Developmental - Attachment Theory
what does Bowlby say is necessary for the development of a secure attachment?
an interaction system with 2 active players (infant and caregiver)
what does the strange situation task measure?
it measures the child's ability to: -explore (secure base) -degree of separation anxiety -(extent to which) *babies will be comforted by mother* - " " babies will be comforted by stranger
the best way to study the consequences of attachment is through _________
longitudinal studies
why is it such a big deal to facilitate secure attachment in infancy?
because Bowlby hypothesized early attachment predicts later social/emotional functioning through internal working model
the relationship between early attachment and later functioning is ______; although there are _________ that ______ attachment provides that _________.
not a simple cause and effect relationship. key foundational things; secure ; set the stage for a good life
attachment theory is on the _____ side of the nature/nurture debate, ALTHOUGH __________
nurture some data is showing nature (biology, 5 HTT) may have some impact
Ainsworth Summary of Attachment Categories 1) ** 2) 3)
1) *QUALITY VS. QUANTITY IS WHAT MATTERS* 2) mothers of secure babies didn't hold their babies any longer 3) but, they did hold them more affectionately when they wanted to be held
*a real indifference to others, babies/teens wouldn't form strong attachment to any adults*, in reference to Bowlby's attachment research, is a definition of _____________
disattachment
what is the "snow-balling effect"? ***IMPORTANT***
one of the ways that the relationship between early attachment and later functioning not so cut and dry? "SNOW-BALLING EFFECT" -secure attachment = good peer relationships in pre-school, which leads to good relationships in grade school, etc...
SECURE ATTACHMENT -% of pop -child behaviors during strange sit -maternal behaviors observed during home-visits (4)
60% CHILD BEHAVIOR: *-secure base, separation anxiety, easily comforted upon reunion* MATERNAL BEHAVIOR: *-responsive to infant needs/signals, warm, prompt* -more likely to feed babies on demand (whenever baby is hungry) -more responsive to emotional needs -reflect baby's affect (baby is sad, mom looks at baby with sad and sympathetic face) -responded to babies rapidly, promptly
define *attachment*
enduring emotional bond between child and caretaker
what is an internal working model?
p. 56 & 65 ?? unclear....need to clarify
which one of Bowlby's Stages of Attachment is characterized by *"no clear attachment to any particular person"* ?
preattachment (birth - 6 weeks)
an interaction of 5-HTT and Maternal Responsiveness predicts _________
attachment security (graph on page 64 of notes)
*the development and consequences of the child-caregiver relationship* is the definition of ________________
attachment theory
what debate was depicted in the sit-clip of the husband and wife and their crying baby?
attachment theory vs. behavior theory debate
~attachment styles question set~~ Babies that look *very independent in the strange situation* fall into ______ attachment style
insecure avoidant
~attachment styles question set~~ What attachment style do children who show behaviors such as *do not engage in constructive play (e.g. pushing toys around)* fall into?
insecure avoidant
__________________ is necessary for healthy social/emotional development
secure attachment
having at least one _______ may be considered a _______ that facilitates __________
secure attachment ; protective factor ; resilience
what is a "secure base" ? which one of Bowlby's Stages of Attachment is characterized by a *"secure base"* ?
secure base = a point of safety from which an infant can feel free to venture away (a human, usually mother/father/always caregiver) "Reciprocal Relationships" stage (24 months and up)
secure attachment is necessary for __________________.
healthy social/emotional development
what is "Ferberizing?" associated with attachment theory of behavior theory?
"Ferberizing": is waiting longer periods of time between cries before responding -behavior theory
in the independence model, what effect do mothers vs. fathers have?
(-amount of time similar) (-kind of relationship different) -fathers foster secure exploration and excitement when times are favorable -mothers foster secure base and comfort in time of distress -roles may be influenced by gender but are not gender specific
define parental responsiveness
responding to the baby in a system, warmth of care, consistence, comfort contact
Bell & Ainsworth (1972) say that _____________________ does not create dependency but enables autonomy [to use new capabilities such as talking].
responsiveness to crying
~attachment styles question set~~ What attachment style do children who show behaviors such as *secure base, separation anxiety, easily comforted upon reunion* fall into?
secure
~attachment styles question set~~ What attachment style do the children whose PARENTS show behaviors such as *more likely to feed babies on demand (whenever baby is hungry)* fall into?
secure
~attachment styles question set~~ What attachment style do the children whose PARENTS show behaviors such as *more responsive to emotional needs and reflect baby's affect* fall into?
secure
~attachment styles question set~~ What attachment style do the children whose PARENTS show behaviors such as *respond to babies rapidly and promptly* fall into?
secure
~attachment styles question set~~ What attachment style do the children whose PARENTS show behaviors such as *responsive to infant needs/signals, warm, prompt* fall into?
secure
how does global competence differ across attachment security styles for adolescents at age 19? (Sroufe et al., 2005)
secure attached show better global competence than insecure
what is "separation anxiety" ? which one of Bowlby's Stages of Attachment is characterized by *"separation anxiety"*?
separation anxiety = visceral fear of separation from primary caretaker Bowlby says separation anxiety is the hallmark of secure attachment "Clear-Cut-Attachment" stage (6-8 months - 18-24 months)
How did Ainsworth refine attachment theory? In other words, what did she contribute to attachment theory?
she developed a method for assessing attachment -strange situation task
in the independence model, what are the differences between duel primary attachments and secondary attachments??
(chart on page 70 of notes)
Longitudinal Studies on Outcomes/Consequences of Attachment [CHILDHOOD]
ATTACHMENT SECURITY IS RELATED TO: i. Social competence, independence, emotional control, behavior problems in pre-school ii. Delay of gratification at age 6 DOUBLE SECURE AND MIXED ATTACHMENTS DID NOT DIFFER IN TERMS OF TOTAL SELF-REPORTED PROBLEMS OR TEACHER RATED EXTERNALIZING PROBLEMS -neither parent attachment is primary -risk & resilience (having at least one secure attachment may be considered a protective factor that facilitates resilience) INDEPENDENCE MODEL
What consequences does attachment security have in adolescence? (Sroufe et al., 2005) ***IMPORTANT***
Attachment security related to: 1) behavior problems/psychological symptoms at age 13 & 17 a. avoidant=more conduct problems b. ambivalent=more depression and anxiety 2) global competence measure at age 19 a. secure attached show better global competence than insecure do
~attachment styles question set~~ Babies that look *clingly and dependent* fall into ______ attachment style
insecure ambivalent
~attachment styles question set~~ What attachment style do children who show behaviors such as *anxious even in presence of mom* fall into?
insecure ambivalent
~attachment styles question set~~ What attachment style do children who show behaviors such as *anxious, extreme distress, not easily comforted (mixed signals * fall into?
insecure ambivalent
~attachment styles question set~~ What attachment style do children who show behaviors such as *heightened separation anxiety relative to secure baby* fall into?
insecure ambivalent
~attachment styles question set~~ What attachment style do children who show behaviors such as *show desire for mother but also anger* fall into?
insecure ambivalent
~attachment styles question set~~ What attachment style do children who show behaviors such as *show mixed signals upon reunion with mom* fall into?
insecure ambivalent
~attachment styles question set~~ What attachment style do children who show behaviors such as *show more distress in mom's absence* fall into?
insecure ambivalent
~attachment styles question set~~ What attachment style do the children whose PARENTS show behaviors such as *moms inconsistent at home in how they interact with their babies* fall into?
insecure ambivalent
~attachment styles question set~~ What attachment style do the children whose PARENTS show behaviors such as *sometimes moms are trying to be responsive but are not meeting baby's needs because they are misreading signals* fall into?
insecure ambivalent
~attachment styles question set~~ What attachment style do the children whose PARENTS show behaviors such as *unpredictable: inconsistent and misreading signals* fall into?
insecure ambivalent
~attachment styles question set~~ What attachment style do children who show behaviors such as *doesn't matter to baby who comes and goes* fall into?
insecure avoidant
~attachment styles question set~~ What attachment style do children who show behaviors such as *don't acknowledge hurt by just pretending it doesn't bother them by acting indifferent* fall into?
insecure avoidant
~attachment styles question set~~ What attachment style do children who show behaviors such as *indifferent, may or may not show distress, don't look to mom for comfort, may be comforted by stranger* fall into?
insecure avoidant
~attachment styles question set~~ What attachment style do children who show behaviors such as *insecure in their relationship with their caregiver; have hostility and bad feelings about relationship* fall into?
insecure avoidant
~attachment styles question set~~ What attachment style do children who show behaviors such as *when mom comes back, baby does not always care and look to her for comfort* fall into?
insecure avoidant
~attachment styles question set~~ What attachment style do the children whose PARENTS show behaviors such as *mothers are harsh, pushing babies around* fall into?
insecure avoidant
~attachment styles question set~~ What attachment style do the children whose PARENTS show behaviors such as *rejecting* fall into?
insecure avoidant
~attachment styles question set~~ What attachment style do the children whose PARENTS show behaviors such as *unresponsive and cold* fall into?
insecure avoidant
~attachment styles question set~~ What attachment style do children who show behaviors such as *absence of organized strategy* fall into?
insecure disorganized
~attachment styles question set~~ What attachment style do children who show behaviors such as *babies get overwhelmed in strange situation* fall into?
insecure disorganized
~attachment styles question set~~ What attachment style do children who show behaviors such as *freezing behaviors (i.e. babies stiffen up when mom leaves [maybe are dissociating])* fall into?
insecure disorganized
~attachment styles question set~~ What attachment style do children who show behaviors such as *misdirected fear (i.e. show fear, not just anxiety in strange situation)* fall into?
insecure disorganized
~attachment styles question set~~ What attachment style do children who show behaviors such as *stereotypical behaviors (i.e. repetitive, self-injurious behavior such as pulling hair out and rocking back and forth)* fall into?
insecure disorganized
~attachment styles question set~~ What attachment style do the children who come from situations like this fall into? *maybe these babies are from abusive, frightening, clinical samples*
insecure disorganized
~attachment styles question set~~ What attachment style do the children whose PARENTS have *frank psychopathology* fall in to?
insecure disorganized
What is the significance of Jacobson et al. (1997)'s study on delay of gratification at age 6 (Mischel, 1989)? ***IMPORTANT***
Showed that attachment security is related to*delay of gratification at age 6* (Jacobson et. al. 1997) -kids with secure attachment should have good self-control and be able to delay gratification *longer* (before eating marshmallow) than those with insecure attachment (Mischel, 1989)
~attachment styles question set~~ in insecure ambivalent attachment style, babies are _______. in insecure avoidant, babies are _______.
acting out they avoid as a defense mechanism; pretend that they are not hurt by acting indifferent
According to Bowlby, when caretakers are physically responsive and emotionally available (consistent, prompt, and warm), infants perceive caretaker as ___________.
alive, consistent, and caring
at ages 13 & 17, what kind of behavioral/psychological symptoms do adolescents with insecure ambivalent attachment security show? (Sroufe et al., 2005)
ambivalent=more depression and anxiety
Bowlby says that development of attachment requires _______________________________ with ____________ (______ and _______)
an interaction system ; 2 active players ; infants ; adults
Hazan & Shaver (1987) retrospective study on adult attachment suggest that _______. Why do we want to be skeptical of this?
suggests that *differences in adult attachment styles derive from earlier experiences with attachment figures* -adults who are secure in their current romantic relationships more likely to recall childhood relationship with parent as affectionate, caring, and accepting -want to be skeptical of this because of the *problem of memory bias* - you are probably recalling things about childhood that are affected by what you are experiencing now
what is the *strange situation task*?
technique for measuring quality of attachment
What method did Ainsworth develop for assessing attachment?
the *strange situation task*
define *attachment theory*
the development and consequences of the child-caregiver relationship
what is "wariness" ? which one of Bowlby's Stages of Attachment is characterized by *"wariness?"*
wariness = uneasiness or fear of things that are out of the ordinary "attachment in the making" stage (6 wks - 6-8 months )
SHORT ANSWER QUESTION ON EXAM: *DESCRIBE THE 8 STEPS OF STRANGE SITUATION TALK AND BEHAVIORS/RESPONSES ASSOCIATED WITH EACH* [know in order and how babies repsond]
(need a room, with chairs, toys on the floor, 1 way mirror room) 1) MOTHER AND INFANT ENTER ROOM -infant wary at first, but warms up to room quickly 2) MOTHER SITS; INFANT EXPLORES -baby plays with toys, see secure base behavior 3) STRANGER ENTERS -babies zip back to mom, shows more wariness towards stranger, shows more intense secure base behavior -babies warm up to stranger 4) MOTHER LEAVES ROOM -babies usually protest her departure (expressing separation anxiety [hallmark of secure attachment]) -baby will not be calmed down by stranger easily 5) MOTHER RETURNS, STRANGER LEAVES -babies run up to mother -easily/readily consoled by mother -baby gets back engaged in toys 6) MOTHER LEAVES -intended to be more stressful than first situation because baby is alone 7) STRANGER RETURNS -tries to comfort baby, but typically to no avail 8) MOTHER ENTERS, STRANGER LEAVES -baby seeks mom for comfort -baby gets readily consoled [those two things are signs to determine quality of mother/child attachment]
SIR RICHARD BOWLBY ***IMPORTANT***
**NOT THE SAME AS JOHN BOWLBY??** -Attachment is important "from the cradle to the grave" (Bowlby, 1979, 1994)
what is the *INDEPENDENCE MODEL*? ***IMPORTANT***
*child may be attached to several caregivers who are equally important but influence different developmental domains* (Bowlby, 2012) (-amount of time similar) (-kind of relationship different) -fathers foster secure exploration and excitement when times are favorable -mothers foster secure base and comfort in time of distress -roles may be influenced by gender but are not gender specific
what does Bowlby say is the hallmark of secure attachment?
*separation anxiety*
Ainsworth's Baltimore Study (Ainsworth, Bell & Stayton, 1974)
- N= 12 12-month-old (middle-class babies from intact families) -In-home observation -Ainsworth there very often so she became part of the furniture -lab visit = strange situation (one time) IDENTIFIED PATTERNS OF ATTACHMENT AND MATERNAL BEHAVIORS RELATED TO ATTACHMENT -Ainsworth identified 3 patterns of attachment that babies seemed to have (4th added later) -identified maternal behaviors related to each pattern
INSECURE DISORGANIZED ATTACHMENT -what do these babies look like during the strange sit? -% of pop -child behaviors during strange sit -parental behaviors observed during home-visits
-15% -babies get overwhelmed in strange situation -CHILD BEHAVIOR: -Absence of organized strategy: -stereotypical, freezing, misdirected fear stereotypical: repetitive, self-injurious behavior (pulling hair out, rocking back and forth) freezing: babies stiffen up when mom leaves misdirected fear: show fear, not just anxiety, during strange sit. PARENT BEHAVIOR: -maybe these babies are from abuse, frightening, frightened, clinical samples -babies from parents with frank psychopathology
Adult Attachment -Bowlby said: ________________ -Ainsworth said: _________________
-Attachment is important "from the cradle to the grave" (Bowlby, 1979, 1994) - In adulthood, parents are joined or replaced as attachment figures by adult romantic partners
what was Kochanska and Kim's conclusion surrounding roles of mothers and fathers in attachment?
-neither parents primary, but they do offer different things (i.e. the independence model)
how is risk and resilience related to attachment theory?
-risk & resilience (having at least one secure attachment may be considered a protective factor that facilitates resilience) -double secure and mixed did not differ in terms of total self-reported problems or teacher rated externalizing problems
Hazan & Shaver's Theory of Adult Attachment (1987; 2000) [3 parts of theory] ***IMPORTANT***
-say that adult relationships follow the same kind of pattern as infant 1 -*adults use their romantic partners as a secure base the way infants use their parents* 2- *styles of relationships among adults romantic partners are similar to attachment styles observed among infants and parents*: SECURE = capable of genuine intimacy -characteristics include: empathetic, sensitive, balance own needs and needs of partner, affectionate AVOIDANT = unable to get close -characteristics include: uncaring, aloof, emotionally distant, abruptly disengages at signs of involvement, fear of intimacy AMBIVALENT = needy and engulfing -characteristics include: excessively jealous, suffocating, need continual reassurance of being loved, roller-coaster romances 3- *Differences in adult attachment styles derive from earlier experiences with attachment figures*
who is John Bowlby? -who is he known as? -a _____, not a ______ -what was he interested in? how did he study this? -what did he say about comfort contact and attachment?
-the father of attachment theory -a theorist, not a researcher -interested in the consequences of actual separation from mother -looked at orphans: fear, depression, disattachment (a real indifference to others, babies/teens wouldn't form strong attachment to any adults) -looked at juvenile thieves: disattachment -found that the mass majority of them had experiences separation from caregivers -he concluded from Harry Harlow's research that comfort contact is necessary but not sufficient (for attachment)
in what ways is the relationship between early attachment and later functioning not so cut and dry? (2)
1) "SNOW-BALLING EFFECT" -secure attachment = good peer relationships in pre-school, which leads to good relationships in grade school, etc... 2) SECURE MORE LIKELY TO RECOVER FROM PERIODS OF DISTRESS (RESILIENCE) -secure attachment show more ability to show resilience when faced with negative life events
Bowlby's Stages of Attachment -what are the 4 stages? -what ages define the 4 stages? -what characteristics define the 4 stages?
1) PREATTACHMENT (birth - 6 weeks) -no clear attachment to any particular person 2) "ATTACHMENT-IN-THE-MAKING" (6 weeks - 6-8 months) -*wariness*: uneasiness or fear of things that are out of the ordinary 3) "CLEAR-CUT-ATTACHMENT" (6-8 months thru 18-24 months) -*separation anxiety*: visceral fear of separation from primary caretaker -Bowlby says sep. anxiety is the hallmark of secure attachment 4) RECIPROCAL RELATIONSHIPS (24 months & up) -now babies/kids can use mother as a *secure base*, a point of safety from which an infant can feel free to venture away from (a human, usually mother/father/always caretaker) -increased frequency of time away from mother
What are the 4 categories of attachment? What percentage of the population have each attachment type?
1) Secure (60%) 2) Insecure-Ambivalent (10%) 3) Insecure-Avoidant (15%) 4) Disorganized (15%)
what have Bell & Ainsworth (1972) concluded about crying? (4)
1) no relationship between maternal response and frequency of crying in first 3 months 2) ignoring crying in 1st 3 months related to increased crying by the 4th month on (when compared to babies whose cries were not ignored) 3) responding decreases infants readiness to use crying as a signal 4) responsiveness to crying does not create dependency but enables autonomy [to use new capabilities such as talking]
5 things associated with early attachment
1) success of social relationships in pre-school 2) degree of self-control in childhood (control of emotions, behaviors, etc.) 3) emotional & behavioral problems in childhood and adolescence 4) degree of self-reliance and independence in childhood and adolescence 5) style of relating to romantic partner in adulthood
Fraley & Shaver (1998) study where they looked at airport separations 1-what were they trying to assess? 2-what 2 characteristics of airport separation did they observe with couples who ended up separating compared to those who traveled together? 3-what do these 2 characteristics suggest?
1- trying to asses the aspect of adult attachment theory that "adults use their romantic partners as a secure base the way infants use their parents" 2- couples who ended up separating in airport MAINTAINED PROXIMITY (e.g. hand holding, hugging, etc.) compared to couples who traveled together and also PROTEST SEPARATION (clinging, following) 3-suggesting adults use their partners as a secure base to explore
INSECURE AMBIVALENT ATTACHMENT -% of pop -what do these babies look like during the strange sit? -child behaviors during strange sit -maternal behaviors observed during home-visits
10% -these babies look clingy and dependent CHILD BEHAVIOR: *-anxious, extreme distress, not easily comforted (mixed signals)* -anxious even in presence of mom -shows more distress in mom's absence -heightened separation anxiety relative to secure babies -shows mixed signals upon reunion with mom -show desire for mother & anger (happy to see her; push mom away) MATERNAL BEHAVIOR: *-unpredictable: inconsistent and misreading signals * -moms are inconsistent at home in how they interact with their babies -sometimes moms are trying to be responsive but are not meeting baby's needs because misreading signals
INSECURE AVOIDANT ATTACHMENT -% of pop -what do these babies look like during the strange sit? -child behaviors during strange sit -maternal behaviors observed during home-visits
15% -these babies look very independent in strange situation CHILD BEHAVIOR: -*indifferent, may or may not show distress, don't look to mom for comfort, may be comforted by stranger* - do not engage in *constructive* play (i.e. pushing toys around) -when mom comes back, baby doesn't always look to her for comfort -doesn't matter to babies who comes and goes from room -insecure in their relationship with their caregiver, have hostility and bad feelings about relationship -instead of acting out, these babies *avoid* as a defense mechanism [don't acknowledge the hurt by just pretending it doesn't bother them and being indifferent] MATERNAL BEHAVIOR: *-rejecting: unresponsive and cold* -mothers are harsh, pushing babies around
Which 3 categories did Ainsworth identify? Which one was added by her student Main later?
Ainsworth: Secure Insecure - Ambivalent Insecure - Avoidant
Longitudinal Studies on Outcomes/Consequences of Attachment [ADOLESCENCE]
Attachment security related to: 1) behavior problems/psychological symptoms at age 13 & 17 a. avoidant=more conduct problems b. ambivalent=more depression and anxiety 2) global competence measure at age 19 a. secure attached show better global competence than insecure do BUT, the relationship between early attachment and later functioining is not so simple: 1) "SNOW-BALLING EFFECT" -secure attachment = good peer relationships in pre-school, which leads to good relationships in grade school, etc... 2) SECURE MORE LIKELY TO RECOVER FROM PERIODS OF DISTRESS (RESILIENCE) -secure attachment show more ability to show resilience when faced with negative life events
John Bowlby's "Consequences of Attachment" + how are schemas involved? -what does this look like in the real world?
CONSEQUENCES OF ATTACHMENT: *SECURE ATTACHMENT IS NECESSARY FOR HEALTHY SOCIAL/EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT* thru mechanisms of *internal working model*: - a "schema" : a set of ideas / feelings / beliefs / associations / memories about that attachment relationship - mental representation of attachment relationship that becomes the map for all future relationships and social/emotional functioning -intimate relationships -others -ourselves e.g. if you have secure attachment relationship, you will see intimate relationships as warm, fulfilling, and accepting others - you see them as though they love you ourselves - think we are worthy of that kind of love and respect "i can predict how you will treat me cause I have this blueprint for intimate relationships from early childhood"
Harry Harlow (1959) was trying to prove ______ wrong in his research on _____________
Freud ; purpose of his research: trying to see if attachment based on reduction of the hunger drive/oral gratification
the idea that "adults use their romantic partners as a secure base the way infants use their parents" comes from ___________________________
Hazan & Shaver's Theory of Adult Attachment (1987; 2000)
describe how Bowlby saw development of attachment happening (what does it require, who does it require, etc..)
He said that development of attachment: -*requires an interaction SYSTEM* -requires 2 active players 1) infants: attachment signals/behaviors (crying, smiling, vocalizing) [infants are biologically wired to express needs] 2) caretaker: physically responsive & emotionally available (consistent, prompt, and warm) [caretakers are biologically wired to attend to the needs]
What did Kochanska & Kim (2013) find when they looked at the relationship between attachment and later behavioral problems and also difference between mothers and fathers? -what was their method? -what kind of study was it? -Results -conclusions
METHOD: -strange situation with mother and father separately, 2-3 weeks apart (random who went 1st, mom or dad) -parents and teachers rated psychological symptoms and behavior problems w/ a checklist at age 6 1/2 (teachers) and at age 8 (parents) -children self-report in interview at age 8 LONGITUDINAL STUDY RESULTS: *Double secure and mixed did not differ in terms of total self-reported problems or teacher rated externalizing problems.* -both groups (mixed and double secure) reported fewer symptoms than double insecure -mixed security predicted behavior problems regardless of which parent was secure, suggesting *neither mother nor father attachment is primary* [i.e. doesn't matter if secure attachment was to mom or dad as long as there was one] CONCLUSIONS: -*Risk/Resilience* -having at least one secure attachment may be considered a protective factor that facilitates resilience -*Roles of Fathers/Mothers* -neither parent primary, but are they equivalent? -the independence model => both are important but offer different things
describe Harry Harlow's research on attachment theory using infant monkeys -purpose -method (control/experimental groups; procedure) -results -developmental outcomes of experimental monkeys versus controls -Bowlby's conclusion
PURPOSE: Is attachment based on reduction of the hunger drive/oral gratification? (trying to prove Freud wrong) METHOD: control group: monkeys raised by biological mothers 2 experimental groups: raised by 2 surrogate mothers (inanimate/fake robot mothers: wire mesh OR terry cloth, only one has bottle in one group: only wire "mother" has milk in other group: only terry cloth "mother" has milk RESULTS: monkeys clung to terry cloth mother whether or not she had the bottle... *INDICATING the importance of mother comfort* -comfort contact, pleasurable sensation of touch, overpower hunger drive *SUGGESTING emotional warmth matters in development of attachment* -both groups of experimental monkeys had poorer developmental outcomes than control monkey -more fearful, wouldn't engage in normal sexual behavior, more aggressive BOWLBY'S CONCLUSION (from Harlow's work): comfort contact is necessary but not sufficient for attachment
Barry et. al. (2008) study on trying to study what causes secure attachment : What does the child contribute? Or is it all parental responsiveness? -Purpose -Method -Results -Conclusion
PURPOSE: genetic contribution to attachment security? METHOD: N=88 12-month-olds -DNA sample to assess 5HTT -Free Play = to assess maternal responsiveness -Strange Situation RESULTS: -evidence of a *gene-environment interaction* -with responsive mothers, genotype had no impact on attachment -with unresponsive mothers, children with the short allele were less likely to be securely attached than those with out the short allele CONCLUSION: -Maternal responsiveness can protect genetically vulnerable infants from developing an insecure attachment -Infants carrying 2 long alleles may be more resilient to parental behaviors that commonly induce stress
Which of Bowlby's Stages of Attachment is characterized by babies spending increased frequency of time away from mother?
Reciprocal relationships stage (24 months and up)
Which of Bowlby's Stages of Attachment is characterized by babies using mother as a secure base, as a point of safety from which the baby can feel free to venture away from?
Reciprocal relationships stage (24 months and up)
If you teach a mother to be responsive to her baby, does the research by Van de Boom (1995) show she can have a securely attached infant? ***IMPORTANT***
Van de Boom (1995) says *YES*! -he looked at low SES, mother primary caregiver (n=100) 2 groups: 3 two-hour sessions, from ages 6-9 months Intervention: mothers taught to be more responsive Control: attention only RESULTS: Intervention= 62% Secure ; 38 % Insecure Control = 22% Secure ; 78 % Insecure
in Bowlby's studies, what does *disattachment* refer to?
a real indifference to others, babies/teens wouldn't form strong attachment to any adults
*enduring emotional bond between child and caretaker* is the definition of _________
attachment
How do attachment theorists approach crying compared to how behavior theorists do?
attachment theory: -responding facilitates secure attachment -builds confidence, trust, and independence behavior theory: *says that behaviors (like crying) have no meaning until reinforced* -responding to crying reinforces crying (operant conditioning) -leads to more crying, spoiling, and dependence -extinguish crying by not responding -"Ferberizing": waiting longer periods of time before repsonding
at ages 13 & 17, what kind of behavioral/psychological symptoms do adolescents with insecure avoidant attachment security show? (Sroufe et al., 2005)
avoidant=more conduct problems
Kochanska and Kim's original prediction that ________ turned out to be ______
children with mixed attachments will have fewer problems than those who are double insecure and more than those who are double secure (reason that one secure attachment is better than none, and 2 is better than 1) results: they predicted wrong!! *Double secure and mixed did not differ in terms of total self-reported problems or teacher rated externalizing problems.* -both groups (mixed and double secure) reported fewer symptoms than double insecure -mixed security predicted behavior problems regardless of which parent was secure, suggesting *neither mother nor father attachment is primary* [i.e. doesn't matter if secure attachment was to mom or dad as long as there was one]
attachment security is related to __________ & _________ in childhood -secure -insecure ambivalent -insecure avoidant ***IMPORTANT***
i. -*secure attachment* results in social competence, independence (i.e. less dependent on preschool teachers and camp counselors), emotional control, behavior problems in preschool (Sroufe et al., 2005) -*insecure ambivalent* children easily upset, upset often, go to teacher often when upset -*avoidant* kids act out and get attention from teacher that way ii. *delay of gratification at age 6* (Jacobson et. al. 1997) -kids with secure attachment should have good self-control and be able to delay gratification *longer* (before eating marshmallow) than those with insecure attachment
