Dev Psych Final

On average, the adult brain loses _____ percent of its weight between the ages of 20 and 90.

5 to 10

The young-old are people who are between:

65 to 84 years of age.

Studies conducted in 2006 revealed that approximately _____ retired Americans return to work after they have retired.

7 million

What is the average life expectancy of individuals born today in the United States?

78.7 years

Researchers have extended the life of a human cell by:

injecting it with telomerase.

Michael's mother always forgets to take her heart medication. So, every night Michael calls her after dinner to remind her about her medicines. This demonstrates that Michael's mother is experiencing a decline in _____ memory.

prospective

Nearly _____ of individuals who commit suicide in the United States are 65 years of age or older.

25 percent

In 2010, _____ percent of older adults were cohabiting.

3

In Harrington & Smith's study of patients with advanced cancer, only _____ of doctors told patients how long they were likely to live.

37 percent

Which of the following statements about older workers is true?

Older workers experience more job satisfaction than younger workers.

In 1900, most people died:

at home, cared for by their family.

The retention of information about the when and where of life's happenings is called _____ memory.

episodic

A cross-sectional study by Ursula Staudinger found that for adults from 55 to 65 years of age, _____ became most important in terms of personal investment.

family

The oldest-old today are mostly:

female.

A person with _____ does not feel well, loses stamina easily, has a poor appetite, and is listless and unmotivated.

major depression

Hospices are a relatively recent approach developed to:

make the end of life as free from pain and anxiety as possible

Cognitive _____ declines in old age, whereas cognitive _____ appears to remain constant or increase.

mechanics; pragmatics

The tiny bodies within cells that supply essential energy for function, growth, and repair are known as:

mitochondria.

A Pew poll found that belief in God was higher in _____ than in any other age period.

older adults

A study revealed that hearing loss was associated with a reduction in cognitive function in _____.

older adults

Although there are differences in the quality of care in nursing homes and other extended-care facilities in the United States, more than _____ are considered to be seriously deficient.

one-third

One of the challenges in the health care given to elderly patients is that elderly patients:

take a relatively passive role in their own treatment.

Sometimes euthanasia is called:

"mercy killing

Which of the following is true of altruism and volunteering in adults?

A common perception is that older adults need to be given help rather than give help themselves.

_____ is the most common chronic disorder in late adulthood.

Arthritis

Which of the following factors has been associated with low self-esteem in late adulthood?

Declining health

_____ theory states that cells can divide a maximum of about 75 to 80 times, and that as we age our cells become less capable of dividing.

Cellular clock

_____ are the culture-based "software programs" of the mind.

Cognitive pragmatics

Euthanasia is otherwise known as _____.

easy death

The concept of _____ emphasizes that changes in cognitive activity patterns might result in disuse and consequent atrophy of cognitive skills.

"use it or lose it"

Based on the ways cells divide, Hayflick places the upper limit of the human life-span potential at about _____ years of age.

120 to 125

It is estimated that _____ of men 85 years and older are at risk for developing dementia.

17 percent

In 2010, _____ percent of single, divorced, or widowed women 65 years and older lived in poverty.

19

_____ refers to a progressive, irreversible brain disorder that is characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually, physical function.

Alzheimer disease

Which of the following is true of the American attitude toward death?

Americans are generally death avoiders and death deniers

_____ states such preferences as whether life-sustaining procedures should or should not be used to prolong the life of an individual when death is imminent.

An advance

Which of the following biological theories of aging states that people age because their cells' normal metabolism produces unstable oxygen molecules?

Free-radical theory

_____ is the global term for any neurological disorder in which the primary symptoms involve a deterioration of mental functioning.

Dementia

According to Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, which of the following is the first stage of dying?

Denial and isolation

Which of the following biological reasons explains women's increased resistance to infections and degenerative diseases?

Estrogen production and the additional X chromosome

Angelique is in the terminal stages of cancer. She feels that the pain has now become unbearable, so she requests her doctor to end her life painlessly through medication. Which of the following acts is Angelique requesting her doctor to perform?

Euthanasia

Which of the following concepts have distinctions similar to the ones between cognitive mechanics and cognitive pragmatics?

Fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence

According to new studies, which of the Big Five factors of personality was linked to increased risk of older adults' developing Alzheimer across a six-year time frame?

High level of neuroticism

Which of the following is a region of the adult human brain where neurogenesis has been documented?

Hippocampus

_____ is a program committed to making the end of life as free from pain, anxiety, and depression as possible.

Hospice

Which of the following has been linked to lower cognitive performance, not only in older adults but also in young and middle-aged adults?

Hypertension

_____ memory is memory without conscious recollection.

Implicit

What is the main difference between the way younger people and older people respond to stress?

Older people keep stress hormones in their system for longer periods.

According to Erik Erikson, which of the following stages of development does an individual experience in late adulthood?

Integrity vs. despair

Which of the following is true of the American attitude toward death?

It is not uncommon for Americans to reach adulthood without having seen someone die

Which of the following is true of activity theory?

It suggests that many individuals will achieve greater life satisfaction if they continue their middle-adulthood roles into late adulthood and if these roles are stripped from them, it is important for them to find substitute roles that keep them dynamic and involved.

Which of the following is prominent in Erikson's final stage of integrity versus despair?

Life review might result in increased meaning in life and mastery, but it also might revive bitterness and negative thoughts.

_____ refers to a legal document that reflects the patient's advance care planning.

Living will

What is the leading cause of blindness in older adults?

Macular degeneration

According to Baltes, which of the following factors suggests that it is possible to maintain performance in some areas through continued practice and the use of new technologies?

Optimization

Active euthanasia is legal in the state of:

Oregon.

Which of the following is cited as one of the main reasons for the changing trajectories in knowledge-related and emotion-related goals of older adults compared with younger adults?

Perception of time

Kim is having difficulty coping with the death of her 2-month-old son who appeared healthy but stopped breathing and died with no apparent reason. What was the most likely cause of the baby's death?

SIDS

_____ theory describes how people can produce new resources and allocate them effectively to the tasks they want to master.

Selective optimization with compensation

Which of the following theories explains why older adults spend most of their time with familiar individuals and family?

Socioemotional selectivity theory

Researchers have found that relationships between aging parents and their children are characterized by _____.

ambivalence

Which of the following observations is true regarding finding meaning and purpose in lives in the event of death?

Studies have found that spirituality helps to buffer dying individuals from severe depression.

Which of the following statement about the care of a dying older person in the U.S. today is true?

The care of a dying older person has shifted away from the family.

Which of the following were considered to be clear signs of death twenty-five years ago?

The end of certain biological functions

What do studies say of the American attitude toward euthanasia after the Terri Schiavo incident?

There is a trend toward accepting passive euthanasia in case of terminally ill Patients.

Which of the following best describes the action of antioxidants?

They counteract the cell damage caused by free radicals.

Which of the following is most likely to be the reason why, according to the socioemotional selectivity theory, older adults deliberately increase the time spent with close friends and family members?

They place a high value on emotional satisfaction

Which of the following is true about attention?

When the two competing tasks are reasonably easy, age differences among adults are minimal or nonexistent.

_____ is expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life that permits practical judgment about important matters.

Wisdom

Researchers have found that _____ reduces the oxidative damage created by free radicals.

a diet restricted in calories

Reductions in _____ have been linked to small declines in memory functioning and to the severe memory loss associated with Alzheimer disease.

acetylcholine

Terry is in the final stages of lupus, a condition which causes her severe pain and discomfort. At Terry's insistence, her caregiver agrees to end her pain by administering a lethal dose of a drug. This is an example of _____ euthanasia.

active euthanasia

Olivia believes that the more dynamic and involved older adults are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with their lives. Thus she believes in:

activity theory.

According to the socioemotional selectivity theory, the trajectory of motivation for knowledge-related goals peak in:

adolescence and early adulthood.

One study found that following six months of _____ older adults showed improvement on reaction time tasks.

aerobic exercise

Older adults not being hired for new jobs, being eased out of old ones because they are perceived as too rigid or feeble-minded, and being eased out because they are not considered cost effective are examples of:

ageism.

The main purpose of a hospice is to:

aid dying patients to face death in a psychologically healthy way

flat EEG (electroencephalogram) recording for a specified period of time is one criterion of _____.

brain death

Speed and accuracy of the processes involved in sensory input, attention, visual and motor memory, discrimination, comparison, and categorization are components of:

cognitive mechanics.

According to Baltes, _____ becomes relevant when life tasks require a level of capacity beyond the current level of the older adult's performance potential.

compensation

For hospice services to be covered by Medicare, the patient must be:

deemed by a physician to have six months or fewer to live

A cross-sectional study by Ursula Staudinger found that for participants 85 to 105 years old, _____ became the most important personal investment.

health

Currently in the United States, 90 percent of hospice care is provided:

in the patients' homes

According to the socioemotional selectivity theory, individuals are motivated by two types of goals—emotional and _____.

knowledge-related

According to research by Baltes and his colleagues, the time frame of _____ is the main age window for wisdom to emerge.

late adolescence and early adulthood

Women are especially vulnerable to _____, which is the leading cause of broken bones in women.

osteoporosis

The type of care that is designed to reduce pain and suffering and help individuals die with dignity is known as:

palliative care

Basilio sustained severe and irreversible brain damage due to an accidental overdose of insulin. His wife and children decided to remove the life-support system, and Basilio subsequently died. This is an example of:

passive euthanasia

In a classic study, Judith Rodin and Ellen Langer found that an important factor related to health, and even survival, in a nursing home is the:

patient's feelings of control and self-determination.

The _____ is one area that shrinks more than others with aging.

prefrontal cortex

All of the following are part of the life review process EXCEPT:

projecting future life experiences.

Stacy is a director of a senior center. Every week she leads a group where the elders discuss past activities and experiences. The members of the group are encouraged to share anecdotes, old pictures, and other family memorabilia that remind them of significant events in their past. Stacy's group is a form of:

reminiscence therapy.

Life-span developmentalist Paul Baltes and his colleagues believe that successful aging is related to three main factors:

selection, optimization, and compensation.

The term _____ refers to the ability to focus on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant while ignoring others that are irrelevant.

selective attention

Helen's knowledge of calculus and statistics is part of her _____ memory.

semantic

One of the most common language difficulties that older adults experience is:

the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

One factor that has contributed to the survival of centenarians is:

their ability to cope effectively with stress.

Regular _____ has been shown to decrease the onset of physical disability in older adults.

walking

Perceptual speed shows considerable decline in late adulthood and is strongly linked with declines in _____.

working memory