Dev Psych ch. 5

Children younger than age 4 do not understand that it is possible to have false belief. True False

True

Project Head Start is the largest federally funded program for children in the United States. True False

True

True or false: Researchers suggest that instruction to enhance U.S. children's ability to read and write should be built on skills that the children already know. True False

True

The theories of Piaget, Vygotsky, and information processing are major theories of ______ development in early childhood. evolutionary cognitive psychoanalytic physiological

cognitive

In early childhood, executive function involves which of the following developmental advances? cognitive inhibition goal-setting cognitive flexibility immediate gratification seeking

cognitive inhibition goal-setting cognitive flexibility

Along with the recommended amount of sleep, the World Health Organization also recommends which of the following sleep habits for 3- to 4-year-old children? consistent sleep and wake times exercise before bed extensive bedtime routines cutting out napping

consistent sleep and wake times

Vygotsky's theory stressed the importance of sociocultural influences on children's development, which fits the belief that it is important to evaluate contextual factors in learning. a child's family background. componential factors in learning. the income level of a child's family.

contextual factors in learning.

In 2017, ______ was the most common cause of accidental death in young children. drowning suffocation homicide poisoning

drowning

The effectiveness of the zone of proximal development is increased by which of the following? stubbornness emotional regulation complete independence compliance secure attachment

emotional regulation compliance secure attachment

In early childhood, __________ functioning involves developmental advances in cognitive flexibility, goal-setting, and cognitive inhibition.

executive

______ includes a number of higher cognitive processes that allow people to maintain self-control and engage in goal-directed behavior. Fluid intelligence Executive function Cognitive mechanics Crystallized pragmatics

executive function

Which of the following guidelines assist parents in teaching proper eating habits to their children? modeling healthy eating habits maintaining a breakfast, lunch, and dinner routine preparing a balanced meal with proper representation of the major food groups allowing the child to bring a favorite toy to the table having the television on during dinner

modeling healthy eating habits maintaining a breakfast, lunch, and dinner routine preparing a balanced meal with proper representation of the major food groups

Television watching during mealtimes has a(n) ______ effect on a child's eating habits. unknown positive negative neutral

negative

Which three mental states do children begin to understand from 2 to 3 years of age? false beliefs perceptions desires emotions

perceptions desires emotions

In the English language, the letters "thr" may be combined as in the word "throat." However, the letters may not be combined in the order "rht." This is an example of semantics. phonology. morphology. syntax.

phonology

Preschool children tend to compare things in a haphazard way, whereas elementary school age children exhibit ______ by comparing two items systematically, one detail at a time. randomization planfulness impulsiveness playfulness

planfulness

Rebecca, a six-year-old girl, is very good at carrying on conversations with people. Her two-year-old brother Jack is not very good at carrying on conversations. This is primarily due to an increased understanding of pragmatics. structure. practicality. systems.

pragmatics

The second stage of Piaget's cognitive theory of development lasts from ages 2 to 7 and is called the concrete operational stage. formal operational stage. preoperational stage. sensorimotor stage.

preoperational stage

Which age group is the most susceptible to suggestion? preschoolers middle schoolers elementary-age children adolescents

preschoolers

Which of the following are a part of executive functioning? self-control goal-directed behavior mathematical skill memory for individual facts

self-control goal-directed behavior

Research using the memory-span task suggests that ______-term memory increases during early childhood. action long sensory short

short

__________-term memory involves retaining information for up to 30 seconds without rehearsal.

short

Which of the following refers to a limited-capacity memory in which information is usually retained for up to 30 seconds if there is no rehearsal of the information? executive memory long-term memory schema memory short-term memory

short-term memory

A researcher who reads off a short list of numbers at a rapid pace and then asks a participant to repeat the numbers is most likely studying short-term memory. abstract memory. sensory memory. long-term memory.

short-term memory.

The child's ability to pay attention improves ______ during the preschool years. significantly slightly slowly moderately

significantly

Of the following, the reliability of a young child's eyewitness testimony is probably most highly dependent on the child's working memory capacity. skills and motivations of the interviewer. consequences of the legal case. implicit memory of the child.

skills and motivations of the interviewer.

Which of the following emphasizes the social contexts of learning and the construction of knowledge through social interaction? Social constructivist approach Stages of development Cognitive constructionism Piagetian theory

Social constructivist approach

Preschool children learn and apply the more advanced grammar rules of ______________, which involves how words should be ordered in a sentence.

syntax

Young children learn early to place a wh- word at the beginning of a sentence when properly asking a question. This shows advances in syntax. semantics. literacy. pragmatics.

syntax

Which theory views children as thinkers who can predict, explain, and understand themselves and others? theory of mind Bandura's social cognitive theory Erikson's psychosocial theory psychoanalytic theory

theory of mind

Which of the following best characterizes theory of mind? a study of the links between development, the brain, and cognitive functioning thoughts about how one's own mental processes work and the mental processes of others the idea that gist-based intuition serves young children and adolescents better than analytical thinking the ability to be alert, mentally present, and cognitively flexible in life's everyday activities

thoughts about how one's own mental processes work and the mental processes of others

Sustained attention is also known as: encoding. vigilance. rehearsal. multitasking.

viligance

Which of the following activities is LEAST likely to aid in the development of preschoolers' literacy skills? watching TV supportive environments listening, talking, and writing experiences reading

watching TV

An increase in height and an increase in___________are the two most obvious physical changes that occur during early childhood years.

weight

Which of the following are among the current controversies regarding early childhood programs? how many hours a day children should spend in preschool what the preschool curriculum should be how to assess school readiness in preschool children whether preschool programs should be universal in the United States

what the preschool curriculum should be whether preschool programs should be universal in the United States

The recommended amount of sleep for 3- to 4-year-old children is ______ hours. 6 to 8 8 to 10 10 to 13 4 to 6

10 to 13

Perceptions, emotions, and desires are all mental states that children from ______ begin to understand. 3 to 5 years of age 2 to 3 years of age 6 months to 2 years of age 6 months to 18 months of age

2 to 3 years of age

3 years old --> _______ 4 years old --> _______ 5 years old --> _______ hopping and jumping climbing a low jungle gym running races with friends

3: hopping and jumping 4: climbing a low jungle gym 5: running races with friends

The awareness that people can have false beliefs (beliefs that are not true) develops in a majority of children by which age? 5 6 7 3

5

At around approximately ______ years of age, children develop a deepening appreciation of the mind itself rather than just an understanding of mental states. 1 to 2 8 to 9 3 to 5 5 to 7

5 to 7

______ includes a number of higher cognitive processes that allow people to maintain self-control and engage in goal-directed behavior. Cognitive mechanics Fluid intelligence Executive function Crystallized pragmatics

Executive function

______ attention supports the rapid increases in effortful control involving action planning and allocating attention to goals during the toddler and preschool years. An increased appreciation of their surroundings, helps children prolong their ______ attention. Joint; sustained Executive; sustained Sustained; executive Joint; executive

Executive; sustained

The brain grows more rapidly in childhood than in infancy. True False

False

True or false: Executive function is uninfluenced by social or environmental factors. True False

False

Which of the following statements best describe child-centered kindergartens? Child-centered kindergartens are academically rigorous. Child-centered kindergartens focus on the process of learning, not on what is learned. Child-centered kindergartens see children as individuals with their own developmental patterns of growth. Child-centered kindergartens downplay firsthand experiences. Child-centered kindergartens emphasize play.

Child-centered kindergartens focus on the process of learning, not on what is learned. Child-centered kindergartens see children as individuals with their own developmental patterns of growth. Child-centered kindergartens emphasize play.

Which of the following statements best describe the key elements of Piaget's second stage of cognitive development? Children are able to use words to describe their world. Children continue to be egocentric and have magical beliefs. Children form stable concepts and begin to reason. Children are able to understand the concept of reversibility.

Children are able to use words to describe their world. Children continue to be egocentric and have magical beliefs. Children form stable concepts and begin to reason.

______ involves how sounds are used and how sounds are combined. Syntax Morphology Phonology Semantics

Phonology

Which of the following are major cognitive theories of development that address the early childhood years? Reggio Emilia's theory Piaget's theory information processing theory Vygotsky's theory

Piaget's theory information processing theory Vygotsky's theory

Why does memory span change as children age? The efficiency with which children process information improves. Children are no longer reliant on working memory. Older children are more likely to rehearse information. The speed with which memory items can be identified increases.

The efficiency with which children process information improves. Older children are more likely to rehearse information. The speed with which memory items can be identified increases.

What statements best describe the advances in pragmatics in early childhood? Young children struggle with cultural issues related to speech. Young children are able to present competent narratives. Young children can learn rules regarding politeness in conversations. Young children can adapt their speech based on their setting.

Young children are able to present competent narratives. Young children can learn rules regarding politeness in conversations. Young children can adapt their speech based on their setting.

The main cause of death among young children is heart defects. homicide. accidents. cancer.

accidents

Which of the following factors influence the accuracy of a young child's memory? age differences in susceptibility to suggestion inability to recall relevant information interviewing techniques that produce substantial distortions desire to be in the spotlight individual differences in susceptibility

age differences in susceptibility to suggestion interviewing techniques that produce substantial distortions individual differences in susceptibility

Ian is able to complete the last few problems of his math homework only with a lot of guidance from his big sister, Briana. Currently, Ian is at the lower limit of his zone of proximal development. outside the limit of his zone of proximal development. scaffolding through his zone of proximal development. at the upper limit of his zone of proximal development.

at the upper limit of his zone of proximal development.

The focusing of mental resources on select information is called information processing. executive function. centration. attention.

attention

Children begin the transition from saying simple to more complex sentences at approximately 18 months. between 2 and 3 years of age. between 3 and 4 years of age. around age 1.

between 2 and 3 years of age.

Child- ____________ kindergartens focus on educating the whole child by focusing on his or her physical, cognitive, and socioemotional needs.

centered

When thinking about thinking, a 3- to 5-year-old will often fail to recognize that people's behavior may not reflect their thoughts. have a deep appreciation for the mind. report specific thoughts and when they occurred. see the mind as an active processing center.

fail to recognize that people's behavior may not reflect their thoughts.

According to research, which of the following have been positively associated with the development of executive function in children? harsh parenting fathers' autonomy support secure attachment parental education

fathers' autonomy support secure attachment parental education

Early Head Start serves children from birth to age 3. entering the first grade. in kindergarten. from ages 3 to 5.

from birth to age 3.

The most obvious physical change in early childhood is growth in flexibility and agility. appetite. cognitive ability. height and weight.

height and weight.

Which of the following are examples of gross motor skills acquired in childhood? jumping running climbing assembling a simple jig-saw puzzle

jumping running climbing

With regard to young children who are learning English as their first language, all children will fail to use prepositions until they reach about 4 years of age. learn the prepositions on and in before other prepositions. acquire language in precisely the same manner. acquire language in a significantly unique way.

learn the prepositions on and in before other prepositions.

The brain grows _______ in early childhood than in infancy. as rapidly less rapidly more rapidly twice as much

less rapidly

The ability of a young child to remember their name and address is an example of ______, the retention of information over time. memory divided attention metacognition planfulness

memory

The retention of information over time is defined as__________

memory

Increases in which of the following are reasons that memory span changes with age? processing speed implicit memory rehearsal of information sensory memory

processing speed rehearsal of information

Preschool children's control of attention is deficient. They are likely to pay attention to salient features rather than relevant features. background features rather than salient features. relevant features rather than salient features. background features rather than relevant features.

salient features rather than relevant features.