Dentistry

When discussing teeth, what is the tooth surface closest to the tongue termed?

The lingual side is closest the tongue. The buccal side is closest the cheek.

Water comes from the ultrasonic scaler for which purpose?

It helps cool the instrument tip The ultrasonic scaler uses water to cool the instrument tip and to flush debris from the tooth as it is scaled away. By cooling the instrument tip, the water helps to prevent thermal damage to the tooth. The polisher is the instrument used to help smooth the tooth surface.

What percentage of dogs and cats, on average, has periodontal disease?

75% It is thought that 80% of dogs and 70% of cats have some degree of periodontal disease over the age of 3 years. This is why it is so important to discuss dental care with pet owners.

Which of the following is the best description of an epulis?

A non-malignant oral tumor An epulis is a non-malignant tumor of the periodontal ligament. These tumors do not metastasize but can be locally invasive. The most aggressive form of this condition, an acanthomatous epulis, can invade and destroy bone.

Which of the following drugs can cause discoloration of puppy teeth?

Tetracycline Explanation- Tetracyclines can cause a discoloration of puppy teeth. Tetracycline binds to calcified tissues (bone, cementum, dentin), gets incorporated into the hydroxyapatite crystals with the calcium, and causes the discoloration. This occurs with puppy teeth because the teeth are still being actively formed. After the adult teeth are present, this should no longer occur.

dental probe

Used to measure pocket depth

Which material is used to record impressions or imprints of the teeth for orthodontic evaluation?

Alginate

Periodontal pockets are measured by which dental instrument?

Probe The probe is used to check pocket depth. The scaler is used to remove plaque and calculus from the teeth. In dentistry, the curet is a spoon-shaped instrument used for removing necrotic cementum and calculus from the teeth and can be used supragingival and subgingival. The elevator is used to wear down the periodontal ligament to aid in extracting teeth from the oral cavity.

Which species regurgitates food for remastication?

cattle

How many 3-rooted permanent maxillary teeth are in the mouth of a dog?

6. The 3-rooted permanent teeth in the maxilla of a dog are P4, M1, and M2 (so 3 on each side of the upper jaw). There are no 3-rooted permanent mandibular teeth in the dog.

What is the permanent dental formula for a dog?

2(I3/3 C1/1 P4/4 M2/3). Remember the dog has 42 teeth total.

How many upper incisors does a goat have?

0 Goats have no upper front teeth (incisors); their upper front mouth is one big gumline. In the back on their mouth they do have both upper and lower teeth. Goats are born with teeth which are replaced by permanent teeth as they age. The dental formula for permanent teeth in the goat is: 2 ( I 0/3 C 0/1 P 3/3 M 3/3) = 32

What is the normal sulcus depth of the teeth in dogs when examining with a periodontal probe?

0-3 mm In dogs, a sulcus depth of 0-3 mm is considered normal. Depths greater than 3 mm are suggestive of periodontal disease. In cats, the normal depth is only 0-1 mm.

what species have hypsodont teeth?

horses Hypsodont, or high-crowned teeth, continue to erupt throughout life. All of the permanent teeth of horses and cheek teeth of ruminants are this type, with the roots embedded in the alveolus of the jaw bone. Dogs, cats, monkeys, and pigs have brachydont, or low-crowned teeth in which the root is embedded in the jaw bone.

Which species has wolf teeth?

horses Wolf teeth are small teeth that are the first premolars in the horse. It is thought they may be deciduous teeth. They are located immediately rostral to the first cheek teeth in horses.

What is the maximum time that an ultrasonic scaler can be used on a tooth surface?

10-15 seconds The scaler must be kept in constant motion on the tooth surface and should not be on a tooth for more than 10 to 15 seconds. This is because heat can buildup and cause thermal damage to the tooth. The water from the scaler also helps to prevent heat buildup. The scaler should be held in a modified pen grasp during the procedure.

The Triadan numbering system is commonly used in human and veterinary dentistry to specify a tooth. What is the correct number of the permanent right maxillary canine tooth of a dog or cat?

104 In this system, the first numeral denotes the quadrant of the tooth and if it is permanent or deciduous. They are numbered starting at the right maxilla and moving counter-clockwise:1 = Right maxilla (5 = deciduous)2 = Left maxilla (6 = deciduous)3 = Left mandible (7 = deciduous)4 = Right mandible (8 = deciduous) The next two digits indicate how many teeth over from the midline.For example, in the dog:701 is the deciduous mandibular left first incisor.104 is the permanent right maxillary canine.409 is the permanent mandibular right first molar.

Which is the dental formula for a cat?

2 (I 3/3 C 1/1 P 3/2 M 1/1)= 30 Cats have 3 incisors, 1 canine, 3 premolars, and 1 molar on one side of the upper jaw and 3 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, and 1 molar on one side of the lower jaw so the dental formula for the cat is: 2 (I 3/3 C 1/1 P 3/2 M 1/1)= 30 permanent teeth Dogs have 42 teeth, so their dental formula is : 2 (I 3/3 C 1/1 P 4/4 M 2/3)= 42

Which of the following is the correct dental formula for guinea pigs and chinchillas?

2(I1/1 C0/0 PM1/1 M3/3) = 20 The formula is designated as fractions to indicate the upper and lower dental arcades. The 2 at the beginning of the formula is for the left and right upper and lower dental arcades. I stands for incisor teeth. C stands for canine teeth. PM stands for premolar cheek teeth. M stands for molar cheek teeth. Therefore, guinea pigs have 4 incisors total (1 upper and lower on the left and the right), no canine teeth, 4 premolar cheek teeth (1 upper and lower on the left and right), and 12 molar cheek teeth total (3 upper and lower on the left and right).

Cats do not have first and second premolars on the mandible. Therefore, what is the number in the Triadan system for the premolar that is closest to the canine on the left mandible?

307 In the Triadan system, each tooth has a predictable number, even with teeth missing. Therefore, even though cats do not have PM 1 and 2 (numbered 305 and 306 on the left mandible), the third premolar which is the tooth closest to the canine is 307. In all species, the canine tooth ends in 04 and the first molar ends with 09.

A 60-lb patient is to go home on Clavamox after his dental cleaning. The dose is 14 mg/kg. What size tablet should the patient be sent home with?

375mg

In general, at what age are puppy teeth (deciduous) considered to be retained?

6 Months A tooth is considered retained if it is still present after full eruption of the permanent tooth. Teething can begin around 3 1/2 to 4 months, and will continue until about 6 months of age on average, at which point all 42 permanent teeth should be present. If the deciduous teeth are still present after the permanent teeth have come in, they are considered retained and should be extracted (typically at the time of the spay or neuter). The dog in the photo has multiple retained teeth. The most common teeth to be retained are the upper canines, followed by the lower canine teeth and the incisors. Sometimes, the premolar teeth may also be retained.

This 6-year-old Friesian cow has developed a mass on the left jaw region (see image). The farmer reports that it developed over the last several weeks. The mass is firm, immobile, and painful on manipulation. While assisting the veterinarian, you notice a thick granular discharge coming from the mass. The veterinarian suspects "lumpy jaw", which is caused by which of the following agents?

Actinomyces bovis "Lumpy jaw" is caused by Actinomyces bovis. It is most often diagnosed by palpating a firm mass that is immobile over the mandible. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis causes caseous lymphadenitis. It results in an onion appearance in abscesses found most commonly in the neck region and abdomen Mycobacterium bovis causes bovine tuberculosis and is a zoonotic disease. It most often causes coughing and other respiratory symptoms. Moraxella bovis causes pinkeye in cattle.

Which of the following terms describes the something that is closer to the root of a tooth relative to another structure?

Apical

As teeth make contact and grind together they gradually become worn. What is this process known as?

Attrition

Which technique is needed to produce quality intra-oral radiographs?

Bisecting angle technique In the bisecting angle technique, the film is placed next to the tooth; the primary x-ray beam is aimed perpendicular to the plane that bisects the angle created by the plane of the central tooth axis to the plane of the dental film.

Mineralized debris on the tooth surface is known as which of the following?

Calculus Calculus is mineralization of plaque on the teeth. Plaque is a mixture of bacteria, saliva, and food parts that cover the tooth in a thin film. Plaque can turn into calculus in as early as a week. Dentin is the hard, white portion of the tooth. Cementum is calcified connective tissue.

Which of the following is the correct term for dental decay, causing demineralization of the hard tissues of the tooth?

Caries Dental caries is the condition where trapped food is fermented by bacteria, forming acids that demineralize the hard tissue of the tooth. Odontoclastic resorptive lesions are a process where the cementum of the tooth is resorbed and replaced with bone-like material. Enamel hypoplasia, is the absence of enamel formation on the tooth crown during tooth development. Stomatitis is inflammation of the oral mucosal surfaces.

A 10 year old male neutered West Highland White Terrier with a history of 1st degree AV block is admitted to the clinic for a routine dentistry. All of his pre-anesthetic lab work has come back normal. Which of the following anesthetic drugs would be most contraindicated in this case?

Dexmedetomidine Explanation- Dexmedetomidine (Dexdomitor) is an alpha 2 agonist of which the major side effect is bradycardia. Patients with 1st degree AV block are often already bradycardic, and the AV block could be made worse by giving an alpha 2 agonist. While diazepam, butorphanol, and acepromazine all cause different degrees of sedation, they do not cause significant changes in heart rate or contractility. Acepromazine causes vasodilation, which can lead to hypotension, but it is anti-arrhythmic and can actually help stabilize the heart.

The tooth crown is covered with which of the following?

Enamel Enamel is the hard mineralized surface of the tooth. It is made up of hydroxyapatite, or calcium phosphate.The cementum is the thin calcified layer of tissue that covers the dentin of the tooth root.The tooth itself is made up mostly of dentin. The dentin is covered by the enamel on the crown and by cementum on the roots.The pulp is the center part of a tooth that is made up of living connective tissue and is the softest part containing nerve fibers.

Which of the following may be seen in a puppy who has had distemper?

Enamel hypoplasia This dog has enamel hypoplasia, which is an enamel deficiency that causes an abnormal enamel matrix and presents as if the enamel has been eaten away. This may be a finding in adult dogs previously infected with distemper virus as a puppy. Tetracycline antibiotics may also cause this, seen as a permanent brown discoloration of teeth when used in young puppies.

A dog presents for a broken adult canine tooth. The tooth is broken at the tip and a small area of pulp is exposed. Exposure of pulp in a tooth should be treated in which way?

Endodontic treatment Explanation The pulp is the soft pink portion inside the tooth that includes the nerves and blood vessels. If the pulp is exposed, this is painful and may lead to infection. These teeth are treated with a root canal (an endodontic procedure), especially for the larger premolars and canine teeth) or are extracted.

What procedure performed in horses includes filing and smoothing their teeth?

Floating Horses' teeth grow throughout their lives. When a horse eats normally, grinding food between the back teeth, the abrasives wear the teeth down to keep them even and smooth. However, when a horse eats a softer diet like one containing a lot of alfalfa and grains, the teeth do not wear evenly and can form sharp, painful points. A horse with overgrown or sharp teeth may have difficulty eating, may hypersalivate, may start dropping food from its mouth, and can begin losing weight. Floating entails filing down the teeth using a dental rasp, or float, to make the teeth even and smooth again.Cribbing is the act of swallowing air or "wind sucking" and is thought to be behavioral. Sometimes cribbers will chew or suck on fences or other fixed objects so they can actually draw in air.Quidding is when a horse stores a bolus of food inside its mouth and spits it out or drops food from its mouth. The most common cause is bad teeth; the horse may need to have its teeth floated.

Periodontal disease can refer to processes affecting which of the following?

Gingiva Periodontal disease is one of the most common conditions seen. The periodontum includes the gingiva, the alveolar bone, the periodontal ligament and cementum of the tooth. Gingivitis is usually the first sign of periodontal disease.

A boxer presents with overgrowth of the gums. This condition is known as which of the following?

Gingival hyperplasia Gingival hyperplasia is overgrowth of the gum tissue characterized by non painful swellings of the gingiva. In some cases, a biopsy may be required to rule out neoplasia. The proliferative tissue can be trimmed away during a dental but dogs with this condition are prone to recurrence. The cause is often unknown, but it may be hereditary or caused by medications such as cyclosporine, phenytoin, or amlodipine.

Which of the following correctly defines the term stomatitis?

Inflammation of the oral mucosal surfaces Stomatitis describes inflammation of the oral mucosal surfaces. It can be subdivided by region, such as buccal stomatitis (inflammation of the cheek mucosa). Inflammation of the tongue is known as glossitis. Inflammation of the glossopalatine folds around the area housing the tonsil is known as faucitis. Inflammation of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone fall under the category of periodontitis.

Which of the following nerve blocks can be used to decrease anesthetic requirements and provide analgesia for a dental extraction of a maxillary tooth?

Infraorbital block The infraorbital block or maxillary block are local anesthetic techniques used to decrease anesthetic requirements and provide analgesia for procedures involving the maxilla. The inferior alveolar block and mental nerve block are local anesthetic techniques for the mandible.

In normal occlusion, what is the proper position of the incisors and canine teeth when the mouth is closed?

Mandibular incisors are palatal to the maxillary incisors, and the mandibular canine is mesial to the maxillary canine In normal occlusion, the mandibular incisors are palatal (behind) the maxillary incisors, and the coronal third of the mandibular incisors rests on a smooth convex bulge on the maxillary incisors known as the cingulum. The mandibular canines should be centered between the maxillary third incisor and the maxillary canine (mesial to the maxillary canine), without touching either tooth.

In dogs, which of the following are all permanent teeth with 2 roots?

Mandibular premolars 2, 3, and 4, and molar 1

The 4th upper premolars are connected with which structure in dogs?

Maxillary Sinus The 4th upper premolars (carnassial teeth) communicate directly with the maxillary sinus. In the case of a carnassial tooth that becomes infected, an abscess builds up around the affected root just under the skin below and in front of the eye.

When referring to teeth, which of the following terms describes the portion of the tooth that is in line with the dental arcade and closest to the rostral midline of the dental arch?

Mesial

Which of the following species have teeth that only grow for a limited time during development and do not continually erupt or grow throughout the life of the animal?

Pigs Cats, pigs, humans and other carnivores have all brachyodont teeth. This means that they have a small crown relative to the size of the roots, and the apex of the each tooth root is only open for a brief period during development and does not continue to erupt. Horses, rodents, and lagomorphs have hypsodont teeth, which means that they have a relatively large amount of crown that is beneath the gingival margin as well as a root structure that allows for continued eruption during most of the animala's lifetime. Hypsodont teeth can be further categorized as radicular hypsodont teeth, such as the cheek teeth of horses. These have apices that eventually close and stop growing, but continued eruption offsets attrition from occlusion. Aradicular hypsodont teeth (such as the incisors of rabbits) lack a true root structure, allowing for lifelong growth of the tooth itself.

Which of the following species has a double row of incisors?

Rabbits Rabbits have a second row of incisors distal to the proximal incisors. When malocclusion occurs, it is important to trim both sets of teeth to maintain proper dentition.

Which species does not have canine teeth?

Rabbits Rabbits have four incisors-two on the top and two on the bottom. Right behind the top incisor teeth are two small peg-like teeth called auxiliary incisors or "peg teeth". Rabbits have cheek teeth that they use to grind their food. These are the 6 upper premolars, the 4 lower premolars, 6 upper molars and 6 lower molars (and no canines). Cows have 2 lower canines. Horses and llamas both have 4 canine teeth (2 upper and 2 lower).

Which of the following animals develops dental caries?

Rabbits and chinchillas Rabbits, chinchillas, and dogs develop dental caries. Caries are very rare in the other species listed. Caries are cavities.

Which of the following animals do not have canine teeth?

Rodents Rodents do not have canine teeth. Horses, pigs and ferrets all have canine teeth.

Which of the following is an example of an endodontic treatment?

Root canal Endodontics deals with the tooth pulp and the tissues surrounding the root of a tooth. The root canal is the most common endodontic procedure.

A dog is having his teeth cleaned and has a discolored upper right third premolar. The doctor would like you to take an x-ray of this tooth. Which patient position would make the radiograph easiest to take?

Sternal recumbency Sternal recumbency is best for the maxilla (upper jaws). Dorsal recumbency is easiest for the anterior mandible. Lateral is best for the premolars and molars of the mandible.

Which of the following is true regarding dentition in dogs?

The incisors on the mandible should be palatal to the incisors on the maxilla The incisors on the mandible (lower jaw) rest palatal (or behind facing up toward the palate) to the maxilla (upper jaw). If it were opposite, the animal would have an underbite. Also, the mandibular (lower) canine teeth should rest distal to the upper third incisor and mesial to the maxillary (upper) canine tooth. The dog has 6 upper and 6 lower incisors (12 total incisors). The lower first molars (309 and 409) in the dog are double-rooted.

What is the carnassial tooth?

The largest shearing tooth of each dental arcade "Carnassial" literally means tearing of flesh but is used in veterinary dentistry to describe the largest shearing tooth of the mandible and maxilla in carnivores. This is the tooth that does the most work during mastication. In dogs and cats, the carnassial teeth are the maxillary fourth premolar and the mandibular first molar.

When are needle teeth in piglets usually clipped?

Within 24 hours of birth Piglets are born with 8 sharp needle or milk teeth. The teeth can lacerate the sow during nursing, and playing or fighting behavior with other piglets may cause trauma. The teeth are most often clipped within the first 24 hours after birth.

Which of the following are triple rooted teeth in dogs?

Upper 4th premolars In the dog, the upper 4th premolars (also known as carnassial teeth), have three roots. The upper 1st and 2nd molars also have 3 roots. A dog has 3 incisors, 1 canine, 4 premolars and 2 molars on one side of the upper jaw and 3 incisors, 1 canine, 4 premolars and 3 molars on one side of the lower jaw, so the dental formula for the dog is: 2 (I 3/3 C 1/1 P 4/4 M 2/3)= 42

What is the dental formula for the adult horse (i.e. incisor-canine-premolar-molar)?

Upper: 3-1-4-3 Lower: 3-1-3-3 The upper quadrant of the horse's dental arcade has 3 incisors, 1 canine (primarily male horses), 4 premolars (including "wolf" tooth) and 3 molars; the lower arcade has 3 incisions, 1 canine, 3 premolars and 3 molars. Not all horses have the 1st upper premolar, the so-called wolf tooth. Generally, females do not have canine teeth.

Accumulations of desquamated cells, food particles, and bacteria along the teeth are known as which of the following?

plaque A plaque is an accumulation of desquamated cells, food particles, and bacteria. Bacterial toxins damage the gingiva and oral mucosa. Dental calculus or tartar is mineralized plaque and can lead to persistent inflammation. Dental caries, also known as cavities or decay, are incidents of demineralization of the teeth.