultramylonite
Example of a schist that has undergone extreme plastic deformation Note the later diagonal shears that disrupt the main mylonite fabric. Parental rock was amphibolite facies Moine Schist
Point symmetry
Expresses how motif is repeated about a point in three-dimensional space. Point is center of a crystal or origin of a unit cell
Specific gravity
Expresses ratio of densities of a substance compared with an equal volume of water at 4 degrees C G = ro / ro water
Normalized Multielement Diagrams
Extension of a normalized rare earth elements technique to a broader range of trace element data
1. Ease of mass transfer through the rock matrix to the sites of growth can affect both grain size and the numbers of inclusions contained 2. Mechanisms of addition of atoms to grain surfaces can influence grain shape 3. Tendency to minimize surface area can drive recrystallization to more or less equidimensional grain shapes
Factors that influences grain growth in metamorphic rocks
reworked fossils
Fossils from rocks of one age that have been eroded, transported, and redeposited in sediments of a younger age
introduced or infiltrated fossils
Fossils introduced into older or younger rocks by fluids, through animal burrows or root cavities, or by sedimentary dikes or diapirs. They should be distinguished from indigenous fossils in biostratigraphic zonation
-strata without fossils; -strata containing organisms that lived and were buried in the area (biocoenosis); -strata containing organisms that lived somewhere else and were brought into the area after death (thanatocoenosis); -strata that contain organisms transported alive away from their normal environment.
Four kinds of intervals are found in sedimentary rocks:
pyroclastic
Fragmental rocks are typically the result of a volcanic explosion or collapse and are collectively called _________.
Clasts
Fragments in sedimentary rocks that originally formed part of the parent rocks. a. Detritals b. Clasts c. Fragments d. Inclusion
Zeolites
Framework aluminosilicates Variable hydration --> large void spaces in frameworks --> weakly bond Stable when dehydrated Uniform channels Can absorb gas/vapors Catalytic properties Alteration products of Si-rich tuffs
mesosphere
From a rheological standpoint, the mantle below the asthenosphere is called the ___________.
12 6 C
General notation for the proton and neutron content of nuclides
Phyllosilicates
Generally display flaky or platy habit One prominent cleavage relatively soft, low specific gravity In sheets, 3 or 4 oxygen are shared with neighboring tetrahedra Si:o = 2:5 Many are hydroxyl bearing (OH at center of rings)
regional metamorphism
Gives rise to large tracts of metamorphic rocks characteristic of many mountain belts and ancient shield areas. Typically involves heating, burial to produce elevated pressures controlled by depth, and deformation to produce tectonic fabrics
GREENSCHIST
Green foliated metabasite Usually composed predominantly of chlorite, epidote, and actinolite.
Amazonite
Green microcline is called?
1:4
Grossular is a Ca-Al variety of garnet and has a Si:O ratio of:
comb
Growth of elongated crystals (generally quartz), with c-axes normal to vein walls, results in a structure called ______ structure because the parallel columns resemble the teeth of a comb
HCP (Hexagonal Closest Packing)
HCP is obtained when third layer is placed directly over first layer ; ABAB sequence can be extended and results in crystals or molecules with hexagonal symmetry
Adcumulate
Having cumulate texture in which the early cumulate minerals grow to fill the pore space
Orthocumulate
Having cumulate texture with other minerals occupying the interstitial areas.
Intersertal
Having glass, cryptocrystalline material, or alteration products occupying the spaces between plag laths
Ophitic
Having large pyroxene grains enclosing small, random plag laths.
Interstitial
Having one mineral filling the interstices between earlier crystallized grains
Intergranular
Having small discrete grains of pyx, olivine, etc. Filling the interstices in a random network of larger plag laths
Eskola (1915)
He developed the concept of metamorphic facies
V.M. Goldschmidt
He found relatively simple mineral assemblages of fewer than six major minerals in the inner zones of the aureoles around granitoid intrusives was the first to formally note that the equilibrium mineral assemblage of a metamorphic rock
archean anorthosites
High calcium plagioclase with 80% anorthosite
Tholeiitic basaltic magma
Hotspots near flood basalts produced vast quantities of what kind of magma?
Sonar Seabed Mapping
How did the Mid-Ocean Ridges discover?
Through Divergent Plate Boundaries
How does volcanism occur on Mid-Ocean Ridge?
452
How many volcanoes are there in the Pacific Ring of Fire?
1/3 of the seafloor
How much do Mid-Ocean Ridges covers the seafloor?
Radiation
If a material is sufficiently transparent or translucent, heat can be transferred by ________, this is the movement of particles/waves, such as light or the infrared part of the spectrum, through another medium.
piezoelectric
If an electric charge is developed on the surface of a crystal by exerting pressure on both ends of a crystal axis. A. pyroelectric B. electric current C. piezoelectric D. plugging
quotation marks
If it is desirable to continue the use of a taxonomic term that is no longer valid, the term should be placed in ____________, e.g. "Rotalia" beccari Zone
trachytic
If lath-shaped microlites (typically plagioclase) in a volcanic rock are strongly aligned (commonly flowing around phenocrysts), the texture is called ___________
continental arc
If oceanic crust is subducted beneath a continental edge , a ___________ forms along the "active" continental margin
volcanic island arc
If oceanic crust is subducted beneath oceanic crust, a ____________ forms
glomeroporphyritic
If the clusters are essentially of a single mineral, some petrologists distinguish the texture as __________
adcumulate
If the interstitial liquid can escape and exchange material (via diffusion and/or convection) with the liquid of the main chamber, the early-forming cumulate minerals may continue to grow as rejected components in the interstitial liquid escape. The result is ________ texture
poikilitic
If the later minerals have a slow nucleation rate, they may envelop the cumulus grains, as described in Section 1.4. The result is________ texture, but the host oikocryst may be so large and interstitial in some instances that it may be difficult to recognize it as such in the small area of a thin section.
convection
If the material is more ductile, and can be moved, heat may be transferred much more efficiently by _________. In the broadest sense, this is the movement of material due to density differences caused by thermal or compositional variations
conduction
If the material is opaque and rigid, heat must be transferred through _________. This involves the transfer of kinetic energy (mostly vibrational) from hotter atoms to adjacent cooler ones
adiabatic
If the melt's conductive heat loss to the surrounding is zero.
Only occur in close proximity to pyrite --> you only have Fe2+ YOU WOULD KNOW RAPIDLY FLOWING WATERS ARE NEARBY -see rapidly flowing waters (other secondary minerals (Copiapite etc.) mean that there has been a lot of time for things to just sit
If you found melanterite, rozenite, and szomolnokite in close proximity to pyrite, what information could you gain?
Rapakivi
Igneous rock textures involving albitic plagioclase overgrowths on orthoclase, occur in some granites where the plagioclase preferentially forms on the structurally similar alkali feldspar, rather than nucleating on their own.
Axis rotation
Imaginary line through the center of the crystal about which a specific motif (in point group symmetry a crystal face) is rotated
Rock Fragments
Important contributors to many detrital sediments (in particular met rocks)
Sulfides
Important ore minerals Most are opaque and possess characteristic streaks Nonopaque sulfides have distinctive color General formula: XmZn X = metallic elements Z = nonmetallic elements
Physical weathering
In Antarctica, what is the dominant type of weathering?
wackestone
In Dunham's classification of limestones, a rock with a mud-supported framework and >10% grains is classified as _______.
intrasparite
In Folk's classification of carbonate rocks, intraclasts with interstices largely filled with diagenetic cement is called ___________.
feeder dikes
In contrast to central vent volcanism, fissure eruptions occur as magma erupts to the surface along either a single fracture or a set of fractures. The planar conduits, when exposed by erosion, are filled with solidified magma and are referred to as __________.
Pele's tears
In fluid lavas, such as basalts, bursting bubbles hurl fine spray aloft, and it falls as glassy pellets called "_________"
Increase in pressure
In general, crystals may form from a solution by the following except: Increase in pressure Lowering of the temperature Decrease in pressure Evaporation of the solvent
float/plagioclase
In the Skaergard Intrusion: Olivine: _____ while _______: Sunk
pahoehoe
In the early stages of a basaltic eruption, such as in Hawaii, magma emerges as incandescent lava at about 1200°C. This lava has a very low viscosity and runs down slope in rivers with initial velocities as high as 60 km/hr. This runny lava cools and forms a smooth black surface, which may develop a corrugated, or ropy, appearance. The corrugations are usually less than 2 cm high, with axes perpendicular to, or convex to, the flow direction. Such lavas are called ________
isogyre
In uniaxial conoscopic mineralogy, these are the two arms of the cross where vibration directions are perpendicular. They are also the position of extinction
Amygdaloidal
Infilling of Vesicles is called: a. Veinlet b. Inquartz filling c. Amygdaloidal d. Karts
Granite mylonite
Intense deformation disrupted original K-felds phenocrysts to produce porphyroblasts with patchy extinctionand fracturing. Quartz occurs in recrystallized layers separated by segregation of finebiotiteand muscovite. Presence of plagioclase and muscovite suggests that deformation may have been accompanied by metasomatism with plagioclase breakdown and mica growth.
Sulfur
Intensive oxidation and reduction reactions of pyrite can produce this mineral.
Mesocumulate
Intermediate between ortho- and adcumulate
HYDROTHERMAL METAMORPHISM
Involves chemical reactions brought about by circulating fluids
Halite
Isometric; SG: 2.16; H:2.5; colorless to white; distinguished by taste: a) Goethite b) Ilmenite c) Halite d) Sodalite
Argentite
Isometric; SG: 7.3; H: 2-2.5; blackish lead- gray; metallic; can be cut with a knife like lead: a) Bornite b) Argentite c) Magnetite d) Palladium
Copper
Isometric; SG: 8.9; H: 2.5-3: a) Jamesonite b) Cinnabar c) Copper d) Sphalerite
Lower mantle
Isotope data suggest that OIB magma is likely from?
Radioactive Isotopes
Isotopes that are unstable and undergo a process of radioactive decay to produce another nuclide
Stable Isotopes
Isotopes that remain indefinitely
sovite
It also refers to abundant coarse-grained calcite-carbonatite
skarn
It forms under similar temperature, depth and fluid pH conditions as those of potassic alteration a.phyllic b.potassic c.skarn d.sub-propylitic zone e.primary biotite
continental arcs
It forms when iceanic lithosphere subducts beneath a mature continental lithosphere?
Calcite
It has dogtooth flat hexagonal crystals with excellent cleavage, hardness of 3; sp. gr. 2.72; colorless or white. Impurities show colors of yellow, orange, brown and green, transparent to opaque with vitreous or mill luster and major constituents of limestone and reacts strongly in dilute hydrochloric acid. a. Gypsum b. Calcite c. Mica d. Quartz
Modal Mineralogical Classification
It is a mineralogical classification scheme that observes minerals by percentage composition megascopically and miscroscopically. This classification can also be used in solid-solution minerals like olivine, alkali-feldspar, and plagioclase. *
Boron
It is a stable element and In MORB and OIB it rarely exceeds 2-3 ppm
subduction zones
It is an active earthquake zones and the only sites of deep earthquakes
Limonite
It is an amorphous mineral that occurs in compact, smooth, rounded masses or in soft earthy masses. No cleavage, it has a hardness of 5.5; sp. Gr. 3.5 to 4.0; rusty or blackish color; and earthy luster gives a yellow brown streak. a. Sedirite b. Limonite c. Kaolinite d. Biotite
orogeny
It is an event that leads to a large structural deformation of the Earth's lithosphere due to the interaction between plates.
Fluid pressure
It is commonly used to describe the combined effects of pressure and fluid contents in fluid-bearing systems.
fabric
It is the geometric arrangement of crystals? a.cleavage b.twinning c.fabric d.parting
restites
It is the residual material left at the site of melting during the in place production of granite through intense metamorphism
Trace elements
Its composition can be used to evaluate the source composition, degree of partial melting, and subsequent fractional crystallisation processes of magma.
Major Element composition
Its composition is directly related to the mineralogy of primary magmas, however it may be poor at constraining the ultimate source of initial melting for re-equilibrated magmas.
Electron shells
K, L, M, N, O Describe the different levels of electrons Close electrons --> low energy Far electrons --> high energy
Antartica
Karoo province is found in Africa while Ferrar province is found where?
plutonic belts / batholith belts
Known as the exposed linear chain of plutons.
Ultramafic
Komatiites is an/a: a. ultramafic b. mafic c. intermediate d. felsic
Hyalopilitic
Large amounts of glass with plag occuring only as tiny random microlites
Stokes' Law
Law that helps us calculate the rates of settling of the minerals inside a magma chamber.
phase layering
Layered Interval defines on the basis of appearance or disappearance of particular minerals on the crystallization sequence developed in modal layering.
caverns
Limestone, usually formed just below water table.
Please read
Lithgow-Bertelloni and Richards (1998) estimate that ridge push constitutes only 5 to 10% of the driving force of slab subduction. The predominance of slab pull and the lack of any significant gravity anomaly at mid-ocean ridges suggest that mantle upwelling at divergent plate boundaries, which moves heat upward, is essentially a passive response to plate separation and descent. Upward heat transfer is thus essentially advective in this situation (carried upward in material that is rising for reasons other than thermal expansion). From this brief description, we can conclude that the scale of the plates effectively con trols the scale of mantle convection (i.e., the location of major upwelling and downwelling circulation), and not the reverse.
phosphorites
Living creatures can be involved in the production of sedimentary rocks by two different processes: biochemical and biogenic. Which of the following can form ONLY through a biochemical process? *
blueschist
Low temperature and high pressure metamorphic facies. Occurs only in areas of abnormally low geothermal gradients. P >4 kb and T 200-450 degrees C. Name from the blue mineral glaucophane. a. marble b. blueschist c. greenschist d. red schist e. none of the above
greenschist
Low temperature and pressure facies of regional metamorphism. P 3-8 kb and T 300-500 degrees C. Characterized by the green minerals chlorite, epidote and actinolite. a. marble b. blueschist c. greenschist d. red schist e. none of the above
hydromagmatic/phreatic eruptions
Maars result from the explosive interaction of hot magma with groundwater, which flashes to steam. Such explosions are called ________________
Commingling
Magma mixing can be observed as ______________ of silicic and mafic liquids in some volcanic hand specimens
basaltic magma
Magma that forms LMIs
primary magma
Magma that were formed by melting at depth and were not subsequently modified, following the last point of equilibrium with the mantle by some process of magmataic differentiation during ascent to the surface.
Feldspar
Major constituent of many SANDSTONES and CONGLOMERATES and produces MICA and CLAY
Sulfides
Major ore minerals Form in oxygen poor environments Prone to rapid oxidation and release of sulfuric acid Most are opaque Streak Color important for identification General Formula XmSn
1972
Mankayan Poblacion Creep Started since
hornfels, granofels, skarn,
Massive Rocks Produced during Massive Rocks Produced during Contact Metamorphism:
Electronegativity
Measure of the ability of an atom in a crystal structure or molecule to gain or lose electrons
Inward Crystallization
Mechanism of Fractional crystallization that crystallization starts in the boundary or outward layer going inside the magma chamber due to the cooler portion of the magma near the wall.
ECLOGITE
Metabasite composed of garnet and omphacitic clinopyroxene with no plagioclase feldspar.
1. NATURE OF PARENT MATERIAL 2. METAMORPHIC MINERALOGY 3. ROCK'S TEXTURE 4. ANY APPROPRIATE SPECIAL NAME
Metamorphic rock names are named by the ff:
tectonic foliations
Metamorphic rocks that have been deformed will commonly result in the formation of _______
chert
Microcrystalline quartz is a.arenite b.chert c.arkose d.chalcedony
Continuous reaction
Mineral crystals and melt react to continuously and incrementally change the composition of both; requires a mineral solid solution series
Discontinuous reaction
Mineral crystals and melt react to produce a completely different mineral; negligible solid solution exists between the minerals
order of abundance
Mineral names are given in ________ for the principal metamorphic minerals, to denote the modal mineralogy
triboluminescence
Minerals becoming luminous on being crushed, scratched or rubbed. A. triboluminescence B. thermoluminescence C. fluorescence D. phosphorescence
Clay group
Minerals including kaolinite, talc, and pyrophyllite Layered tetrahedral and octahedral sheets
fluorescence
Minerals that become luminous during exposure to ultraviolet light, x-rays or cathode rays. A. fluorescence B. phosphorescence C. thermoluminescence D. metallic
paramagnetic
Minerals that obtain iron and are attracted to hand magnet. a. diamagnetic b. ferromagnetic c. paramagnetic d. none of the above
flow banding
Mingling of two magmatic liquids (either in a chamber or as flows) can create ________ (alternating layers of different composition)
MIGMATITE
Mixed rock composed of a schistose or gneissose portion od intimately mixed with veins of apparently igneous quartzo-feldspathic material (known as leucosomes)
Rayleigh Fractionation Model
Model for perfectly continuous fractional crystallization in a closed reservoir
Uranyl Silicate
Most common secondary uranyl mineral group
mid oceanic ridges
Most common site for the formation of LMIs
Sulfates - Uranopilite
Most complex chain structure found in a uranyl mineral
skaergard intrusion
Most intensely studied igneous body on earth.
Aphanitic
Most of the crystals are too small to be seen readily with the naked eye (< ~0.1 mm).
Constructive Plate Margins
Most voluminous form volcanism on the planet.
X-ray fluorescence
Non-destructive analytical technique used to determine chemical composition of minerals by measuring the fluorescent (or secondary) X-ray emitted from sample when excited by primary X-ray source
specific gravity
Number which represents the ratio of the weight of a mineral to the weight of an equal amount of water. A. equal weight of 10 B. specific gravity C. 1.0 cc D. 10 kgs
Cristobalite
Occur as small spherica aggregates in volcanic rocks and glasses Often a product of devitrification of volcanic glass; abundant
Metamorphism
Occurs as a response in changes in the physical or chemical environment of any pre-existing rock, such as variations in pressure or temperature, strain, or the infiltration of fluids.
layer
Occurs as consequences of changes in mineral composition, texture and mineralogy
Exsolution
Occurs in alkali feldspar solid solution and liquid alkali feldspar solid solution Yields perthitic texture Cooling of high-temperature feldspars may result in phase transition to lower symmetry
dynamic metamorphism
Occurs in response to intense strain and hence is usually of localized occurrence, notably in shear zones
partial melting
Occurs when only a portion of solid is melted
zeolite
One is not a high temperature alteration mineral a.carbonate b.pyrophyllite c.alunite d.zeolite e.andalusite
diatomite
One is not a hydrothermal silica a.tridymite b.chalcedony c.opal d.amorphous silica e.diatomite
gabbro
One is not a member of the ultramafic clan: a.gabbro b.lherzolite c.hornblende d.websterite e.dunite
Te
One is not a metal associated with skarn a.Au b.Pb c.W d.Zn e.Te
epidote
One is not a phyllic alteration mineral a.carbonate b.feldspar c.chlorite d.dickite e.epidote
raising the temperature
One of the three ways to melt the mantle. It is by simply heating the mantle above the normal geothermal gradient.
Columbia River Basalt Group
One of the youngest and smallest flood basalt found in western United States
Oldoinyo Lengai, Northern Tanzania
Only known active carbonatite volcano.
Mass Fractionation
Only process that can separate the existing isotopes of a single element
granulite
Opx+Ga+Cpx+Ca-Pl granular rock that results from partial melting of gneiss or schist
Atomic orbitals (subshells)
Orbitals describe the behavior of electrons in an atom Each can hold one or two electrons but no more
Aragonite
Orthorhombic crystal system; high pressure, low temperature polymorph; precipitates from hot carbonated waters Ca coordinated by 9 oxygens > 1 A ionic radii
Electrons
Outermost electrons participate in bonding (s, p, d, f)
Hydroxide
Oxygen and hydrogen atoms covalently bonded along with other elements Very common minerals Many produced by weathering and hydration of other minerals
Pressure gradient
P = pgh where: P = pressure ρ= the density g =the acceleration caused by gravity at the depth considered h =the height of the column of water above the submarine (the depth)
main vent
Pathway for lava from magma chamber to the surface
Pisolitic
Pea-sized grains Texture is nearly oolitic, but with larger grains
Quality of cleavage
Perfect - breaks easily and resulting surface is flat and reflects light Good - cleavage surfaces are less continuous and may have some irregularities Poor - Cleavage surfaces are difficult to discern and are not well developed Fair - somewhere in between good and poor Absent - no cleavage
solidus
Phase boundary (line) that separates the all - solid (crystal) stability fi eld from stability fi elds that contain at least some liquid (melt)
Luminescence
Phenomenon that results from material absorbing a form of energy and reemitting that energy as a form of visible light
-1 to -2
Phi size of granule
Nesophitic
Plag is larger with interstitial pyroxenes
Subophitic
Plag laths that are larger and only partially enclosed by pyx
Al & Fe / Mg
Plagioclase forms when the melt is sufficiently enriched in ____
number 134340
Pluto, no longer a planet, is reduced to "_________"
Glauconite
Presence of this mineral in sedimentary rocks indicates slow precipitation in agitated, oxidizing marine environments.
in situ crystallization
Process that involved nucleation and growth of mineral in a thin stagnant boundary layer.
double diffusive convection
Process that result in a series of Layers with different composition and temperature
Boundary Layer Crystallization
Process where highly evolved interstitial liquids near the walls are less dense than the crystals and the liquid in the interior of the chamber.
adiabatic
Processes in which heat is neither lost nor gained are called ________ processes
chemical weathering
Processes that break rock components and internal structures of minerals, making new minerals
Conchoidal
Produces smooth curved ridges that resemble interior of shell Commonly observed in quartz
layered mafic intrusions
Provided natural laboratories where we can observe the crystallization and cooling in the magma chamber
pyroclasts
Pyroclastics are thus typically classified on the basis of the type of fragmental material (collectively called __________)
Most abundant minerals
Quartz, Feldspars
ZBE (zeolite> blueschist> eclogitefacies)
ROCKS THAT FORM IN trench/Benioff zone
pilotaxitic or felty
Random or non-aligned microlites are called ______ or _______
solid solution
Range of composition in a mineral in which specific sites are occupied by two or more different chemical elements or ions in variable proportions Elements or ions that substitute for each other are given in brackets in mineral formulae
Efflorescent Salts
Rapid evaporation of ferrous sulfate solutions Results in soluble salts
Micas
Rarely form more than a few percent of any terrigenous sediment
Miller Indices
Reciprocals of axes intercepts with fractions cleared Usually of the form (hkl)
proterozoic anorthosites
Referred by some as ANDESINE-type anorthosites
Chloritization
Replacement of any mafic mineral by chlorite
Seritization
Replacement of feldspar or feldspathoids by fine white micas
Saussuritization
Replacement of plagioclase by epidote
Biotitization
Replacement of pyx/amphibole by biotite
EMISSION
Requires the atoms in the sample being analyzed to be "excited", or raised to an unstable state by the absorption of some form of energy
infiltration in bounding slopes
Reservoirs behind dams increase _______, add weight on the slopes and can lead to slope failure, sometime with catastrophic results
Undulose Extinction
Result of strain and is found both igneous and metamorphic sources
Black Smokers
Result to the precipitation of fine black sulphide minerals as its hot fluid react upon contact with the cold sea water.
foliation
Resulting parallel, linear alignment of mineral crystals perpendicular or compressional forces. a. layering b. foliation c. bedding d. strata
aphyric
Rhyolite flows are commonly composed of obsidian and are _______ (lacking in phenocrysts), indicating that they were hot (and hence less viscous).
SILICA OVERSATURATED
Rock is one that contains quartz (or another silica polymorph) in the mode as a stable phase
Vesicular
Rock riddled with air bubbles is termed; a. Spongy b. Porous c. Vesicular d. Pumiceous
SILICA UNDERSATURATED
Rocks contain a mineral that is incompatible with quartz, such as olivine or a feldspathoid
dolomite
Rocks primarily composed of calcium magnesium carbonate minerals occurring in crystalline or non-crystalline forms a.syenite b.dolerite c.dolomite d.limestone
volcanic rocks
Rocks that mostly dominate East Africa Rift
metamorphic
Rocks that were changed by any combination of heat, pressure and/or chemical fluids during metamorphism process. a. volcanic b. plutonic c. metamorphic d. foliation e. schistose
load casts
Rolled or billowed surfaces on the underside of such clastic sedimentary rocks as sandstone and siltstone. a. stylolites b. angular fragments c. load casts d. creep e. marks
Concretion
Sedimentary masses or nodules that have formed inside another host unit usually through evaporative processes Masses of mineral matter formed when minerals in water are deposited about a nucleus such as a shell or leaf or other particle Flat/subspherical/oblate mass whose composition is different from the surrounding rock
gneissicity
Separation of metamorphic rocks into light and dark layers
Tridymite
Seven possible crystal structures Crystallizes as superlattice Found in felsic volcanic rocks Discovered on Mars --> mineral super rare on Earth
Sorosilicates
Silicate group structure with 2 silicon-oxygen tetrahedra, sharing 1 oxygen atom: a) Nesosilicates b) Sorosilicates c) Cyclosilicates d) Inosilicates
Tectosilicates
Silicate group structure with 3D framework of silicon-oxygen tetrahedral: a) Inosilicates single-chain b) Inosilicatesdouble-chain c) Phyllosilicates d) Tectosilicates
Parting
Similar to cleavage but possesses discontinuities and are not as smooth as cleavage planes weakness is not necessarily associated with weaker bonding Not shown by all samples of mineral species
Batch Melting Model
Simplest model for an equilibrium process involving a solid and a liquid
pyroelectric
Simultaneous development of positive and negative charges of electricity at opposite ends of a crystal axis A. pyroelectric B. piezoelectric C. electric current D. plugging
rare
Size is more important than density in Stoke's Law, but size grading is ______ in most LMI's.
large
Size of Slow and Intermediate Spreading Ridges.
PHYLLITE
Slightly coarser phyllosilicate grains are sometimes discernible in hand specimen Silky appearanc
Radionuclide
Specific isotope of element that is radioactive
Oolitic
Specimen made up of oolites -- small, round, or ovate accretionary bodies
Sulfide ore Minerals
Sphalerite Galena Cinnabar Molybdenite Bornite Argentite Acanthite
V.M. Goldschmidt
Stated the rational explanation of isomorphous substitution in crystals based on the availability and the compatibility of atoms/ions in terms of charge and radius/size.
uniformitarianism
States that the physical and chemical processes that have acted throughout geologic time are the same processes that are observable today. a. plate tectonics b. uniformitarianism c. buoyancy d. Darwinianism e. volcanology
chondrites
Stones with chondrules are called _______. And these are considered "undifferentiated" meteorites because the heat required to initiate melting and differentiation of a planet would certainly have destroyed the glassy chondrules.
V205
Stratiform chromite contains significant concentration of a. V205 c. Al205 c. Cr205 d. MaO
Slate
Strongly cleaved rock in which the cleavage planes are pervasively developed throughout the rock, due to orientation of very fine phyllosilicate grains. Individual grains are too small to be seen with the naked eye Rock has dull appearance on fresh surfaces.
Camouflage
Substitution of some trace elements to a major element with similar charge and radius
synneusis
Suspended phenocrysts may cluster together and adhere by surface tension, a process that many call _________.
Cassiterite
Tetragonal coordination of oxygen around Sn Same structure as rutile --> here is alternative view
Rutile
Tetragonal coordination of oxygen around Ti
1. Size distribution of mineral grains 2. Shape of grains 3. Arrangement of grains into tectonite fabrics (can by purely crystallographic)
Textural classification of metamorphic rocks is based on:
from glassy to phyric rare to gabbroic
Textures of MORB.
kamactite & taenite
The Fe-Ni alloy is composed of two phases:
Chromite
The Hematite Group is defined as oxide minerals having a X2O3 chemical composition wherein X represents a metal element. Which of these elements does not belong to this group? Chromite Ilmenite Corundum Hematite
stage
The _____ includes all rocks formed during an age. A ______ is normally the lowest ranking unit in the chronostratigraphic hierarchy that can be recognized on a global scale. It is a subdivision of a series.
stage
The ________ has been called the basic working unit of chronostratigraphy because it is suited in scope and rank to the practical needs and purposes of intraregional chronostratigraphic classification.
Increase, increase
The amount of refraction should _____ as wavelength ________, to cause the separation of wavelength into separate colors
scoria
The basic counterpart of pumice a.scoria b.dacite c.tephra d.tuff
polarity zone ( magnetostratigraphic polarity zone)
The basic formal unit in magnetostratigraphic polarity classification
synthem
The basic unconformity-bounded unit
Interval Zone
The body of fossiliferous strata between two specified biohorizons. Such a zone is not itself necessarily the range zone of a taxon or concurrence of taxa; it is defined and identified only on the basis of its bounding biohorizons
assemblage zone
The body of strata characterized by an assemblage of three or more fossil taxa that, taken together, distinguishes it in biostratigraphic character from adjacent strata
lineage zone
The body of strata containing specimens representing a specific segment of an evolutionary lineage. It may represent the entire range of a taxon within a lineage or only that part of the range of the taxon below the appearance of a descendant taxon
abundace zones
The body of strata in which the abundance of a particular taxon or specified group of taxa is significantly greater than is usual in the adjacent parts of the section.
concurrent range zone
The body of strata including the overlapping parts of the range zones of two specified taxa. This type of zone may include taxa additional to those specified as characterizing elements of the zone, but only the two specified taxa are used to define the boundaries of the zone.
taxon-range zone
The body of strata representing the known range of stratigraphic and geographic occurrence of specimens of a particular taxon. It is the sum of the documented occurrences in all individual sections and localities from which the particular taxon has been identified.
Range Zone
The body of strata representing the known stratigraphic and geographic range of occurrence of a particular taxon or combination of two taxa of any rank.
concurrent-range zone
The boundaries of a _________ are defined in any particular stratigraphic section by the lowest stratigraphic occurrence of the higher-ranging of the two defining taxa and the highest stratigraphic occurrence of the lower-ranging of the two defining taxa
taxon-range zone
The boundaries of a _________ in any one section are the horizons of lowest stratigraphic occurrence and highest stratigraphic occurrence of the specified taxon in that section
abundance zone
The boundaries of an ________ are defined by the biohorizons across which there is notable change in the abundance of the specified taxon or taxa that characterize the zone
interval zone
The boundaries of an ________ are defined by the occurrence of the biohorizons selected for its definition
interval zone
The boundaries of an __________ are defined by the occurrence of the biohorizons selected for its definition
assemblage zone
The boundaries of an __________ are drawn at biohorizons marking the limits of occurrence of the specified assemblage that is characteristic of the unit. Not all members of the assemblage need to occur in order for a section to be assigned to an assemblage zone, and the total range of any of its constituents may extend beyond the boundaries of the zone.
liquidus surface
The cotectic curves separate the _________ __________ into three areas.
geographic and geologic
The description of a stratotype is both ___________
Snow line
The distance beyond which the very volatile compounds such as water and methane condensed has been referred to as the ________.
Biostratigraphy
The element of stratigraphy that deals with the distribution of fossils in the stratigraphic record and the organization of strata into units on the basis of their contained fossils.
Magnetostratigraphy
The element of stratigraphy that deals with the magnetic characteristics of rock bodies
Chronostratigraphy
The element of stratigraphy that deals with the relative time relations and ages of rock bodies.
Subcontinental lithospheric mantle
The enriched mantle portion of the continental plate
Staurolite
The following are considered as antistress minerals, except: * Cordierite Olivine Staurolite Augite
Closed tube test
The following are tests for sulphur in sulphides, except: Charcoal test Fusion with sodium carbonate Closed tube test Open tube test
1.) designation of well or mine 2.) geologic logs 3.) geophysical logs and profiles 4.) depositories
The following data are desirable for establishing subsurface units:
1 initial nucleation of the crystal 2 subsequent crystal growth 3 diffusion of chemical species (and heat)
The formation and growth of crystals, either from a melt or in a solid medium (metamorphic mineral growth), involves three principal processes:
Discontinuities in Seismic Velocities
The four layers of the oceanic lithosphere were initially distinguished on what basis?
Type Area or Type Region
The geographic area or region that encompasses the stratotype or type locality of a stratigraphic unit or boundary.
5.5 or less
The hardness of a mineral that can be scratched by glass. A. greater than 7.0 B. 6.5 or greater C. between 7.5 & 8 D. 5.5 or less
pyrophyllite
The highest temperature member of the kaolin group is a.halloysite b.pyrophyllite c.dickite d.diaspore e.kaolinite
oikiocryst
The host crystal may then be called an _________.
Tristan hotspot
The hotspot between Parana and Etendeka that caused the rifting between South America And Africa.
Granitoid Classification
The indication that granitoid chemical composition reflects their source and setting suggests that an alternative classification based on genetic criteria may be developed.
Diabase
The intermediate equivalent of basalt and gabbro. a. Dacite b. Serpentinite c. Dunite d. Diabase
Calcareous and argillaceous materials
The main component of cement are a.Calcareous and argillaceous materials b.Calcareous and quartz materials c.Argillaceous and quartz materials d.Quartz and laterite materials
Phaneritic
The majority of crystals that compose the rock are readily visible with the naked eye (> ~0.1 mm)
1) Smell 2) Streak 3) Specific gravity Streak --> especially important because a lot of them look similar but streak will aid in telling them apart --> mechanical properties like cleavage, parting, and fracture also? crystal form, crystal habit Acid test Taste test Hardness?
The metallic luster of many sulfide minerals may make it difficult to distinguish between minerals . What other diagnostic features can be used to identify sulfide minerals?
Quartzite
The metamorphic rock equivalent of sandstone is: a) Greywacke b) Quartzite c) Arkose d) Conglomerate
inverse method
The method of melting a surface rock at various pressures to look back at the phases with which it may have been in equilibrium.
Sulphide
The mineral luzonite in Lepanto is a.Sulphide b.Oxide c.Silicate d.Arsenate e.sulfate
30%
The minimum Cr2O3 content of a refractory chromite ore is: a) 45% b) 40% c) 35% d) 30%
asthenosphere
The more ductile mantle immediately below the lithosphere is called the __________ (from the Greek asthenes, "without strength"). - is probably about 150 km thick
Mid Ocean Ridge basalts (MORBs)
The most common type of fissure eruption
ridge push
The motion of the lithospheric plates down and away from the elevated mid-ocean ridges has also received an unfortunate name: _______
lower older
The name of the (upper-younger/lower-older) unit, if this distinction can be made, should always come first when two units are hyphenated or used in combination
slab pull
The negative buoyancy of the descending plates has been called ________ , with the regrettable implication that the dense subducting slab pulls the rest of the plate after it.
160 Ma
The oldest non-subducted oceanic crust is only about ______ old.
Taan (nueva vizcaya)
The only place in the PH where iron sedimentary bog exists
sand facies - mud facies - carbonate facies
The order of sedimentary facies when moving from a beach towards deep water is: sand facies - mud facies - carbonate facies sand facies - carbonate facies - mud facies carbonate facies - mud facies - sand facies carbonate facies - sand facies - mud facies
scheelite
The ore mineral of tungsten a.pentlandite b.siderite c.cassiterite d.scheelite
stratotype
The particular sequence of strata chosen as a standard of reference of a layered stratigraphic unit is called a
Ternary eutectic point
The point in the three component systems in which all the components are in equilibrium.
fore arc
The portion of the arc between the volcanic front and the trench
Cassiterite
The principal ore mineral of tin is: a) Ilmenite b) Scheelite c) Enargite d) Cassiterite
type locality
The specific geographic locality were the stratotype of a layered stratigraphic unit is situated. The name also refers to the locality where the unit was originally described and/or named. In the case of units composed of nonlayered igneous or metamorphic rocks, the type locality is the specific geographic locality where the unit was originally defined.
Boundary-stratotype
The specified sequence of strata that contains the specific point that defines a boundary between two stratigraphic units
Stratigraphic Classification
The systematic organization of the Earth's rock bodies, as they are found in their original relationships, into units based on any of the properties or attributes that may be useful in stratigraphic work
facies
The term "_______" originally meant the lateral change in lithologic aspect of a stratigraphic unit. Its meaning has been broadened to express a wide range of geologic concepts: environment of deposition, lithologic composition, geographic, climatic or tectonic association, etc.
Diktytaxitic
The texture of certain volcanics in which bounding crystals protrude into abundant angular interstitial gas cavities
foliated
The texture of metamorphic rocks are subdivided into two. What are these? ______ - mineral crystals are either elongated or have sheet structure and are arranged in a parallel or layered manner
crystal lattice
The three dimensional regularly repeating set of points that represent the transitional periodicity of crustal structure is a. crystal structure b. crystal lattice c. crystal system d. crystal habit
chron
The time interval represented by a magnetostratigraphic polarity unit is called a
chronozone
The time span of a _________ is the time span of a previously designated stratigraphic unit or interval, such as a lithostratigraphic, biostratigraphic, or magnetostratigraphic polarity unit
inner-outer core transition
The transition to a solid is a response to increased pressure with depth, which favors the solid state. S-waves cannot propagate through a liquid because liquids cannot resist shear
Seamounts
These are eroded or sunken islands that never rose above sea level.
Troctolite
These are gabbroic rocks mainly composed of plagioclase and olivine.
Plumes
These are hot mantle rock that rises toward the Earth's surface in a narrow column.
Crystallographic axes
These are imaginary lines or directions within a crystal to which the crystal faces are referred and in terms of which they are described:
Ocean Islands
These are islands without any foundation of continental rock, usually formed as a result of volcanic activities that occur within the plate.
Superplumes / Superswells
These are plumes that are broader and less concentrated, and stall at the 660 km transition zone, where they spawn a series of secondary plumes.
megacrysts
These are relatively equidimensional, a strange shape for plagioclase, which usually forms elongate laths
Hotspots
These are the regions of Earth's upper mantle that upwells to melt through the crust to form a volcanic feature.
Oceanic Intraplate Volcanism
These are volcanic activities that occur within tectonic plates
zeolite, prehnite-pumpellyite facies (facies of low grades)
These facies are best developed where the protolith is immature and susceptible to metamorphism and where there are high geothermal gradient and abundant hydrous fluids. (2 facies)
asbestos
These minerals are defined as filiform minerals with lengths greater than 5 μm, diameters less than 5μm and length:width ratios >3:1. These minerals are considered fibrous if their length:width ratio is greater than 10:1
mineral filters
These minerals possess properties of Base Exchange and selective absorption that makes them highly efficient purifiers. An example of these is the fuller's earth. What are these minerals? a. mineral fillers b. mineral filters c. bleaching clays d. bentonites
CCP (Cubic Closest Packing)
Third layer is placed in unoccupied void spaces resulting in ABCABC sequence --> resulting arrangement is CCP
Buchan facies series
This facies series is also known as the abakuma facies series - with geothermal gradients ranging form 40-80 deg C/km
Siberian traps
This flood basalt covers an area of 2 million sq. km. and the original coverage were as high as 7 million sq. km. Also, this is found in Russia.
mica
This group of minerals is well known for its uncommon cleavage, which allows it to split into thin sheets. a. talc b. asbestos c. mica d. optical crystals
tufa
This is a form of calcium carbonate that commonly occurs as a coating on plants and plant debris.
Rheological Critical Melt Percentage
This is needed before it can form a continuous intergranular network and escape the host as a result of buoyancy gained by expansion upon melting in the partial melting.
Mixed Process
This is the combination of the process could act to produce chemical change in magmas
Grenville orogeny
This is the major cause of the failure of our Keweenawan rift
Amphibolite
This metamorphic rock may be foliated or not and dominated by hornblende + plagioclase. The protolith is either a mafic igneous rock or graywacke
albite
This mineral is commonly known as moonstone.
uraninite
This mineral is commonly known as pitchblende.
Gold
This mineral occurs with krennerite, calaverite, sylvanite, quartz, arsenopyrite, pyrite.
Platinum
This rare mineral has no cleavage and occurs in magmatic segregations, together with chromite, olivine, and magnetite in ultra basic rocks and secondary in placer deposits.
K/Ba ratio
This ratio of incompatible elements is a good indicator of magma source reservoirs.
Discontinuous Reaction Series
This reaction series consists of minerals that upon cooling eventually react with the liquid to produce a new phase in the Bowen's Reaction Series
Continuous Reaction Series
This reaction series is composed of the plagioclase feldspar solid solution series in the Bowen's Reaction Series.
Copper
This specific mineral is associated with cuprite, malachite, azurite, silver, chalcocite, bornite and other minerals.
Shield building stage
This stage in the eruption history of ocean intraplate volcanism is characterised by tremendous outpourings of tholeiitic magmas.
Ocean Floor Basalt or Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalt
Tholeiitic basalt is also known as?
Low Viscosity
Tholeiitic basaltic magmas have very ____ _______ which is why they flood over large areas.
chronostratigraphic units
Though each kind of stratigraphic unit may be particularly useful in stratigraphic classification under certain conditions or in certain areas or for certain purposes, _______________ offer the greatest promise for formally-named units of worldwide application because they are based on their time of formation.
nodules
Ultramafic xenoliths that are occasionally carried to the surface by basalts usually basanites or alkali basalts.
Ophiolite Terrains on land
Understanding petrologic nature of oceanic lithosphere has been greatly enhanced by terrain.
Sulfosalts
Unoxidized sulfur minerals that are structurally distinct from sulfides occur as minor minerals in hydrothermal veins and are associated with sulfides
Blue
Using benzidene, rhodochrosite will stain to:
amygdules
Vesicles that are completely or partially filled by secondary minerals
Evaporation and weathering Hydrothermal --> hot water flowing through the rock
What are some mechanisms that lead to sulfate mineralization?
Ocean Island Tholeiites and Ocean Island Alkaline
What are the two magma series that result from intraplate volcanism?
Silica undersaturated and Silica oversaturated
What are the two principal alkaline sub-series?
Water bubble inclusions
What causes the white color of milky quartz?
magmatic underplanting
What do call the subduction zone magmas acuumulating at depth?
Failed rift or aulacogen
What do you call a rift that don't lead to new oceans?
Alfred Chiddey method
What have large variety of method for assaying of gold and silver bearing in solutions. What do you call this method, precipitation by lead and zinc acetate? a. Lead tray method b. Zinc dust method c. William H. Barton method d. Alfred Chiddey method
Olivine Tholeiite
What is a "Typical" MORB?
volcanic arc
What is a chain of volcanoes, formed above a subducting plate, positioned in an arc shape
19.3
What is the Density of gold?
shoshonite
What is the IUGS recommended term for K-rich basalts? *
essexite
What is the IUGS recommended term for nepheline monzo-gabbro/diorite? *
silica content
What is the distinguishing property between acidic and basic rocks? a.pH level b.alumina content c.silica content d.iron content
2
What is the hardness of gypsum in the Moh's scale? A. 4 B. 5 C. 2 D. 3 E. 1
2.5-3
What is the hardness of silver?
Muscovite
What is the kind of mica which is colored white and with a composition of hydrous potassium aluminum silicate? A. Muscovite B. Biotite C. Kaolinite D. Dolomite E. Calcite
The golden jubilee
What is the largest faceted diamond called?
Resinous to greasy
What is the luster of sulfur?
Tectonic
What is the major cause of large earthquakes? A. Heavy participation B. Tectonic C. Avalanche D Explosion E. Rock fall
The cullinan (3106 carats)
What is the name of the largest gem-grade diamond?
Midcontinent Rift
What is the other term for Keweenawan Rift?
olivine-tholeiitic basalts
What is the primary magma in continental arc magmatism is composed of?
orogeny
What is the primary mechanism by which mountains are built on continents?
nickel
What is the principal metal or element produced from garnierite? a. platinum b. cobalt c. nickel d. gold
Ti
What is the principal metal or element produced from ilmenite? a. Ti b. Ni c. Cu d. Co
CALCIC
What is the rock suite for Mid-ocean ridge basalt?
Gray
What is the streak of antimony?
No streak
What is the streak of mercury?
Boundary Curves
What is the term for the curves that the eutectic points in each of the binary system project into the ternary systems?
amorphous
What is the texture of sedimentary rocks with the following description? _____________ - commonly clay size or colloidal size crystalline
porphyroblast
What is the texture of sedimentary rocks with the following description? _______ - larger crystals embedded in a fine-grained groundmass or matrix a. porphyroblast b. brecciatic c. meta-rock d. blastic e. spherulitic
spherulitic
What is the texture of sedimentary rocks with the following description? _______ - spheres with radiating internal structure a. spherulitic b. brecciatic c. amorphous d. pisolitic e. none of the above
pisolitic
What is the texture of sedimentary rocks with the following description? ____________ - similar ot oolitic but greater than 2.0mm diameter a. oolitic b. brecciatic c. amorphous d. pisolitic e. none of the above
saccharoidal
What is the texture of sedimentary rocks with the following description? _______________ - fine, equigranular. a. oolitic b. amorphous c. spherulitic d. pisolitic e. saccharoidal
oolitic
What is the texture of sedimentary rocks with the following description? small spheres or ellipsoidal fish-roe like aggregates, about 0.25-2.0mm diameter a. oolitic b. brecciatic c. pisolitic d. blastic e. spherulitic
Pressure
What is this variable when increased, may cause some mineral phases to become stable and be replaced by others.
andesite
What kind of rock occurs most in subduction zone setting?
margarite
What mineral is represented by the chemical formula KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2?
QUARTZ
What mineral would give the best example of a type of mineral with the same base chemical formula but differ in appearance due to a foreign minor mineral?
Moschellandsbergite
What rare mineral has the composition Ag2Hg3?
shallow dip angle
What subduction angles that corresponds to which magmatism was either greatly subdued and far behind the trench or entirely absent?
pillows
When basaltic lava flows enter standing water, they form either tongues or more equidimensional blob-like structures, both of which are called:
hyalo-ophitic
When glass becomes sufficiently plentiful that it surrounds the microlites or microphenocrysts, the texture is called _______
T-Tauri stage
When the compression was nearly over, the sun entered the ________, characterized by less vigorous activity, lasting up to 10 Ma
dendritic
When the rate of diffusion is slower than the rate of growth (as in quickly cooled, or "quenched," lavas with substantial undercooling), the crystals take on an increasingly radiating form, or a tree-like, branching form termed _________.
Parental magma
Whether primary or derivative itself is considered to be the immediate source of the more evolved magma types in the series.
Electrum
Which among the mineral listed below is malleable a.Chalcopyrite b.Ilmenite c.Electrum d.Argentite e.Magnetite
translation
Which crystallographic simple symmetry operation involves the periodic repetition of nodes or motifs by systematic linear displacement?
plagioclase
Which does not belong to the discontinuous series of Bowen's reaction series? a.biotite b.olivine c.amphibole d.plagioclase
calcic
Which is not a wall rock alteration? a.argillic b.potassic c.propylitic d.calcic
Goethite
Which mineral does not belong to the group? * Boehmite Gibbsite Diaspore Goethite
Quartz and alkali feldspar
Which mineral intergrowths can possibly form graphic textures? Amphibole and pyrite Orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene Plagioclase feldspar and alkali feldspar Quartz and alkali feldspar
aragonite
Which mineral turns to a black color when soaked in Feigl solution?
Ca2MgSi2O7
Which of the following chemical formula is a cyclosilicate? Ca2MgSi2O7 Mg2SiO4 Be3Al2Si6O18 Mg3Si4O10(OH)2
syncline
Which of the following geologic formations refer to sedimentary rock masses that are bended or folded downwards? A. intrusion B. syncline C. graben D. anticline E. extrusion
granite
Which of the following has the highest amount of quartz? a.granite b.diorite c.basalt d.syenite
all of these
Which of the following is an economic mineral for iron? A. hematite B. pyrite C. all of these D. magnetite
quartz
Which of the following is an economic mineral for silica? A. dacite B. gabbro C. quartz D. limestone E. calcite
tremolite
Which of the following silicate minerals exhibits a perfect cleavage on {100} at 56° and 124°? aegirine spodumene augite tremolite
X-ray Diffraction analysis
Which technique is best to identify and distinguish the different types of clay? * X-ray Fluorescence analysis Petrographic analysis X-ray Diffraction analysis Scanning Electron Microscopy
PEACOCK (1931)
Who plotted CaO & (Na2O + K2O) and created the "Alkaline-lime Index"?
gamma decay
X-rays and gamma rays are indistinguishable Electromagnetic radiation (no change in atomic number) Release of a photon Created by nuclear instability Rays used back in time and energy reduction of energy of whole nucleus; no change in atomic mass/weight
Simple oxides
X2O3 Hematite group Hexagonal closest packing cations in octahderal coordination between O Ilmenite possesses lower symmetry than corundum or hematite
metamorphic aureole
Zone characterized by a certain mineral or assemblage of minerals which differ from those originally present in the protolith (starting material). Index Mineral - The mineral that characterizes each contact metamorphic zone. a. meta-zone b. metamorphic aureole c. metamorphic sole d. hot zone e. none of the above
Domes
______ form when largely degassed, viscous, silicic magma, such as dacite or rhyolite (less commonly andesite), moves slowly and relatively quietly to the surface.
crenulations
______- or microfolds are formed when tectonic foliations are refolded by subsequent deformation
Calderas
_______ are large-scale collapse features that typically form at a central vent fairly late in an eruptive episode. They form when the denser solid strata above a shallow magma chamber founder into the draining chamber.
ophitic
_______ texture refers to the envelopment of plagioclase laths by larger clinopyroxenes and is commonly interpreted to indicate that the clinopyroxene formed later.
Granulites
_______, as their name implies, have a granular texture composed of pyroxene, plagioclase and garnet _______ form at the highest grades of metamorphism when portions of the protolith melt and exit the rock leaving behind a "restite"that is devoid of H2O or other fluids
Calcite
________ indicates the common origin of both kimberlites and carbonatites within the same portions of the upper mantle.
variolitic
________ is a texture in basalts in which plagioclase needles grow radially from a common center.
phaneritic
_________ - majority of crystal grains are of a uniform size and large enough to be identifiable without a microscope. This occurs when magma cools slowly a. ultramafic b. mafic c. phaneritic d. glassy e. fine-grained
Epitaxis
_________ is the general term used to describe the preferred nucleation of one mineral on another preexisting mineral, thereby avoiding problems associated with slow nucleation
Oscillatory zoning
_________ is the most common type of zoning in plagioclase because a regular decrease in An content rarely dominates the full crystallization period.
Resorption
_________ is the term applied to re-fusion or dissolution of a mineral back into a melt or solution from which it formed
glassy
_________- no mineral crystals develop because of rapid cooling a. crystal b. detrital c. glassy d. quartzy e. none of the above
porphyritic
__________ - two very contrasting size of crystals are caused by magma having different rates of cooling. The larger crystals are termed phenocrysts; and the smaller surrounding crystals are termed groundmass (or matrix) a. phaneritic b. coarse-grained c. aphanitic d. porphyritic e. conchoidal
aphanitic
__________ - very small crystals, which are generally not identifiable without strong magnification, develop when molten material cools quickly, or very near the earth's surface a. aphanitic b. phaneritic c. porhyritic d. none of the above
Compositional zoning
__________ is common and occurs when a mineral changes composition as it grows during cooling
Advection
__________ is similar to convection but involves the transfer of heat with rocks that are otherwise in motion. For example, if a hot region at depth is uplifted by either tectonism, induced flow, or erosion and isostatic rebound, heat rises physically (although passively) with the rocks.
Granoblastic
__________ metamorphic textures are produced when the constituent grains of the rock are equidimensional
Spherulitic
__________ texture in silicic volcanics is a texture in which needles of quartz and alkali feldspar grow radially from a common center
Crescumulate
__________ texture is similar and describes the parallel growth of elongated, non-equilibrium arrangements of olivine, pyroxene, feldspar, or quartz crystals that appear to nucleate on a wall or layer and may grow up to several centimeters long
variolitic
__________ texture of radiating plagioclase laths in some basalts are probably the result of nucleation of later crystals on the first nuclei to form
interlocking texture
___________ is produced by crystallization from a melt and can be used to infer the igneous origin of a rock
reverse zoning
___________ is the opposite of normal zoning, with more sodic inner and calcic outer zones. It is common in some metamorphic plagioclase, where growth is accompanied by rising temperature
Oceanic lithosphere
___________ is thin (~50 km) near warm mid-ocean ridges and thickens to about 110 km when cool and mature
Ophitic texture
___________ refers to a dense network of lath-shaped plagioclase microphenocyrsts included in larger pyroxenes, with little or no associated glass.
Rapakivi
____________ texture (Rämö and Haapala, 1995), involving plagioclase overgrowths on orthoclase, occurs in some granites where the plagioclase preferentially forms on the structurally similar alkali feldspar rather than nucleating on its own
Fissure or rift
_____________ eruptions, in which low-viscosity lavas issue from cracks in the swelling shield, are also common
saussuritization
_____________ refers to the alteration of plagioclase into epidote minerals. *
Lithophile layer
_________________ of the early Earth were probably olivine, , orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene
Meteoric water
__________________ refers to surface water or groundwater.
Cubic
a = b = c alpha = beta = gamma = 90
hexagonal
a = b not = c alpha = beta = 90 gamma = 120
metasomatism
a change in the chemical composition of the rock -
beryl
a common hexagonal gem
Alluvial fan
a cone of debris at the mouth of a canyon
Rayleigh number
a dimensionless ratio representing the potential vigor of convection
Petrogenesis
a good general term in igneous petrology for the generation of magma and the various methods of diversification of such magmas to produce igneous rock
intermediate
a mixture of both light colored and dark-colored minerals. Dark minerals comprise about 15% to 45% of these rocks a. felsic b. ultramafic c. intermediate d. mafic e. none of the above
Orthorhombic
a not equal b not equal c alpha equals beta equals gamma equals 90
Triclinic
a not equal b not equal c alpha not equal beta not equal gamma not equal 90
marcasite
a polymorph mineral of pyrite; called "white pyrite"
Corona
a reaction rim surrounding a porphyroblast (e.g. Opx rimmed by garnet)
xenocryst
a single crystal foreign incusion
Primary textures
a type of igneous texture that occur during igneous crystallization and result from interactions between minerals and melt
Skarn, magnetite sand, laterite
are 3 most important iron deposit types in the PH
Chronostratigraphic units
are bodies of rocks, layered or unlayered, that were formed during a specified interval of geologic time.
biozones
are bodies of strata that are defined or characterized on the basis of their contained fossils
stones
are composed of silicate minerals, and stony-irons
Irons
are composed principally of a metallic Fe-Ni alloy
Salt flats
are derived from playa lakes when the lakes are encrusted with salts and the salts evaporate.
Hydrophones
are detectors towed on floating streamer cables behind ships
Seismic Reflections
are generated by physical surfaces in subsurface rocks, and are used to identify and map structural attitudes of subsurface sedimentary layers.
chondrules
are nearly spherical silicate inclusions between 0.1 and 3.0 mm in diameter
Geochronometric units
are pure time units; they are not based on time spans of designated chronostratographic stratotypes but are simply time (numerical age)
Meteorites
are solid extraterrestrial objects that strike the surface of the Earth after surviving passage through the atmosphere.
Chronostratigraphic units
are tangible bodies of rock that are selected by geologists to serve as reference sections for all rocks formed during the same interval of tim
Luzon, Leyte, Negros (Beaches in Northern and northwestern Luzon, eastern leyte, & southwestern negros)
areas where most extensive magnetites are found
hyalopilitic texture
as the glass fraction becomes dominant, and crystals occur as tiny microlites.
Pressure variation
at a particular temperature implies different geothermal gradient.
270-300 degrees celsius
at what temperature does Greenschist start from prehnite-pumpellyite facies?
Radiochronology
based on the principle that radiogenic minerals such as U235 and K40 decay spontaneously at a fixed rate to a daughter product
silurian and devonian
both silurian and devonian, undifferentiated
Limonite
brown mineral along glauconite margin
Coal
buried and compacted plant material
Anthropogenic
cause of mankayan creep that is the existence of mining tunnels is called what:
continued weathering
causes rock slabs to separate and fall.
Granulite Facies
characterized by the presence of a largely anhydrous mineral assemblage. In metabasites the critical mineral assemblage is orthopyroxene clinopyroxene plagioclase quartz. Garnet is also common, and minor hornblende and/or biotite may be present.
Blueschist Facies
characterized in metabasites by the presence of a sodic blue amphibole (notably high in glaucophane component), stable only at high pressures. The association glaucophane lawsonite is diagnostic.
Al2SiO5
chem formula of Andalusite
Al2SiO5
chem formula of Kyanite
Fe3Al2Si3O12
chem formula of almandine
Ca3Al2Si3O12
chem formula of grossularite
Al2SiO5
chem formula of sillimanite
(Fe,Mg)2Al9Si4O22(OH)2
chem formula of staurolite
Al2SiO4(OH)2
chem formula of topaz
Ca5(PO4) 3(OH,F,CL)
chemical formula - apatite
Ca2Al3Si3O12(OH)
chemical formula - clinozoisite
Al2O3
chemical formula - corundum
Fe2O3
chemical formula - hematite
NaAlSiO4
chemical formula - nepheline
TiO2
chemical formula Rutile
Cu5FeS4
chemical formula for Bornite
CaSO4
chemical formula for anhydrite
PbS
chemical formula for galena
MoS2
chemical formula for molybdenite
FeS2
chemical formula for pyrite
SiO2
chemical formula for quartz, tridymite, cristobalite
Ca2Fe5Si8O22(OH)2
chemical formula of Actinolite
HgS
chemical formula of Cinnabar
Ca2Fe+3Al2Si3O12(OH)
chemical formula of Epidote
CaSO4 . 2H2O
chemical formula of Gypsum
FeTiO3
chemical formula of Ilmenite
KAlSiO4
chemical formula of Kalsilite
CaAl2Si2O7(OH)2 . H2O
chemical formula of Lawsonite
MgCO3
chemical formula of Magnesite
KAlSi3O8
chemical formula of Orthoclase
Mg3Al2Si3O12
chemical formula of Pyrope
FeCO3
chemical formula of Siderite
ZnS
chemical formula of Sphalerite
CaTiSiO4
chemical formula of Sphene
Ca2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2
chemical formula of Tremolite
ZrSiO4
chemical formula of Zircon
NaFe+3Si2O6
chemical formula of acmite
BaSO4
chemical formula of barite
Be3Al2Si6O18
chemical formula of beryl
K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2
chemical formula of biotite
Mg(OH)2
chemical formula of brucite
CaCO3
chemical formula of calcite
CuFeS2
chemical formula of chalcopyrite
(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8
chemical formula of chlorite
Al4(Mg,Fe)2Si5O18
chemical formula of cordierite
CuS
chemical formula of covellite
CaMg(CO3) 2
chemical formula of dolomite
MgSiO3
chemical formula of enstatite
Fe2SiO4
chemical formula of fayalite
FeSiO3
chemical formula of ferrosilite
CaF2
chemical formula of fluorite
Mg2SiO4
chemical formula of forsterite
Al(OH)3
chemical formula of gibbsite
FeO(OH)
chemical formula of goethite
(Na,K)0-1Ca2(Mg,Fe,Al)5Si6-7Al2-1O22(OH,F)2
chemical formula of hornblende
(Mg,Fe)SiO3
chemical formula of hypersthene
NaAlSi2O6
chemical formula of jadeite
KAlSi2O6
chemical formula of leucite
KAl3Si3O10(OH)2
chemical formula of muscovite
MgO
chemical formula of periclase
KAlSi3O8
chemical formula of sanidine
Mg3Si2O5(OH)4
chemical formula of serpentine
NaCl
chemical formula of sodium chloride
MgAl2O4
chemical formula of spinel
sylvite
chemical formula of sylvite
Mg3Si4O10(OH)2
chemical formula of talc
Fe3O4
chemical formula: Magnetite
argillaceous rocks
clay minerals are Major constituents of:
electron microscope or c-ray diffraction
clay minerals are identified using:
detrital or authigenic
clay minerals may be _____ or _______
extinction is uniform, presence or absence of inclusions, for polycrystalline wether the boundaries are straight or sutured
clues of provenance of quartz
ultramafic
composed almost entirely of the dark-colored minerals pyroxene and olivine, these rocks are rarely observed on Earth's surface a. felsic b. ultramafic c. intermediate d. mafic e. none of the above
felsic
composed mainly of the light colored mineral quartz and potassium feldspars. Dark colored minerals account for less than 15% of the minerals in rocks found in this group a. darkest b. light color c. mafic d. felsic e. none of the above
GRANULITE
composed of pyroxene, plagioclase and garnet Characterized by both a texture of more or less equidimensional, straight sided (polygonal) grains for all mineral species Mineralogy indicative of very high temperature metamorphism
Devegetation
concentrates surface runoff and enhances erosion, resulting in steeper slopes. Reduced interception and evaporation increases amount of water in ground. (Also, construction of logging roads result in oversteepening.
eonothem, erathem, system, series, stage, substage, chronozone
correct heirarchical order for chronostratigraphic units:
eon, era, period, epoch, age, subage, chron
correct heirarchical order for geochronologic units: *also corresponds as the equivalent order of chronostratigraphic units
group, formation, member, bed, flow
correct heirarchical order of lithostratigraphic units:
hornblende hornfels facies
correlates with the amphibolite facies
pyroxene hornfels facies
correlates with the granulite facies
Albite-Epidote Hornfels
correlates with the greenschist facies into which it grades with increasing pressure.
Uneven/Irregular
crystal habits of Sodalite, Magnetite, Arsenopyrite
sieve
crystals filled with channelways (appearing as holes) due to resorption
vesicular pipes
cylindrical bodies that are highly charged with vesicles
phase
defined as a type of physically distinct material in a system that is mechanically separable from the rest
UHP metamorphism
defined as the mineralogical and structural modification of predominantly continental and minor associated oceanic crustal protoliths and associated mafic-ultramafic rocks at mantle pressures generally in the range of 2.7 to 5.0 GPa (90 km to 170 km) and 700°C to 950°C temperatures about
UHT Metamorphism
defined by Harley as a division of medium pressure granulite facies in which peak temperatures reach 900 to 1100°C at 0.7 to 1.3 GPa .
silurian or devonian
either Silurian or Devonian
Loess
extensive silt blankets derived from wind deposition which are once carried by suspension
MYLONITE
fine-grained rocks produced in zones of ductile deformation where preexisting grains have been deformed by recrystallized as finer grains
on-land surveying
first applications were in petroleum exploration in Germany in and in the Gulf Coast region of the United States, particularly in exploration for petroleum traps associated with salt domes
lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, outer core, and inner core
five principal mechanical subdivisions of the Earth.
Van der Waals forces
forces that Results from residual charges
Tuff rings
form when rising magma (usually basaltic) comes closer to the surface than with a maar before interacting explosively with shallow groundwater or surface water
Bajada
forms when fans coalesce to form an apron of sediements along a mountain front
Inselbergs
forms when large mountain masses are eroded into large bedrock knobs
rounded pellets
glauconites occur as _______ which are aggregates of many small crystals.
Orthogneiss
gneiss of igneous parentage is called:
Hydroxides: Goethite group
goethite, bauxite, gibbsite, bohemite
monocrystalline
grains that are single crystals are called:
Marble
granoblastic rock resulting from recrystallization of limestone or dolostone
chlorite, actinolite, epidote
green minerals that impart te green color of greenschist
SERPENTINITE
green, black or reddish rock composed predominantly of serpentine
amygdaloidal
having vesicles that are completely or partially filled with secondary minerals
scoriaceous
highly vesicular
ductile manner
how does rock behave in deeper crust if fault location is below 10-15km?
brittle fashion
how does rock behave in shallow crust if fault location is upper 10-15km?
Formed by hydration of igneous or metamorphic peridotite
how is serpentinite formed?
Clay and minerals
important in the diagenesis of sediments; inhibits pore-filling quartz and calcite cements (2)
cloudy brown/clear
in alterations (in PPL): k-felds: ______ quartz: _________
Slaty cleavage
in foliations if grain size is very small
Schistosity
in foliations if it has a coarser grain size
biaxial/unaxial (unless strained)
in interference figure: k-felds: ______ quartz: _______
lower than balsam/higher or equal of balsam
in refractive index: K-felds: ______ quartz: _______
ZCMBGSKSKf (Zeolites, Chlorite, Muscovite, Biotite, Garnet, Staurolite, Kyanite, Sillimanite, Kfeldspar)
index minerals for schist
leucocratic
indicating a light colored rock.
Pegmatitic
is an alternative term for very coarse grain size but has compositional implications for many geologists because pegmatites have historically been limited to late-stage crystallization of granitic magmas
Refraction Seismic Method
is based on the principle that artificially generated seismic waves are refracted or bent at discontinuity surfaces as they travel downward below the surface.
Stratigraphy
is from Latin stratum + Greek graphia, is the description of all rock bodies forming the Earth's crust and their organization into distinctive, useful, mappable units based on their inherent properties or attributes in order to establish their distribution and relationship in space and their succession in time, and to interpret geologic history.
Basaltic oceanic crust
is generated at mid-ocean ridges and is consumed at subduction zones. Therefore, the crust in the ocean basins is relatively young (< 160 Ma) and recycles
The IUGS International Commission on Stratigraphy
is the body responsible for coordinating the selection and approval of GSSPs of the units of the Standard Global Chronostratigraphic (Geochronologic) Scale.
Petrography
is the branch of petrology that deals with the description and systematic classification of rocks
Tephrochronology
is the determination of ages of ash layers in the sediments by reference to the paleomagnetic time scale
System
is the fundamental chronostratigraphic uni
Period
is the fundamental geochronologic uni
Plate tectonics
is the process that convectively cools the Earth's mantle. Convection involving descending slabs (as compared to cylindrical plumes) is the natural method, given the physical properties of the mantle at present (positive thermal expansion, temperature-dependent viscosity, etc.). Plumestyle convection is more appropriate for the deeper and hotter boundary layer at the core-mantle boundary, however, and such rising plumes probably cool the core and rise through the mantle, largely independently of plate tectonics.
Chronozone
is the term used to refer to the rocks formed anywhere during a particular magnetostratigraphic polarity chron
remanent magnetism
is when the magnetized minerals acquire magnetic polarity (north and south pole alignments) in keeping with Earth's magnetic polarity.
Chlorite, Muscovite, Biotite, Garnet, Staurolite, Kyanite, Sillimanite
isograd Minerals:
Shock metamorphism
kind of metamorphism produced by intense seismic events or meteorite impact
Dynamothermal Metamorphism:
kind of metamorphism that directed stress combined with elevated T & P produce metamorphic mineral assemblage containing a tectonitefabric (cleavage, foliation and/or lineation)
Hydrothermal metamorphism
kind of metamorphism that is driven by hot H2O-rich fluids; common along divergent plate boundaries
Regional metamorphism
kind of metamorphism that is produced by elevated T&P along a convergent plate boundary; these rocks contain foliation because of directed stress
Contact metamorphism
kind of metamorphism that is produced by magma intruded cold country rock to produce a contact metamorphic aureole
Upper crust
layer of sedimentary and unconsolidated material; igneous and metamorphic basement Average composition of crust - basalt and granite
beta decay
loss of an electron; three general types of beta decay: either increase or decrease atomic number beta decay = most common type is when a neutron becomes a proton More penetrating than alpha decay
resinous
luster when it Looks like it would be sticky if you touched it
polycrystalline
made up of a number of crystals in different orientations:
paste
magma in greek means:
Tectosilicates
make up ~64% of earth's crust 3D framework of silicate tetrahedra All O are bridging --> stable strongly bonded structures Can be SiO2 only --> electroneutral
stream valleys
mass-wasting + running water = ???
High P
met isograd: -Zeolite > Glaucophane > Kyanite > Jadeite > Garnet
Barrovian
met isograd: Chl > Bi > Ga > St > Ky > Sill > K-Feld> Op
Idioblastic
met minerals that grow as crystals bounded by rational faces
Sub-idioblastic
met minerals that have intermediate growth forms are possible
Xenoblastic
met minerals that have no crystal faces
Isochemical metamorphism
much metamorphism involves little chemical change except loss of volatile
Bragg's Law
n*lamdba = 2*dsin(theta) Used to determine positions of atoms by how they diffract rays --> had spacing of the layers Relate the ratios of the wavelengths of the rays to the spacing between layers and how that relates to the angle of incident beams n = whole number series when waves of different layers are in phase with one another Mathematics to find patterns of diffraction related to spacing between layers
rock
naturally-occurring solid material consisting of one or more minerals. a. atom b. igneous rock c. rock d. ion e. mineral
Electron Microprobe
non-destructive analytical tool used to determine the chemical/elemental composition of a mineral in small spot sizes (1-2 microns) using wavelength-dispersive spectroscopy Sample bombarded with electron beam --> electron ejected off --> electron from higher energy shell comes down to replace ejected electron, which releases energy as an X-ray Quantized X-ray is indicative of elemental composition Backscattered electron mapping/imaging Create 2D element maps Crystal lattice preferred orientations Sample bombarded with an electron beam, emitting X-rays at wavelengths characteristic to elements being analyzed
incongruent melting
occurs when a solid mineral phase melts to produce a melt and a different mineral with a different composition from the initial mineral
Chemical zoning
occurs when equilibrium is not maintained and a rim of the new composition is added around the old
invariant melting
occurs when melts of the same composition are produced by melting rocks of different initial composition
Hematite
octahedral coordination of oxygens around Fe 6 O around Fe; Fe is trivalent, so only 2 out of 3 octahedra are filled
augite-jadeite solution
omphacitic pyroxene is of what solution?
Hexagonal minimum symmetry
one 6
Protolith
original rock that becomes metamorphosed
rapakivi
overgrowths of plag on alkali felds
Glide planes
planes that Represent a combination of translation and reflection
Poikiloblasts is sieved with inclusions of matrix grains while Porphyroblasts have relatively few inclusions
poikiloblasts vs porphyroblasts:
Lineation
preferred alignment of elongated minerals (i.e. amphibole
3-13kms
prehnite-pumpellyite facies transitions from zeolite at what depth?
Helicitic
preservation of an earlier tectonite fabric in a porphyroblast ("Snowball"Garnet)
Cementation
principal process leading to porosity reduction in sandstone
igneous-tectonic association
refers to these broad types of igneous occurrence, such as mid-ocean ridge, island arc, and intra-continental alkalic systems
marine seismic surveying
reflection seismic surveying were also utilized in oceans and lakes is just similar on land but differ in the speed sound sources and detectors are towed behind the survey ship, which can operate on a continuous 24/day basis
reversed
remanent magnetism of some volcanic rocks displays ________ polarity, indicating Earth's magnetic field has reversed at some point in the geologic past.
Eclogite Facies
represents pressures at which plagioclase is no longer stable. The albite component of plagioclase breaks down in the blueschist facies via glaucophane-producing .reactions
Nuclear Magnetic resonance Spectroscopy
resonance frequency of particular substance is directly proportional to strength of applied magnetic field
ZGAG (zeolite> greenschist> amphibolite > granulitefacies) (Barrovian)
rocks that form below volcanic arc
Isotope
same number of protons (same element) different number of neutrons
Covalent bonding
somewhere in between ionic and metallic bonds; atoms share outer valence electrons
Desert pavements
stony veneer in deserts where the surface is characterized by a layer of coarse pebbles and cobbles that are too large to be moved by the wind.
Sphalerite (ZnS)
streak = lead-grey to black, hardness = 2, specific gravity = 4.52-4.62
oregenic belt
t develops when a continental plate crumples and is pushed upwards to form one or more mountain ranges
Rifting
t is the formation of cracks, fissures or breaks especially in large-scale faulting.
false
t or f Chronostratigraphic units are not bounded by synchronous horizons.
false (it is the worst possible)
t or f The best choice for a boundary-stratotype of a chronostratigraphic unit is at an unconformity.
false
t or f Bio-stratigraphic correlation is time-correlation
false
t or f Changes in nomenclature of biostratigraphic units DO NOT conform with changes in the names of taxa as required by the International Codes of Zoological and Botanical Nomenclature
true
t or f Designation of auxiliary reference sections or additional type localities may be used to supplement the definition of a lithostratigraphic unit.
true
t or f For biostratigraphic range zones, the standard of the unit cannot be tied to a specific stratigraphic section or area because the stratigraphic scope of the unit may vary with increasing information
true
t or f Marine magnetic anomalies are, thus, not true conventional stratigraphic units.
true
t or f Since the only record of geologic time and of the events of geologic history lies in the rocks themselves, the best standard for a chronostratigraphic unit is a body of rocks formed between two designated instants of geologic time
true
t or f The formal name of a biostratigraphic unit should be formed from the names of one, or no more than two, appropriate fossils combined with the appropriate term for the kind of unit in question
true
t or f The orderly and progressive course of organic evolution is irreversible
true
t or f The rank and relative magnitude of the units in the chronostratigraphic hierarchy are a function of the length of the time interval that their rocks subtend, rather than of their physical thickness
true
t or f biostratigraphic classification is possible only for fossiliferous rocks that bear identifiable fossils.
false
t or f the rules of procedure used for outcrop sections does not apply to subsurface units established on the basis of exposures in mines, tunnels or from sections penetrated in wells
false
t or f: A fossil name once used for a biozone is available for use in a different zonal sense by a later author
true
t or f: A lithostratigraphic unit may consist of sedimentary, or igneous, or metamorphic rocks.
true
t or f: A stratigraphic unit may be promoted or demoted in rank without changing the geographic part of its name.
true
t or f: If a unit is divided into two or more formal component units, the geographic name of the original unit should not be employed for any of the subdivisions
true
t or f: No formation is considered justifiable and useful that cannot be delineated at the scale of geologic mapping practiced in the region
false
t or f: Stratotypes of local units does not require the approval from local or national surveys or stratigraphic commissions.
true
t or f: The change in the name of a geographic feature does not affect the name of the associated stratigraphic unit nor does disappearance of the geographic feature require a new name.
true
t or f: The currently well-established names derived from the names of distinguished contributors to the science of geomagnetism (for example, Brunhes, Gauss, Matuyama) should not be replaced.
false
t or f: all rock types and minerals are amenable to isotopic age determination.
false
t or f: it is possible to express the distributions in the rocks of all of the different properties with a single set of stratigraphic units
true
t or f: since they depend on taxonomic practice (biostrat), changes in their taxonomic base may enlarge or reduce the body of strata included in a particular biostratigraphic unit.
true
t or f: (strat condensation) Extremely low rates of sedimentation may result in fossils of different ages and different environments being mingled or very intimately associated in a very thin stratigraphic interval, even in a single bed
true
t or f: A biohorizon has NO thickness and should not be used to describe very thin stratigraphic units that are especially distinctive.
true
t or f: A magnetostratigraphic polarity unit and its boundaries may be extended away from its type locality or stratotype only as far as the magnetic properties and stratigraphic position of the unit can be identified.
true
t or f: A single stratigraphic interval may, therefore, be divided independently into range zones, interval zones, etc., depending on the biostratigraphic features chosen.
false
t or f: Adjectives used as nouns, such as "volcanics" or "metamorphics", preferably could be used in naming litho units
permanent monument
t or f: An important requirement of a stratotype is that it should be clearly marked. A boundary-stratotype is marked at a point, preferably by a ____________
false
t or f: Change in rank of a stratigraphic unit requires redefinition of the unit or its boundaries, or alteration of the geographic part of the name.
true
t or f: Discrepancies in age results may arise from the use of different decay constant
true
t or f: Geographic names should be derived from permanent natural or artificial features at or near which the stratigraphic unit is present. A name should be on standard published maps of the pertinent political jurisdiction
true
t or f: If additional ranks are needed, prefixes Sub and Super may be used with unit-terms when appropriate, although restraint is recommended to avoid complicating the nomenclature unnecessarily
true
t or f: Lineage zones are the most reliable means of correlation of relative time by use of the biostratigraphic method.
true
t or f: Lithostratigraphic units are the basic units of geologic mapping.
true
t or f: The formal name of a biostratigraphic unit is formed from the names of one or more appropriate fossils combined with the appropriate term for the kind of biostratigraphic unit
true
t or f: The name of a stratigraphic unit, once applied and then abandoned, should not be revived except in its original sense.
false
t or f: The name of the stratigraphic unit can be not the same as the name of the geographic feature after which it is named.
true
t or f: The proposal of a new formal stratigraphic unit requires a statement of intent to introduce the new unit and the reasons for the action. A new unit must be duly proposed and duly described.
true
t or f: The purpose of chronostratigraphic classification is to organize systematically the rocks forming the Earth's crust into named units (chronostratigraphic units) corresponding to intervals of geologic time (geochronologic units) to serve as a basis for time-correlation and a reference system for recording events of geologic history.
true
t or f: The rank or lithologic component may be changed when translated to a different language.
true
t or f: The spelling of the geographic component of the name of a stratigraphic unit should conform to the usage of the country of origin. The spelling of the geographic component, once established, should not be changed.
true
t or f: The use of adjectival qualifiers such as "plutonic", "igneous", or "volcanic", though preferably minimized in the formal nomenclature of lithostratigraphic units, may be used when they help to clarify the nature of a unit, as for instance a complex, e.g., "igneous complex", "volcanic complex"
true
t or f: Unusual abundance of a taxon or taxa in the stratigraphic record may result from a number of processes that are of local extent, but may be repeated in different places at different times. For this reason, the only sure way to identify an abundance zone is to trace it laterally.
true
t or f: Where lithologic identity is difficult to determine because of poor or no outcrops, a lithostratigraphic unit and its boundaries may be identified and correlated on the basis of indirect evidence: geomorphic expression, wire-line logs, seismic reflections, distinctive vegetation
true
t or f: lithostratigraphic classification is possible for any body of rock
true
t or f: the use of the term "suite" seems inadvisable. The term has been commonly used for associations of comagmatic intrusive igneous rock bodies of similar or related lithologies and close association in time, space, and origin
lithosphere
the crust plus the more rigid portion of the uppermost mantle above the low-velocity layer to behave as a strong, coherent unit, collectively called the ___________.
Mohorovicic discontinuity
the discontinuity/boundary between Lower Crust and Upper Mantle at this discontinuity, the P waves increases as about 7 ot 8 km/sec. Resulting in reflection/refraction of seismic waves as they encounter the discontinuity.
Lineation (L-Fabric)
the fabric may be dominated by a strong linear alignment where the aligned mineral grains are prismatic rather than platy (notably amphiboles)
heulandite/analcime
the first occurence of laumontite is before what mineral?
Oceanic crust, continental crust, mantle and core
the four principle compositional subdivisions of the Earth
reason why geothermal gradient in oceanic lithosphere is higher
the geothermal gradient is higher in the ocean setting than in the continental cratons because the oceanic lithosphere is thinner
Silky
...
Triclinic minimum symmetry
1
Primitive lattice (P)
1 lattice point in cell
Multiple Bonding in Minerals
1) Graphite = covalently bonded sheets of C loosely bound by van der Waals bonds 2) Mica - strongly bonded silica sheets (mixed covalent and ionic) bound by weak ionic and hydrogen bonds 3) Calcite = cleavage planes commonly correlate to planes of weak ionic bonding versus strong covalent bonds in CO3-
Miller indices
1) Includes a series of whole numbers derived from intercepts by inverting and clearing fractions 2) Simplified and more descriptive than face intercepts 3) Express crystal lattice planes and directions in crystals 4) always given order a, b, c so we do not use letters 5) placed in parentheses to keep the evil contained 6) reciprocals of axes intercepts (hkl), which negates the need for infinity
Body-centered lattice (I)
2 lattice points 1 at each corner 1 in the center of cell 1 + (1/8)*8 = 2
Monoclinic Minimum symmetry
2 or m
Weak acids and bases
CH3COOH NH3 H2O
Ion
Charged particles with excess or deficient number of electrons Charge of an ion is valence or oxidation state
Equilibrium Crystallization
Crystal comes out of melt and is continually reacting with the melt and changing the composition of the melt Starting composition of the melt is equivalent to the ending crystal to come out of the melt' This is how you achieve zonation within a crystal of sorts; change in compositional features from the center to the edge of the crystal/grain (thin section)
Arsenopyrite (FeAsS)
Derivative structure of marcasite; half of S is replaced by As Streak = black, hardness 5.5-6, S.G. = 6.07
Cleavage
Described in 3 ways 1) Quality of cleavage 2) Number of directions 3) Angles between cleavage planes
Cubic minimum symmetry
Four 3
Symmetry Elements
Geometric features that express symmetry of an ordered arrangement: Screw axes Glide planes Mirror planes Center of symmetry Rotoinversion
Mirror planes
Imaginary plane that divides a crystal into two halves Each of which is a mirror image of the other
PAULING'S RULES
In both CCP and HCP --> void spaces exist 2) Minerals are composed of numerous elements with various ionic or atomic sizes 3) Most bonding in minerals is ionic 4) Mineral structures considered arrangements of tightly packed spheres 5) Anions form closest packed array and cations fill void spaces 6) Summarized the principles of building stable crystal structures
fracture
Occurs when bond strengths are approximately equal in all directions Breaking does not follow specific pattern Common types: conchoidal, fibrous/splintery, hackly, uneven/irregular
Cleavage directions and angles
One plane of cleavage 2 planes of cleavage 3 planes of cleavage
Plane lattice
Results from translation in two directions Translational patterns described with vectors a and b Angles between the vector gamma Only five possible plane lattices
Geode
Rock cavity-lined mineral matter but not completely filled; May be banded and generally contain euhedral crystals projecting it to an open space
Unit cell
Smallest unit of a structure or pattern that can be repeated to generate an entire structure or print of a pattern
Marcasite (FeS2)
Streak = grayish black, hardness 6-6.5, Specific gravity = 5.89
Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2)
Streak = greenish-black, hardness = 3.5-4, Specific gravity = 4.1-4.3
Galena Pbs
Streak = lead gray, hardness = 2.5, specific gravity = 7.4-7.6
Stibnite (Sb2S3)
Streak = lead-grey or black, hardness = 2, specific gravity = 4.52-4.62
Cinnabar (HgS)
Streak = scarlet, hardness = 2.5, specific gravity = 8.10
Oxide
a compound element of oxygen with another element or group Chemical compound that contains at least one oxygen atom and one other element High symmetry from packing of oxygen atoms
Tetragonal
a equals b not equal c alpha equals beta equals gamma = 90
Trigonal
a equals beta not equal c alpha = beta = 90, gamma = 120
Monoclinic
a not equal b not equal c alpha equals gamma equals 90
Atom + proton
component of anion (-)
Atom - electron
component of cation (+)
Mesothermal Deposits
deposit type Formed at intermediate depths, T, and P Sulfide ore minerals include: galena, chalcopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite, bornite, etc.
Chatoyancy and Asterism
results from closest packed parallel fibers or inclusions Light is orthogonal to the length of fibers = chatoyancy Asterism = fibers and inclusions are arranged in 3 directions at 120 degrees to each other
Realgar (AsS)
streak = red-orange, hardness = 1-1.5, specific gravity = 3.48
Tubulite (Ag2Pb22Sb20S53)
tubular morphology; capillary action or aliens?
Supergene Minerals
what deposits type minerals are these? Melanterite Rozenite Szomolnokite
Sulfide Minerals
what groupd does this minerals belong? Pyrite, Chalcopyrite, marcasite, galena, pyrrhotite, cinnabar, arsenopyrite, stibnite, realgar
Sulfide Minerals
what mineral group? Form in oxygen-poor environments Prone to rapid oxidation and release of sulfuric acid Major ore minerals of base metals (Cu, Pb, Zn) Cotain S2- or S2 4-
Principle of Parsimony
what principle? Number of essentially different kinds of constituents tends to be small because there are only a few types of cations and anion sites Structures with complex compositions --> number of different ions can occuy the same structural position (site)
Epithermal Deposits
what type of deposit? Formed at shallow depths Relatively low T and P Sulfide ore minerals include: realgar, cinnabar, acanthite, pyrite, orpiment, stibnite, sphalerite, proustite, pyragitite
