Developing intercultural competence
what is intercultural competence?
'the competence not to communicate (verbally & non-verbally) & behave effectively & appropriately with people from other culture groups, but also to handle the psychological demands & dynamic outcomes that result from such interchanges' (Spencer-Oatey & Franklin 2009:51)
American Indian or Alaska Native
(Not Hispanic or Latino) - A person having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America (including Central America), and who maintain tribal affiliation or community attachment.
benefits of intercultural competence
- enable communication both locally and globally - move towards a more inclusive society 'there is a broad background of shared beliefs & understandings common to us all by virtue of being a human' (Foley 1997:173)
Racism
A Hegemony, base the constructed hierarchy of race,belief that one race is superior to another.
Affirmative Action
A Legal employment process design to promote equal access to job opportunities and requires goals and reports on an organization's progress.
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
A commission of the federal government charged with enforcing the provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, the Equal Pay Act of 1963, the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, and other fair employment practices legislation. Purdue University is subject to these regulations and this commission.
Geralizations
A general statement or concept obtained by inference from specific cases
Bigotry
A negative emotional response applies to racial or cultural groups that differ for the holders own group
Black or African American (Not Hispanic or Latino)
A person having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa.
White (Not Hispanic or Latino)
A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa.
Asian (Not Hispanic or Latino)
A person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian Subcontinent, including, for example, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippine Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam.
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander (Not Hispanic or Latino)
A person having origins in any of the peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands.
Hispanic or Latino
A person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race.
Affirmative action plan
A plan that focuses on the hiring, training, and promoting of individuals in protected classes that are underrepresented in the organization�s workforce.
Affirmative action program
A program required by the OFCCP (see below) in which employers identify conspicuous imbalances in their workforce and take positive steps to correct underrepresentation of protected classes, such as females, minorities, or employees over 40 years of age.
Hegemony
A system that is disgned to benefit the creators
Cultural Proficiency
Learn from and grow because of differences (ex. Offers phone line services in multiple languages)
Discrimination
Legal Process for answering in a court of law illegal violation of the 1964 Civil Rights Act
Target Group
Limited access to power: Goods, Jobs, Services and Money
Dominant Group
Open or Easy access to power: Goods, Jobs, Services and Money
The Indian Removal Act
Passed by Congress on May 28, 1830, during the presidency of Andrew Jackson. The law authorized the president to negotiate with southern Indian tribes for their removal to federal territory west of the Mississippi River in exchange for their ancestral homelands.
What is Intercultural Competence?
the capability to understand accurately and adapt behavior appropriately to cultural difference and commonality
Values
the deeply held system of understanding the workings of life, relationships, causality, life and death that inform world views and behaviors
Artifacts
the physical representation of manifestation of deeply held values
Attitude
the physical, emotion or temperamental response to goal achievement.
Civil rights
the rights of full legal, social and political equality afforded to all citizens.
Meme
the smallest unit of human thought, much like the cell of a living organism
creativity
to produce something inventive through an imaginative lens & flexible skills
respect for otherness
treating equally to your own any behaviours values & conventions experience in intercultural encounters
achieve intercultural competence with
willingness motivation ability cultural distance cultural knowledge & awareness acknowledging reluctance & -fear foregrounding & questioning stereotypes
Habit
cognitive behaviors that have become automatic reduce effort and resources to better efficiently accomplish a goal.
Routine
cognitive repetitive process of scheduling , monitoring and practicing a skill, thought or behavior
developmental model of intercultural sensitivity
denial defense reversal minimisation acceptance adaptation
confirmation checks
direct questions
clashes of styles
e.g. formality, length of turns, non-verbal features
inadequate linguistic proficiency
e.g. lexical comprehension, syntactic complexity
pragmatic mismatch
e.g. politeness, directness, degree of imposition, social distance
intercultural situations
effectiveness appropriateness adaptability creativity
letting it go
ignoring ambiguities or misunderstandings & focusing on content rather than forms
denial
inability to construe cultural differences
interactive-repair
jointly dealing with misunderstandings in interactions & constructing meaning collaboratively
Polarization
judgement orientation that views cultural differences in terms of "us" and "them" - defense: uncritical towards own culture, and overly critical towards other culture values - reversal: reverse of defense
tolerance for ambiguity
managing ambiguous situations
communication awareness
negotiating appropriate communication
Minimization
orientation that hightlights cultural commonality and universal values that may also maks deeper recognition and appreciaption of cultural differences
Adaptation
orientation that is capable of shifting cultural perspective and changing behavior in culturally appropriate and authentic ways
Denial
orientation that likely recognizes more obserable sultural differences but, may not notice deeper cultural differences
Acceptance
orientation that recognizes and appreciates patterns of cultural difference and commonality in one's own and other cultures
defense
other cultures viewed as threats
adaptability
our ability to change our interaction behaviours & goals to meet the specific needs of the situation
Social Justice
providing opportunities for people to gain all that the Constitution of the United States and the UN Declaration of Human Right provides
acceptance
recognition & appreciation of cultural differences in behaviour & values
minimsation
recognition of common humanity regardless of culture
empathy
relating culture-specific perspectives to each other
other-repair
rephrasing or elaborating another person's speech
self-repair
rephrasing or elaborating one's own speech
knowledge & discovery
seeking information to discover culture-related knowledge
Cultural Disengagement
sense of disconnection or detatchment from a primary cultural group
The Dawes Act of 1887
the General Allotment Act or the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887),adopted by Congress in 1887, authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians. Those who accepted allotments and lived separately from the tribe would be granted United States citizenship.
Appropriation
the application of cultural artifacts with a regard for or relationship to the culture who developed that artifact
Mis-appropriation
the application of cultural artifacts with no regard for or relationship to the culture who developed that artifact
contextual felicity
'the aptness of an utterance' (Roberts 2006:199)
Micro Aggression
"Racial microaggressions are brief and commonplace daily verbal, behavioral, or environmental indignities, whether intentional or unintentional, that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative racial slights and insults towards people of color.
Bafa Bafa
'In Bafa Bafa participants simulate two hypothetical cultures: Alpha culture, a male dominated, collectivist culture and Beta culture, a female dominated, individualistic culture. '(Cushner and Brislin 1997: 5)
contextual update
'nuanced, structured & co-constructed nature of social life' (Bowe & Martin 2007:227)
Prejudice
1. A Thought Process, Preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience.
Stereotype
1. A widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or which does not acknowledge the value individual differences. 2. Examining a group of people based on artifacts and not understanding the function or mean of those artifacts
4 Truths about human behavior
1. All behavior is goal oriented 2. People can learn, change and Grow 3. Attitude is a response to a goal 4. People what they believe work, even when it does not
IDI order from monocultural mindset to intercultural mindset?
1. Denial 2. Polarization 3. Minimization 4. Acceptance 5. Adaptation 6. Integration
Cultural Pre-Competence
Acknowledge and start to respond to differences (ex. Recognizes oraganization's high dropout rate of minority participants and seeks change)
Assimilation
Assimilation: taking on the appearance and values of the dominant culture. It is important to recognize that assimilation occurs under varying conditions: sometimes it is forced, other times it is desired, and its success is usually mitigated by recognizable difference such as skin color.Native American people have experienced forced assimilation through the taking of their children to white run schools to unlearn their culture—this is considered cultural genocide.
Cultural Competence (KOEN)
Cultural Competence is understanding the development of, applied meaning to, the relationship to and the functions of Artifacts and Values
The Continuum of Cultural Proficiency
Cultural Destructiveness Cultural Incapacity Cultural Blindness Cultural Pre-Competence Cultural Competence Cultural Proficency
Stereotyping
Defining people through beliefs about a group of which they are a part; usually a product of ignorance about the diversity among individuals within any given group.Stereotyping Jewish people as stingy. Both selfish and giving people can be found among every group. In many Jewish communities today, the obligation to "tikkun olam", to heal and transform the world, guides individual and community involvement.
Cultural Incapacity
Demean differences (ex. Puts down family values)
Cultural Destructiveness
Eliminate differences (ex. provides paperwork in English only)
Ethnocentric
Evaluating other peoples and cultures according to the standards of one's own culture.
Xenophobia
Fear, irrational response to those who are not part of the defined nor. Aristotle believed that women were simply a weaker version of men, and Freud defined women in terms of lack (lacking the phallus). Although women are not a minority, this culture sees them as the Other in relation to a male norm. Cast from the norm,women in western society have often been viewed as mysterious and as something to be discovered.
Meritocracy Myth
Government or the holding of power by people selected on the basis of their ability
Diversity
Includes characteristics or factors such as personality, work style, religion, race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, having a disability, socioeconomic level, educational attainment, and general work experience. Diversity refers to all of the characteristics that make individuals different from each other.
Cultural Blindness
Refusing to acknowledge the culture of others (dismiss differences) (ex. Lacks training to provide special services to minorities)
3 Roots of human motivation
Safety, Significance and Belonging
Reverse Discrimination
The False ideology that the Dominant Group is being adversely harmed by advances of minority groups
1830 Indian Removal Act
The Indian Removal Act was signed into law by Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830, authorizing the president to grant unsettled lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders. A few tribes went peacefully, but many resisted the relocation policy.
Power
The ability to do work. Using resource tools like : Goods, Jobs, Services and Money
Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs (OFCCP)
The agency charged with enforcing affirmative action regulations for government contractors under the Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1973.
Culture
The behaviors, attitudes, artifacts and belief system developed by a group to adapt to their context.
Intrinsic Motivation
The belief that with or without additional support I am can be empowered to make changes
Authentic Hope
The building of intrinsic value coupled with quality personal effort while managing an oppressive system.
Values (Koen)
The deeply held belief system that have provides helpful meaning to events, geography and context
Internalized oppression
The devaluing of ones own identity and culture according to societal norms.Women often do not pursue full medical care because they feel they do not deserve good medical care.
Context
The geographic position, educational environment, governmental system, time period and use of space where human beings are birthed, develop, learn and mature
Artifacts (Koen)
The physical manifestation of or demonstration values
Genocide
The use of deliberate, systematic measures (as killing, bodily or mental injury, unlivable conditions, prevention of births, forcible transfer of children of the group to another group) calculated to bring about the destruction of a racial, political or cultural group or to destroy the language, religion or culture of a group.
Civil Rights Act 1964
This act, signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson on July 2, 1964, prohibited discrimination in public places, provided for the integration of schools and other public facilities, and made employment discrimination illegal
Tolerance
Tolerance the ability or willingness to tolerate something, in particular the existence of opinions or behavior that one does not necessarily agree with. "the tolerance of corruption"
Two or More Races in the United States
Two or More Races (Not Hispanic or Latino) - All persons who identify with more than one of the above five races.
Cultural Competence
Understand the difference differences make (ex. Has balanced bilingual staff/customer ratio)
contextual felicity & update
We should have an awareness and understanding of the demands of different contexts and be able to create context by valuing our own and others' cultural demands in interactions.
Cognitive Dissonance
When new truths battle established beliefs for space in our consciousness, we tend to respond with all manner of defense mechanisms.
Belief
a number of memes and thoughts that combine to form basis of a system, the investment one has in fulfillment a segment of knowledge or truth
appropriateness
a person exhibiting accepted & expected behaviour
effectiveness
a person's ability to accomplish goals
adaptation
able to consciously shift perspective/ behaviour in different cultural context
behavioural flexibility
adapting one's behaviour to the specific situation