Developing intercultural competence

what is intercultural competence?

'the competence not to communicate (verbally & non-verbally) & behave effectively & appropriately with people from other culture groups, but also to handle the psychological demands & dynamic outcomes that result from such interchanges' (Spencer-Oatey & Franklin 2009:51)

American Indian or Alaska Native

(Not Hispanic or Latino) - A person having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America (including Central America), and who maintain tribal affiliation or community attachment.

benefits of intercultural competence

- enable communication both locally and globally - move towards a more inclusive society 'there is a broad background of shared beliefs & understandings common to us all by virtue of being a human' (Foley 1997:173)

Racism

A Hegemony, base the constructed hierarchy of race,belief that one race is superior to another.

Affirmative Action

A Legal employment process design to promote equal access to job opportunities and requires goals and reports on an organization's progress.

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)

A commission of the federal government charged with enforcing the provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, the Equal Pay Act of 1963, the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, and other fair employment practices legislation. Purdue University is subject to these regulations and this commission.

Geralizations

A general statement or concept obtained by inference from specific cases

Bigotry

A negative emotional response applies to racial or cultural groups that differ for the holders own group

Black or African American (Not Hispanic or Latino)

A person having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa.

White (Not Hispanic or Latino)

A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa.

Asian (Not Hispanic or Latino)

A person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian Subcontinent, including, for example, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippine Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam.

Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander (Not Hispanic or Latino)

A person having origins in any of the peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands.

Hispanic or Latino

A person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race.

Affirmative action plan

A plan that focuses on the hiring, training, and promoting of individuals in protected classes that are underrepresented in the organization�s workforce.

Affirmative action program

A program required by the OFCCP (see below) in which employers identify conspicuous imbalances in their workforce and take positive steps to correct underrepresentation of protected classes, such as females, minorities, or employees over 40 years of age.

Hegemony

A system that is disgned to benefit the creators

Cultural Proficiency

Learn from and grow because of differences (ex. Offers phone line services in multiple languages)

Discrimination

Legal Process for answering in a court of law illegal violation of the 1964 Civil Rights Act

Target Group

Limited access to power: Goods, Jobs, Services and Money

Dominant Group

Open or Easy access to power: Goods, Jobs, Services and Money

The Indian Removal Act

Passed by Congress on May 28, 1830, during the presidency of Andrew Jackson. The law authorized the president to negotiate with southern Indian tribes for their removal to federal territory west of the Mississippi River in exchange for their ancestral homelands.

What is Intercultural Competence?

the capability to understand accurately and adapt behavior appropriately to cultural difference and commonality

Values

the deeply held system of understanding the workings of life, relationships, causality, life and death that inform world views and behaviors

Artifacts

the physical representation of manifestation of deeply held values

Attitude

the physical, emotion or temperamental response to goal achievement.

Civil rights

the rights of full legal, social and political equality afforded to all citizens.

Meme

the smallest unit of human thought, much like the cell of a living organism

creativity

to produce something inventive through an imaginative lens & flexible skills

respect for otherness

treating equally to your own any behaviours values & conventions experience in intercultural encounters

achieve intercultural competence with

willingness motivation ability cultural distance cultural knowledge & awareness acknowledging reluctance & -fear foregrounding & questioning stereotypes

Habit

cognitive behaviors that have become automatic reduce effort and resources to better efficiently accomplish a goal.

Routine

cognitive repetitive process of scheduling , monitoring and practicing a skill, thought or behavior

developmental model of intercultural sensitivity

denial defense reversal minimisation acceptance adaptation

confirmation checks

direct questions

clashes of styles

e.g. formality, length of turns, non-verbal features

inadequate linguistic proficiency

e.g. lexical comprehension, syntactic complexity

pragmatic mismatch

e.g. politeness, directness, degree of imposition, social distance

intercultural situations

effectiveness appropriateness adaptability creativity

letting it go

ignoring ambiguities or misunderstandings & focusing on content rather than forms

denial

inability to construe cultural differences

interactive-repair

jointly dealing with misunderstandings in interactions & constructing meaning collaboratively

Polarization

judgement orientation that views cultural differences in terms of "us" and "them" - defense: uncritical towards own culture, and overly critical towards other culture values - reversal: reverse of defense

tolerance for ambiguity

managing ambiguous situations

communication awareness

negotiating appropriate communication

Minimization

orientation that hightlights cultural commonality and universal values that may also maks deeper recognition and appreciaption of cultural differences

Adaptation

orientation that is capable of shifting cultural perspective and changing behavior in culturally appropriate and authentic ways

Denial

orientation that likely recognizes more obserable sultural differences but, may not notice deeper cultural differences

Acceptance

orientation that recognizes and appreciates patterns of cultural difference and commonality in one's own and other cultures

defense

other cultures viewed as threats

adaptability

our ability to change our interaction behaviours & goals to meet the specific needs of the situation

Social Justice

providing opportunities for people to gain all that the Constitution of the United States and the UN Declaration of Human Right provides

acceptance

recognition & appreciation of cultural differences in behaviour & values

minimsation

recognition of common humanity regardless of culture

empathy

relating culture-specific perspectives to each other

other-repair

rephrasing or elaborating another person's speech

self-repair

rephrasing or elaborating one's own speech

knowledge & discovery

seeking information to discover culture-related knowledge

Cultural Disengagement

sense of disconnection or detatchment from a primary cultural group

The Dawes Act of 1887

the General Allotment Act or the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887),adopted by Congress in 1887, authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians. Those who accepted allotments and lived separately from the tribe would be granted United States citizenship.

Appropriation

the application of cultural artifacts with a regard for or relationship to the culture who developed that artifact

Mis-appropriation

the application of cultural artifacts with no regard for or relationship to the culture who developed that artifact

contextual felicity

'the aptness of an utterance' (Roberts 2006:199)

Micro Aggression

"Racial microaggressions are brief and commonplace daily verbal, behavioral, or environmental indignities, whether intentional or unintentional, that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative racial slights and insults towards people of color.

Bafa Bafa

'In Bafa Bafa participants simulate two hypothetical cultures: Alpha culture, a male dominated, collectivist culture and Beta culture, a female dominated, individualistic culture. '(Cushner and Brislin 1997: 5)

contextual update

'nuanced, structured & co-constructed nature of social life' (Bowe & Martin 2007:227)

Prejudice

1. A Thought Process, Preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience.

Stereotype

1. A widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or which does not acknowledge the value individual differences. 2. Examining a group of people based on artifacts and not understanding the function or mean of those artifacts

4 Truths about human behavior

1. All behavior is goal oriented 2. People can learn, change and Grow 3. Attitude is a response to a goal 4. People what they believe work, even when it does not

IDI order from monocultural mindset to intercultural mindset?

1. Denial 2. Polarization 3. Minimization 4. Acceptance 5. Adaptation 6. Integration

Cultural Pre-Competence

Acknowledge and start to respond to differences (ex. Recognizes oraganization's high dropout rate of minority participants and seeks change)

Assimilation

Assimilation: taking on the appearance and values of the dominant culture. It is important to recognize that assimilation occurs under varying conditions: sometimes it is forced, other times it is desired, and its success is usually mitigated by recognizable difference such as skin color.Native American people have experienced forced assimilation through the taking of their children to white run schools to unlearn their culture—this is considered cultural genocide.

Cultural Competence (KOEN)

Cultural Competence is understanding the development of, applied meaning to, the relationship to and the functions of Artifacts and Values

The Continuum of Cultural Proficiency

Cultural Destructiveness Cultural Incapacity Cultural Blindness Cultural Pre-Competence Cultural Competence Cultural Proficency

Stereotyping

Defining people through beliefs about a group of which they are a part; usually a product of ignorance about the diversity among individuals within any given group.Stereotyping Jewish people as stingy. Both selfish and giving people can be found among every group. In many Jewish communities today, the obligation to "tikkun olam", to heal and transform the world, guides individual and community involvement.

Cultural Incapacity

Demean differences (ex. Puts down family values)

Cultural Destructiveness

Eliminate differences (ex. provides paperwork in English only)

Ethnocentric

Evaluating other peoples and cultures according to the standards of one's own culture.

Xenophobia

Fear, irrational response to those who are not part of the defined nor. Aristotle believed that women were simply a weaker version of men, and Freud defined women in terms of lack (lacking the phallus). Although women are not a minority, this culture sees them as the Other in relation to a male norm. Cast from the norm,women in western society have often been viewed as mysterious and as something to be discovered.

Meritocracy Myth

Government or the holding of power by people selected on the basis of their ability

Diversity

Includes characteristics or factors such as personality, work style, religion, race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, having a disability, socioeconomic level, educational attainment, and general work experience. Diversity refers to all of the characteristics that make individuals different from each other.

Cultural Blindness

Refusing to acknowledge the culture of others (dismiss differences) (ex. Lacks training to provide special services to minorities)

3 Roots of human motivation

Safety, Significance and Belonging

Reverse Discrimination

The False ideology that the Dominant Group is being adversely harmed by advances of minority groups

1830 Indian Removal Act

The Indian Removal Act was signed into law by Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830, authorizing the president to grant unsettled lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders. A few tribes went peacefully, but many resisted the relocation policy.

Power

The ability to do work. Using resource tools like : Goods, Jobs, Services and Money

Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs (OFCCP)

The agency charged with enforcing affirmative action regulations for government contractors under the Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1973.

Culture

The behaviors, attitudes, artifacts and belief system developed by a group to adapt to their context.

Intrinsic Motivation

The belief that with or without additional support I am can be empowered to make changes

Authentic Hope

The building of intrinsic value coupled with quality personal effort while managing an oppressive system.

Values (Koen)

The deeply held belief system that have provides helpful meaning to events, geography and context

Internalized oppression

The devaluing of ones own identity and culture according to societal norms.Women often do not pursue full medical care because they feel they do not deserve good medical care.

Context

The geographic position, educational environment, governmental system, time period and use of space where human beings are birthed, develop, learn and mature

Artifacts (Koen)

The physical manifestation of or demonstration values

Genocide

The use of deliberate, systematic measures (as killing, bodily or mental injury, unlivable conditions, prevention of births, forcible transfer of children of the group to another group) calculated to bring about the destruction of a racial, political or cultural group or to destroy the language, religion or culture of a group.

Civil Rights Act 1964

This act, signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson on July 2, 1964, prohibited discrimination in public places, provided for the integration of schools and other public facilities, and made employment discrimination illegal

Tolerance

Tolerance the ability or willingness to tolerate something, in particular the existence of opinions or behavior that one does not necessarily agree with. "the tolerance of corruption"

Two or More Races in the United States

Two or More Races (Not Hispanic or Latino) - All persons who identify with more than one of the above five races.

Cultural Competence

Understand the difference differences make (ex. Has balanced bilingual staff/customer ratio)

contextual felicity & update

We should have an awareness and understanding of the demands of different contexts and be able to create context by valuing our own and others' cultural demands in interactions.

Cognitive Dissonance

When new truths battle established beliefs for space in our consciousness, we tend to respond with all manner of defense mechanisms.

Belief

a number of memes and thoughts that combine to form basis of a system, the investment one has in fulfillment a segment of knowledge or truth

appropriateness

a person exhibiting accepted & expected behaviour

effectiveness

a person's ability to accomplish goals

adaptation

able to consciously shift perspective/ behaviour in different cultural context

behavioural flexibility

adapting one's behaviour to the specific situation