Dev Psych Chapter 2
Which of these is a recent research finding regarding gene expression? A gene can sometimes be turned "on" or "off" due to external variables such as stress. Radiation, contrary to what many researchers expected, does not affect gene expression. Gene expression is determined at the moment of conception. Human development and behavior is affected by a far greater number of genes than previously thought.
A gene can sometimes be turned "on" or "off" due to external variables such as stress.
Which of the following are associated with better long-term outcomes for children? Select all that apply: Adopted children have contact with their biological parents They are adopted by heterosexual parents They spend more time in foster care, rather than being adopted Children are adopted as babies
Adopted children have contact with their biological parents Children are adopted as babies
Which of the following statements is NOT an idea held by evolutionary developmental psychologists? All evolved mechanisms are adaptive in contemporary society. The mind has specialized modules adapted to process specific types of information. Many aspects of childhood function as preparations for adulthood. Many evolved psychological mechanisms are domain-specific.
All evolved mechanisms are adaptive in contemporary society.
______ try to figure out what is responsible for the differences among people: genes, environment, or a combination of these. Behavior geneticists Environmental geneticists Scientific geneticists Biological geneticists
Behavior geneticists
___ genotype-environment correlations occur because a child's characteristics elicit certain types of environments.
Evocative
Which statement is best supported by the results of current research? Genes have a far lesser influence on human development than previously thought. Of the different types of genotype-environment correlations, evocative ones are the most powerful. Most human behavior can be explained by looking at natural selection in our species' past. Genes shape predispositions for behaviors or traits, but we need to also take context into account.
Genes shape predispositions for behaviors or traits, but we need to also take context into account.
______ occurs in a gene pair when the gene from one parent is silenced, whereas the gene from the other parent is expressed. Mutation Mitosis Genetic imprinting Polygenic inheritance
Genetic imprinting
Which of the following statements is true of behavior genetics? It attempts to determine the extent to which the environment, but not genetics, is responsible for differences among people. It attempts to determine the extent to which genetics and environment affect an individual's traits. It does not determine the extent to which genetics and environment affect an individual's traits. It attempts to determine the extent to which genetics, but not environment, is responsible for differences among people.
It does not determine the extent to which genetics and environment affect an individual's traits.
Which of the following factors represent sources of variability in the population? Before the pairs separate, pieces of the two chromosomes in each pair are exchanged. It is a matter of chance as to which chromosome in a pair goes to the gamete. Chance, a mistake by cellular machinery, or damage from an environmental agent can cause gene mutation. A single zygote can split in two to create genetically identical replicas that develop into fraternal twins.
It is a matter of chance as to which chromosome in a pair goes to the gamete. Before the pairs separate, pieces of the two chromosomes in each pair are exchanged. Chance, a mistake by cellular machinery, or damage from an environmental agent can cause gene mutation.
Environmental influences include which of the following? Behavioral adaptation Parenting Neighborhood Viruses Birth complications Schooling
Parenting Schooling Neighborhood Viruses Birth complications
Which statement regarding genotype-environment correlations is true? Environment has nothing to do with genotype. Active genotype-environment correlations occur when the biological parents provide a rearing environment for the child. Passive genotype-environment correlations occur when the biological parents provide a rearing environment for the child. Passive genotype-environment correlations occur when the child is raised away from the biological parents.
Passive genotype-environment correlations occur when the biological parents provide a rearing environment for the child.
Recent research has shown gene expression may be influenced by which of the following? Select all that apply: Phenotypes Stress Temperature Radiation
Stress Radiation Temperature
True or false: An X-linked disease is more likely to harm men than women.
True
True or false: Fraternal twins are no more genetically similar than ordinary siblings.
True
When does genetic imprinting occur? When the mutated genes are recessive When the genes are dominant When the expression of a gene is not related to either the mother's or father's genes When the expression of a gene has different effects depending on whether the mother or the father passed on the gene
When the expression of a gene has different effects depending on whether the mother or the father passed on the gene
Chorionic villus sampling is a prenatal medical procedure in which _______. the mother's blood is tested for genetic markers linked to certain diseases an ultrasound is used to evaluate fetal development a small amount of amniotic fluid is withdrawn for testing a small sample of the placenta is removed
a small sample of the placenta is removed
In adoption studies, researchers compare the characteristics of ______. (select all that apply) adopted children to that of their biological vs. adoptive parents adopted children to their biological vs. adoptive siblings an adopted child's biological parents to those of the child's adoptive parents
adopted children to that of their biological vs. adoptive parents adopted children to their biological vs. adoptive siblings
The ______ view states that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment. heredity-environment correlation epigenetic nonshared environment evocative experiential
epigenetic
David Buss has argued that ______. our psychological makeup is due primarily to genetics we cannot understand human development without understanding the role of the unconscious nurture is far more important than nature in shaping human development evolution shapes behaviors and thought patterns, not just physical traits
evolution shapes behaviors and thought patterns, not just physical traits
Match each sex-linked chromosomal abnormality with the correct definition: Turner syndrome males have an extra X chromosome results from an abnormality in the X chromosome females are born with either a missing or a partially deleted X chromosome, making the person X0 instead of XX males have an extra Y chromosome
females are born with either a missing or a partially deleted X chromosome, making the person X0 instead of XX
The interaction of a specific measured variable in DNA and a specific measured aspect of one's surroundings is known as the ______. gene x environment interaction (G x E) variable x aspect interaction (V x A) DNA x environment interaction (D x E) nurture x nature interaction (N x N)
gene x environment interaction (G x E)
Interpreting the results of adoption and twin studies is difficult because of the complexities of ______. passive-parental interference childhood propensities heredity-environment correlations environmental genetics
heredity-environment correlations
If phenylketonuria (PKU) is not properly treated, it will lead to ______. intellectual disability central nervous system deterioration joint swelling and heart failure buildup of mucus in the lungs
intellectual disability
According to the epigenetic view, development ______. is due to heredity and environment each affecting the other is influenced more by genetics at earlier ages, and environment at later ages reflects our species' evolutionary heritage is due primarily to heredity
is due to heredity and environment each affecting the other
According to the epigenetic view, development ______. reflects our species' evolutionary heritage is due to heredity and environment each affecting the other is influenced more by genetics at earlier ages, and environment at later ages is due primarily to heredity
is due to heredity and environment each affecting the other
Match each sex-linked chromosomal abnormality with the correct definition: Klinefelter syndrome males have an extra X chromosome results from an abnormality in the X chromosome females are born with either a missing or a partially deleted X chromosome, making the person X0 instead of XX males have an extra Y chromosome
males have an extra X chromosome
Match each sex-linked chromosomal abnormality with the correct definition: XYY Syndrome males have an extra X chromosome results from an abnormality in the X chromosome females are born with either a missing or a partially deleted X chromosome, making the person X0 instead of XX males have an extra Y chromosome
males have an extra Y chromosome
Most characteristics are determined by the interaction of many different genes; they are determined by __ inheritance.
polygenic
A ______ gene will only be expressed if a person does NOT have the ______ gene on the other half of a chromosome pair. monogenic; polygenic dominant; recessive recessive; dominant polygenic; monogenic
recessive, dominant
Match each sex-linked chromosomal abnormality with the correct definition: fragile X syndrome males have an extra X chromosome results from an abnormality in the X chromosome females are born with either a missing or a partially deleted X chromosome, making the person X0 instead of XX males have an extra Y chromosome
results from an abnormality in the X chromosome
Normally conducted seven weeks into the pregnancy, ______ is used to detect structural abnormalities in the fetus and when used later in the pregnancy can help determine whether the baby is a boy or a girl. chorionic villus sampling amniocentesis fetal MRI ultrasound sonography
ultrasound sonography
Polygenic inheritance occurs ______. when characteristics reflect the influence of many chromosomes when characteristics reflect the influence of one gene when characteristics reflect the influence of two different genes when characteristics reflect the influence of many different genes
when characteristics reflect the influence of many different genes
X-linked diseases are more likely to affect men than women because ______. women have an extra copy of the X chromosome, which usually has the non-mutated gene mutations tend to be more severe on the Y chromosome than on the X chromosome women do not have X chromosomes men have two X chromosomes, where women have only one
women have an extra copy of the X chromosome, which usually has the non-mutated gene
