Decision Making and Artificial Intelligence (9)
At the Blank______ level, managers develop overall business strategies, goals, and objectives as part of the company's strategic plan.
strategic
A(n) __________ (one word) processing system is the basic business system that serves the operational level (analysts) and assists in making structured decisions?
transaction
Strategic decisions are highly______ decisions, occurring in situations in which no procedures or rules exist to guide decision makers toward the correct choice.
unstructured
Select three examples of features that may be included in a digital dashboard for a manufacturing team.
List of outstanding alerts List of KPIs Graph of stock market prices
Select three characteristics of strategic decisions.
Long term, yearly, and multi-year time frames Unstructured, nonrecurring, one time decision types Senior management, presidents, leaders, and executives employee types
What is a type of artificial intelligence that enables computers to both understand concepts in the environment, and also to learn?
Machine learning
Match the term on the left with its correct definition on the right.
Machine learning matches Choice Enables computers to both understand concepts in the environment, and also to learn. Weak AI matches Choice Machines can still make their own decisions based on reasoning and past sets of data. Strong AI matches Choice Works towards providing brain like powers to AI machines; in effect, it works to make machines as intelligent as the humans.
__________ decisions concern how the organization should achieve the goals and objectives set by its strategy, and they are usually the responsibility of mid-level management.
Managerial
What concerns how the organization should achieve the goals and objectives set by its strategy, and they are usually the responsibility of mid-level management?
Managerial decisions
At which level are employees continuously evaluating company operations to hone the firm's abilities to identify, adapt to, and leverage change?
Managerial level
Select the three primary decision-making challenges facing managers today.
Managers need to analyze large amounts of information Managers must apply sophisticated analysis techniques, such as Porter's strategies or forecasting, to make strategic decisions Manager must make decisions quickly
________ bias occurs when there is a problem with the data collected that skews the data in one direction.
Measurement
What occurs when there is a problem with the data collected that skews the data in one direction?
Measurement bias
What is a simplified representation or abstraction of reality?
Model
How can a spreadsheet program, such as Microsoft Office Excel, help managers make decisions?
Modeling relationships
What is the process within a genetic algorithm of randomly trying combinations and evaluating the success (or failure) of the outcome?
Mutation
________ is the process within a genetic algorithm of randomly trying combinations and evaluating the success (or failure) of the outcome.
Mutation
_________ network is a category of AI that attempts to emulate the way the human brain works.
Neural
What is a category of AI that attempts to emulate the way the human brain works?
Neural network
What is the manipulation of information to create business intelligence in support of strategic decision making?
Online analytical processing (OLAP)
What is the capture of transaction and event information using technology to (1) process the information according to defined business rules, (2) store the information, and (3) update existing information to reflect the new information?
Online transaction processing (OLTP)
______ decisions affects how the firm is run from day-to-day; they are the domain of operations managers, who are the closet to the customer.
Operational
What affects how the firm is run from day-to-day; they are the domain of operations managers, who are the closest to the customer?
Operational decisions
At what level do employees develop, control, and maintain core business activities required to run the day-to-day operation?
Operational level
_________ analysis finds the optimum value for a target variable by repeatedly changing other variables, subject to specified constraints.
Optimization
Which type of analysis finds the optimum value for a target variable by repeatedly changing other variables, subject to specified constraints?
Optimization analysis
What occurs when a machine learning model matches the training data so closely that the model fails to make correct predictions on new data?
Overfitting
____________ occurs when a machine learning model matches the training data so closely that the model fails to make correct predictions on new data.
Overfitting
Drag and drop the definitions against the corresponding key terms. Instructions
Pie chart matches Choice A type of graph in which a circle is divided into sectors that each represent a proportion of the whole Bar chart matches Choice A chart or graph that presents grouped data with rectangular bars with lengths proportional to the values they they represent Histogram matches Choice A graphical display of data using bars of different heights Sparkline matches Choice A small embedded line graph that illustrates a single trend Time-series chart matches Choice A graphical representation showing change of a variable over time
What type of structure is represented by a typical organization, displaying the fact that different levels require different types of information to assist in decision making, problem solving, and opportunity capturing?
Pyramid
_________ learning is the training of machine learning models to make a sequence of decisions.
Reinforcement
What is the training of machine learning models to make a sequence of decisions?
Reinforcement learning
_______ bias is a problem with using incorrect training data to the train the machine.
Sample
What is a problem with using incorrect training data to the train the machine?
Sample bias
______ analysis is a special case of what-if analysis and includes the study of the impact on other variables when one variable is changed repeatedly.
Sensitivity
What is a special case of what-if analysis and includes the study of the impact on other variables when one variable is changed repeatedly?
Sensitivity analysis
Select three characteristics of managerial decisions.
Short term, daily, monthly, and yearly time frames Middle management and director employee types Semistructured, ad hoc reporting decision types
__________ is the ability to look at information from different perspectives, such as analyzing total product sales during a given promotion versus the sales of a single product across all promotions.
Slice-and-Dice
What is the ability to look at information from different perspectives?
Slice-and-dice
_______ documents are the original transaction record.
Source
Select the three characteristics of online transactional processing.
Stores the information Updates existing information to reflect the new information Processes the information according to defined business rules
______ decisions involve higher level issues concerned with the overall direction of the organization and define the organization's aspirations for the future.
Strategic
What involves higher level issues concerned with the overall direction of the organization; these decisions define the organization's overall goals and aspirations for the future?
Strategic decisions
At what level do managers develop overall business strategies, goals, and objectives as part of the company's strategic plan?
Strategic level
_______ AI refers to the field of artificial intelligence that works toward providing brainlike powers to AI machines.
Strong
What refers to the field of artificial intelligence that works toward providing brainlike powers to AI machines?
Strong AI
Match the term on the left with its correct definition on the right.
Supervised machine learning matches Choice Training a model from input data and its corresponding labels. Unsupervised machine learning matches Choice Training a model to find patterns in a dataset, typically an unlabeled dataset. Transfer machine learning matches Choice Transfers information from one machine learning task to another.
Match the term on the left with its correct definition on the right. Instructions
Supervised machine learning matches Choice Training a model from input data and its corresponding labels. Unsupervised machine learning matches Choice Training a model to find patterns in a dataset, typically an unlabeled dataset. Transfer machine learning matches Choice Transfers information from one machine learning task to another.
What is the basic business system that serves the operational level (analysts) and assists in making structured decisions?
Transaction processing system
_______ information encompasses all raw facts contained within a single process and its purpose is to support daily operational tasks.
Transactional
What type of information encompasses all the information contained within a single business process or unit of work, and its primary purpose is to support the performance of daily operational or structured decisions?
Transactional information
What occurs when a machine learning model has poor predictive abilities because it did not learn the complexity in the training data?
Underfitting
________ occurs when a machine learning model has poor predictive abilities because it did not learn the complexity in the training data.
Underfitting
What are decisions that occur in situations in which no procedures or rules exist to guide decision makers toward the correct choice?
Unstructured
What are the three types of machine learning?
Unsupervised machine learning Transfer machine learning Supervised machine learning
_______ bias is a mathematical property of an algorithm.
Variance
What is a mathematical property of an algorithm?
Variance bias
What is a work environment that is not located in any one physical space?
Virtual workplace
What produces graphical displays of patterns and complex relationships in large amounts of data?
Visualization
______ produces graphical displays of patterns and complex relationships in large amounts of data.
Visualization
______ AI machines can still make their own decisions based on reasoning and past sets of data.
Weak
What machines can still make their own decisions based on reasoning and past sets of data?
Weak AI
________-if analysis checks the impact of a change in a variable or assumption on the model.
What
Which DDS analysis technique checks the impact of a single change in a variable or assumption on the model?
What-if analysis
Online ____________ processing is the manipulation of information to create business intelligence in support of strategic decision making.
analytical
Data __________ occurs when adding additional training examples by transforming existing examples.
augmentation
Digital __________ track KPIs and CSFs by compiling information from multiple sources and tailoring it to meetuser needs.
dashboards
A(n) ________ information system is a specialized DSS that supports senior-level executives and unstructured, long-term, nonroutine decisions requiring judgment, evaluation,and insight.
executive
Google _____ is a wearable computer with an optical head-mounted display.
glass
Managers need to analyze large amounts of _________ to make quick business decisions.
information
A haptic ________ uses technology allowing humans to interact with a computer through bodily sensations and movements.
interface
At the _________ level, employees are continuously evaluating company operations to hone the firm's abilities to identify, adapt to, and leverage change.
managerial
A(n) ______ is a simplified representation or abstraction of reality.
model
At the ___________ level, employees develop, control, and maintain core business activities required to run the day-to-day operations.
operational
A(n) ______ rotates data to display alternative presentations of the data.
pivot
What rotates data to display alternative presentations of the data?
pivot
The structure of a typical organization is similar to a __________, and the different levels require different types of information to assist in decision making, problem solving, and opportunity capturing.
pyramid
List the steps in the decision-making process. Instruction
1. problem identification 2. data collection 3. solution generation 4. solution test 5. solution selection 6. solution implementation
Select two types of DSS systems.
A system to diagnose and treat patients A system that identifies risks for insurance companies
Select the three characteristics of operational decisions.
Analysts and staff employee types Structured, recurring, repetitive decision types Short term and day-to-day operational time frames
__________ information encompasses all organizational information, and its primary purpose is to support the performance of managerial analysis or semistructured decisions.
Analytical
What encompasses all organizational information, and its primary purpose is to support the performance of managerial analysis or semistructured decisions?
Analytical information
_________ intelligence simulates human thinking and behavior, such as the ability to reason and learn.
Artificial
What simulates human thinking and behavior, such as the ability to reason and learn?
Artificial intelligence
What does fuzzy logic assign as values to vague or ambiguous information?
Between 0 and 1
What is a method whereby new problems are solved based on the solutions from similar cases solved in the past?
Case-based
__________ reasoning is a method whereby new problems are solved based on the solutions from similar cases solved in the past.
Case-based
Which of the following represents a semistructured decision? (Select One)
Changing employee benefits
What is the aggregation of data from simple roll-ups to complex groupings of interrelated information?
Consolidation
________ is the aggregation of data from simple roll-ups to complex groupings of interrelated information.
Consolidation
Select the three structured decisions that are almost repetitive in nature and affect short-term business strategies.
Creating employee staffing schedules Reordering inventory Creating weekly production schedules
What occurs when adding additional training examples by transforming existing examples?
Data augmentation
_________ support systems model information using OLAP, which provides assistance in evaluating and choosing among different courses of action.
Decision
Select the system that models information using OLAP, which provides assistance in evaluating and choosing among different courses of action?
Decision support system
Select the three primary types of MIS decision-making systems.
Decision support systems Executive information systems Transaction processing system
______ learning is a process that employs specialized algorithms to model and study complex datasets; the method is also used to establish relationships among data and datasets.
Deep
What is a process that employs specialized algorithms to model and study complex datasets; the method is also used to establish relationships among data and datasets?
Deep learning
What tracks KPIs and CSFs by compiling information from multiple sources and tailoring it to meet user needs?
Digital dashboard
What enables users to view details, and details of details, of information?
Drill-down
_______ enables users to view details, and details of details, of information.
Drill-down
Which of the following represent unstructured decisions? (Select Two)
Entering a new industry Entering a new market
What is a specialized DSS that supports senior-level executives and unstructured, long-term, nonroutine decisions requiring judgment, evaluation,and insight?
Executive information system
__________ systems are computerized advisory programs that imitate the reasoning processes of experts in solving difficult problems.
Expert
What are computerized advisory programs that imitate the reasoning processes of experts in solving difficult problems?
Expert systems
Select three examples of analytical information.
Future growth projections Market projections Sales trends
_________ logic is a mathematical method of handling imprecise or subjective information.
Fuzzy
What is a mathematical method of handling imprecise or subjective information?
Fuzzy logic
_________ algorithm is an artificial intelligence system that mimics the evolutionary, survival-of-the-fittest process to generate increasingly better solutions to a problem.
Genetic
What is an artificial intelligence system that mimics the evolutionary, survival-of-the-fittest process to generate increasingly better solutions to a problem?
Genetic algorithm
__________ -seeking analysis finds the inputs necessary to achieve a goal such as a desired level of output.
Goal
What finds the inputs necessary to achieve a goal such as a desired level of output?
Goal-seeking analysis
What is a wearable computer with an optical head-mounted display?
Google Glass
What refers to the level of detail in the model or the decision-making process?
Granularity
______ refers to the level of detail in the model or the decision-making process.
Granularity
What uses technology allowing humans to interact with a computer through bodily sensations and movements?
Haptic interface
What is a representation of information in a graphic format designed to make the data easily understandable at a glance?
Infographic
______ is a representation of information in a graphic format designed to make the data easily understandable at a glance.
Infographic
Match the systems view of a TPS input, process, and output on the left with the payroll examples on the right. Instructions
Input matches Choice Time sheets, wage rates, employee benefits Process matches Choice Update employee records, calculate payroll, summarize benefits Output matches Choice Generating payroll reports, creating paychecks
Match the systems view of a DSS input, process, and output on the left with the examples on the right. Instructions
Input matches Choice Transaction processing system Process matches Choice What-if, sensitivity, goal-seeking, optimization Output matches Choice Forecasts, simulations, ad hoc reports
What is a result of training data that is influenced by cultural or other stereotypes?
Prejudice bias
_______ bias is a result of training data that is influenced by cultural or other stereotypes.
Prejudice bias
Match the step in the decision-making process on the left with the correct definition on the right. Instructions
Problem identification matches Choice Define the problem as clearly and precisely as possible. Data collection matches Choice Gather problem-related data, including who, what, where, when, why, and how. Be sure to gather facts, not rumors or opinions about the problem. Solution generation matches Choice Detail every solution possible, including ideas that seem farfetched. Solution test matches Choice Evaluate solutions in terms of feasibility (can it be completed?), suitability (is it a permanent or a temporary fix?), and acceptability (can all participants form a consensus?).
