Dev Psych CH 8

When gender differences in the brain have been revealed, in many cases they _______ psychological differences.

have not been directly linked to

Eleven-year-old Meagan has some doubts about Ian's claim that he is the smartest student in the school. This is likely due to

her increased skepticism regarding others' claims.

Which of the following are aspects of the development of the self-understanding in middle and late childhood?

increased use of psychological characteristics in self-description increased recognition of social aspects of self increasing social comparison

_______ in friendships is characterized by self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts

intimacy or affection

In middle and late childhood, parents begin to function more as

managers

According to Kohlberg, development of ______ is not ensured by a child's advances in cognitive development.

moral reasoning

Who is most likely to undertake a managerial role in parenting?

mother

Research has revealed ______ gender differences in general intellectual ability.

no

Self-esteem and self-concept are rooted in

parent-child interaction

Which of the following family problems contribute to lower achievement among low-income students?

parents who can't read family's lack of money for educational materials and experiences parents who don't set high educational standards

Developmentalists have distinguished five _______ statuses: popular, average, neglected, rejected, and controversial.

peer or sociometric

Positive peer relationships in middle and late childhood involve which of the following?

resolving conflicts in nonaggressive ways maintaining quality friendships

Compared with schools in higher-income areas, schools in low-income areas are more likely to encourage ______ learning.

rote

Ten-year-old Blake tells his classmate, "I know I can figure out this math problem if I work at it." Blake is demonstrating high

self-efficacy

Which of the following describes the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes?

self-efficacy

Research has shown that in general, girls and women have ______ verbal skills than boys and men.

slightly better

In middle and late childhood, the development of which of the following provides children with information about their peers and peer relationships?

social cognition

Which of the following types of reasoning focuses on rules established to control behavior and maintain the social system?

social conventional

Which of the following are the three most common types of stepfamily structures?

stepfather stepmother blended

What does the role of parents as managers involve?

structuring the family environment monitoring and encouraging academic progress setting up routines and schedules

Compared to men, women have about ______ the body fat.

twice

According to critics, Kohlberg's theory ignored which of the following?

whether moral reasoning is conscious or automatic the importance of gender the role of emotion

The preconventional reasoning has sometimes been described as _____.

"What's in it for me?"

In terms of developmental changes in peer interaction, children's preference for same-sex peer groups increases until the age of

12

By the time students graduate from high school, they will have spent ______ hours in the classroom.

12,000

Which of the statements is FALSE regarding emotional development in middle and late childhood?

Children in middle and late childhood do not understand that more than one emotion can be experienced in a particular situation.

According to Kohlberg, which of the following are true of the timing of the three levels of moral development?

Conventional reasoning begins to appear in early adolescence. The levels occur in a sequence. Only a small number of individuals in early adulthood reason in postconventional ways.

Differences between the sexes stem from primarily biological factors.

False

Which of the following are some of the gender differences that research has found in brain structure and activity between the genders?

Female brains have more surface brain tissue than males. The area of the parietal lobe that functions in visuospatial skills tends to be larger in males. Female brains are approximately 10 percent smaller than male brains.

Regarding the development of mental and physical disorders, which statements are true?

Men are more likely than women to develop mental disorders. Men are more likely than women to develop physical disorders.

______ cognitive stages of development serve as the underpinnings for ______ theory, but in the latter model there are three levels of moral development.

Piaget's; Kohlberg's

Which of the following are possible disadvantages of schools in low-income areas?

The buildings are more likely to be older and in disrepair. They are more likely to have low achievement test scores. They may have environments that aren't conducive to learning. They are more likely to encourage rote learning.

What has recent research into gender differences in math ability in the United States found?

There are no significant differences in math test scores for boys and girls

Which of the following is true with regard to gender differences in reading and writing?

There is strong evidence that females outperform males

What is a major criticism of Kohlberg's theory?

There is too much emphasis on moral thought, not moral behavior.

Which of the following are true of many inner-city schools?

They do not provide adequate opportunities for effective learning. They are still segregated. They are grossly underfunded.

As compared to conventional rules, which of the following are true about moral rules?

They focus on ethical issues. They involve concepts of justice. They are widely accepted.

Research suggests boys tend to have better visuospatial skills, important for geometry and geography, than girls.

True

True or false: Kohlberg believes that the give and take among peers gives children an opportunity to identify the perspective of another person.

True

In a(n) __________ stepfamily structure, both parents bring children from previous marriages to live in the newly formed stepfamily.

blended or complex

Researchers have found that gender stereotypes for children are more rigid with ________ (boys/girls) than with _________ (boys/girls).

boys; girls

The longer children experienced poverty, according to one study, the more detrimental the poverty was to their

cognitive development

What two executive functions are most called on when children engage in perspective taking?

cognitive inhibition cognitive flexibility

In the ______ approach to education, children are encouraged to actively explore their world and discover knowledge and understanding with guidance from their teacher.

constructivist

By being sensitive to biased content in materials and classroom interactions, learning more about different ethnic groups, and being aware of children's ethnic attitudes, teachers can be competent

cultural mediators

Perspective taking is thought to be important in determining whether children will:

develop prosocial or antisocial attitudes and behaviors.

In a jigsaw classroom, children of ______ cultural backgrounds are placed in a cooperative group in which they have to construct different parts of a project to reach a ______ goal.

different; common

The ________ ________ approach to education is a structured, teacher-centered approach that is characterized by teacher direction and control, high teacher expectations for student progress, and maximum time spent by students on academic tasks.

direct instruction

In the _______ theory of moral development, children's and adolescents' moral, social conventional, and personality knowledge and reasoning emerge from their attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience.

domain

Which concept of moral development states that children's and adolescents' moral, social conventional, and personality knowledge and reasoning emerge from their attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience?

domain theory

Self-esteem refers to ______ self evaluations, whereas self-concept refers to domain-______ evaluations.

global; specific