Developmental Psych practice questions Exam 3

9. Allison tends to avoid stressful situations altogether. Alex faces stressful situations by seeking social support. Andrew tends to break down in stressful situations and express his negative emotions forcefully. Who might be expected to be the BEST adjusted of these three children? A)Alex B)Andrew C)Allison, Alex, and Andrew are equally well adjusted. D)Allison

A)Alex

5. Anna's parents are divorced, and her Mom got remarried and had a baby with her new husband. What is a likely outcome regarding Anna's feelings toward her half-sibling? A)Anna resents her half-sibling because he was born to both parents in the new marriage. B)Anna gets along well with her half-sibling. C)Anna chooses to go live with her biological father in order to avoid living with her half-sibling. D)Anna behaves aggressively toward her half-sibling because she has externalizing problems.

A)Anna resents her half-sibling because he was born to both parents in the new marriage.

9. In the United States, which finding is NOT true of the NICHD (National Institute of Child Health and Development) study? A)At 6 years, children in extensive childcare were viewed by teachers as being less smart than were other children. B)A number of changes in caregivers in the first 2 years of life predicted lower social competence at age 2. C)More hours of nonrelative care predicted greater risk-taking and impulsivity at age 15. D)At 4½ years, children in extensive childcare were viewed by care providers as exhibiting more problem behaviors.

A)At 6 years, children in extensive childcare were viewed by teachers as being less smart than were other children

7. Which critique is common of group-care settings? A)Children may learn negative behaviors such as aggression from their peers. B)Children in childcare may have lower stress levels than do children who are cared for at home. C)Children may have physically abusive educators. D)Children in childcare may learn to talk later than do children who are cared for at home.

A)Children may learn negative behaviors such as aggression from their peers.

The NICHD (National Institute of Child Health and Development) has been conducting an in-depth study that has followed the development of children in child-care arrangements since 1991. Which finding is NOT associated with this study? A)The effects of childcare on development—whether positive or negative—appear to be limited in magnitude. B)Children who receive childcare for many hours of the day tend to exhibit more problem behaviors than children who do not. C)Children in high-quality childcare tend to be well-adjusted, no matter their socioeconomic status. D)The quality of the childcare children receive seems to have a positive effect on cognition.

A)The effects of childcare on development—whether positive or negative—appear to be limited in magnitude.

12. Which adaptive feature is one of the most important with regard to the human species? A)The large size of the human brain B)the ability to talk C)the large size of the human body D)the ability to walk

A)The large size of the human brain

9. Which statement is NOT a reason that well-adjusted children tend to do better in school than their less regulated peers? A)They have higher IQ and achievement test scores. B)Teachers and peers like them better. C)They like school better. D)They are better able to pay attention.

A)They have higher IQ and achievement test scores.

2. As adolescents themselves, which statement is NOT true of children born to teenage mothers? A)They have higher rates of intellectual disability. B)They have higher rates of academic failure. C)They have higher rates of delinquency. D)They have higher rates of incarceration.

A)They have higher rates of intellectual disability.

1. Each of Erikson's stages is characterized by: A)a crisis that the individual must resolve. B)the intervention of a caregiver or mentor. C)mastery of social skills, however rudimentary. D)individual goal-setting.

A)a crisis that the individual must resolve

2. Which example illustrates a biological, reflexive smile? A)a one-month old smiling during REM sleep B)a toddler smiling at his brother C)a 9-month-old smiling at her grandmother D)a 6-month-old smiling at her dad

A)a one-month old smiling during REM sleep

15. One study found that African American mothers living in dangerous neighborhoods valued and promoted their daughters' readiness to express: A)anger and aggressiveness. B)their political identity. C)their sexual identity. D)fear and distress.

A)anger and aggressiveness

4. The popular behavior management system of "time-outs" or temporary isolation for young children is based on Skinner's notion that _____ can serve as a powerful reinforcer. A)attention B)parents C)systematic desensitization D)intermittent responses

A)attention

11. Parental-investment theory stresses the _____ basis of many aspects of parental behavior. A)evolutionary B)humanistic C)biopsychosocial D) Idiographic

A)evolutionary

4. When Sarah is 20 minutes late for her curfew, her mother does not punish her. Sarah knows that her mother is lenient, so she continues to break her curfew. Her mother shows love and affection for Sarah but has no control over her. What type of parent is Sarah's mother? A)permissive B)authoritarian C)authoritative D)uninvolved

A)permissive

7. To examine children's use of aggression in dealing with social problems, Dodge and his colleagues: A)present children with hypothetical stories in which one child is the victim of another child's ambiguous actions. B)observe the reinforcement and punishment aggressive children receive from peers and adults. C)examine the contexts in which children display aggression. D)interview children about why they are aggressive with their peers.

A)present children with hypothetical stories in which one child is the victim of another child's ambiguous actions

10. Which level of Bronfenbrenner's model would account for how changes in a society's customs over time affect the development of a child? A)the chronosystem B)the endosystem C)the ecosystem D)the microsystem

A)the chronosystem

4. In Albert Bandura's study that used inflatable punching dolls, which factor was being examined? A)vicarious reinforcement B)the pleasure principle C)basic trust versus mistrust D)operant conditioning

A)vicarious reinforcement

5. In regard to social referencing, _____ cues seem to be more effective than just _____ cues. A)vocal; visual B)gestural; vocal C)musical; visual D)visual; vocal

A)vocal; visual

9. Which statement is TRUE regarding research of 7th-graders' math education? A. Students with an incremental theory of intelligence had math scores that showed an upward trajectory over the next 2 years. B)Students with a fixed theory of intelligence had math scores that showed an upward trajectory over the next 2 years. C)Students with a fixed theory of intelligence had math scores that showed a downward trajectory over the next 2 years. D)Students with an incremental theory of intelligence had math scores that remained flat over the next 2 years.

A. Students with an incremental theory of intelligence had math scores that showed an upward trajectory over the next 2 years.

11. Individual differences in emotion, activity level, and attention that are exhibited across contexts and are demonstrated from infancy (and thus thought to be genetically based) are referred to as: A)temperament. B)social competence. C)attachment. D)self-regulation.

A)temperament

3. Which factor is a key aspect of parental sensitivity in regards to the development of a secure attachment? A)using calorie-restriction in the infant's diet B)being consistently responsive C)carrying the baby in a sling a lot D)co-sleeping

B)being consistently responsive

16. Around what age do boys and girls begin to differ dramatically in their risk of developing depression? A)9 years old B)13 years old C)16 years old D)11 years old

D)11 years old

6. Which research finding that demonstrates the bidirectional influences between adolescents and their parents is TRUE? A)Adolescents' reports of high levels of externalizing and internalizing problems, predicted an increase in uninvolved parenting styles 2 years later. B)Adolescents' reports of high levels of externalizing and internalizing problems predicted a decline in authoritative parenting 2 years later. C)The majority of parents tend to become more permissive as their children go from early to mid-adolescence. D)Parenting styles did not change over a 2-year time period, despite changes in adolescents' reports of internalizing and externalizing problems.

B)Adolescents' reports of high levels of externalizing and internalizing problems predicted a decline in authoritative parenting 2 years later

5. Which statement is TRUE regarding Bandura's Bobo doll experiments? A)Girls were more physically aggressive than boys only in the condition in which the model was punished. B)Boys and girls were similarly aggressive toward the Bobo doll if they were given positive incentives and they saw the model rewarded. C)Boys and girls were similarly aggressive toward the Bobo doll, regardless of condition. D)Girls were more aggressive than boys if they were given positive incentives and they saw the model receive no consequences.

B)Boys and girls were similarly aggressive toward the Bobo doll if they were given positive incentives and they saw the model rewarded.

3. Which statement is TRUE in regard to cross-cultural comparisons of attachment? A)The United States has significantly more securely attached children than does Japan. B)In one study, all of the insecure infants in a Japanese sample were classified as insecure/resistant, with none exhibiting insecure/avoidant behavior. C)The percentage of insecure/avoidant children is much higher in Japan than it is in other cultures. D)The percentage of insecure/avoidant children is much higher in Korea than it is in other cultures.

B)In one study, all of the insecure infants in a Japanese sample were classified as insecure/resistant, with none exhibiting insecure/avoidant behavior

12. Which statement is TRUE when it comes to measuring temperament? A)Researchers agree that EEG is the best measure of temperament. B)No measurement of temperament is perfect, and it is prudent to assess temperament with a variety of different methods. C)Researchers agree that parents' report is the most accurate measure of temperament. D)Most researchers disregard parents' report of temperament because it is too biased.

B)No measurement of temperament is perfect, and it is prudent to assess temperament with a variety of different methods

4. B. F. Skinner believed that everything we do in life—every act—is an operant response influenced by: A)classical conditioning. B)the outcomes of past behavior. C)our genetic makeup. D)our observational learning.

B)the outcomes of past behavior

1. Under what circumstance would a child be expected to have better adjustment to the divorce of his or her parents? A)when the parents use professional attorneys to assist with the divorce B)when there is a high level of conflict between the parents before the divorce occurs C)when the child is given anti-anxiety medications D)when one of the parents as a full-time job

B)when there is a high level of conflict between the parents before the divorce occurs

3. When 5-year-old Jimmy is asked to stop playing and clean up his room, he says, "No! Ten more minutes, please?" rather than throwing a fit. This example illustrates: A)children's developing ability to use language when upset by parental demands. B)cross-cultural differences in the use of language to regulate emotions. C)the development of children's anger toward their parents. D)the tendency of 5-year-olds to always disobey their parents.

A)children's developing ability to use language when upset by parental demands

11. In Rothbart's questionnaire, questions that ask about how often children throw temper tantrums when they don't get what they want measure which dimension of temperament? A)distress at limitations/frustration B)activity level C)attention span and persistence D)rhythmicity

A)distress at limitations/frustration

17. Some people develop a major depressive episode as a result of genetics. Others can end up with the same psychological struggles as a result of a major life issue, while still others may be affected by teratogens before they are born. The fact that there are many paths to this same destination demonstrates the concept of: A)equifinality. B)diathesis-stress. C)multifinality. D)etiology.

A)equifinality

1. Bowlby's theory of attachment is based on _____ theory. A)ethological B)evolutionary psychology C)ecological D)sociocultural

A)ethological

14. Nonsupportive parental behavior, such as not helping to reduce children's anger, is associated with _____ for children in the United States but does not have the same effect for the Tamang children in rural Nepal. A)low social competence B)low self-esteem C)schizophrenia D)low IQ

A)low social competence

18. When they were young, Byron and Zachariah were both raised by a father who had serious struggles with alcoholism. Twenty years later, Byron has a serious alcohol problem, while Zachariah never touches a drop. The fact that similar paths can lead to different destinations demonstrates the concept of: A)multifinality. B)equifinality. C)diathesis-stress. D)etiology.

A)multifinality

2. Matthew was born to an adolescent mother. What might we predict about his mother? A)She reads to him often and provides acceptable levels of verbal stimulation. B)She provides low levels of verbal stimulation. C)She has good parenting skills because those come naturally to all mothers. D)She has poor parenting skills but does not neglect or abuse him.

B)She provides low levels of verbal stimulation

6. Which theorist claimed that "a person does not act upon the world, the world acts upon him"? A)Erikson B)Skinner C)Bandura D)Freud

B)Skinner

10. Which statement BEST describes the stability of temperament over time? A)Researchers have found that temperament changes in adolescence. B)With some exceptions, temperament remains stable over time. C)Changes in temperament over time fluctuate and are unpredictable. D)There are significant gender differences in stability of temperament over time.

B)With some exceptions, temperament remains stable over time.

3. At approximately what age are children able to understand that people can have mixed feelings about events or issues? A)by age 12 B)by age 10 C)by age 2 D)by age 6

B)by age 10

10. According to _____ theory, certain genes predispose individuals to behave in a certain way to increase survival, mating, and reproduction. A)social learning B)evolutionary psychology C)psychosocial D)bioecological

B)evolutionary psychology

12. The degree to which an individual's temperament is compatible with the demands and expectations of his or her social environment is known as: A)behavioral inhibition. B)goodness of fit. C)family dynamics. D)social competence.

B)goodness of fit

8. In Norway, a country in which the quality of childcare is uniformly high, researchers have found: A)a cognitive disadvantage for children who attend childcare. B)little consistent relation between amount of time in childcare and externalizing problems such as aggression. C)little consistent relation between amount of time in childcare and internalizing problems such as depression. D)a cognitive advantage for children who attend childcare.

B)little consistent relation between amount of time in childcare and externalizing problems such as aggression

What is the biologically based, instinctual drives that fuel behavior, thoughts, and feelings, according to Freud? A)the Electra complex B)psychic energy C)internalization D)the Oedipus complex

B)psychic energy

5. Bandura's concept that child-environment influences operate in both directions is called: A)perceived self-efficacy. B)reciprocal determinism. C)intermittent reinforcement. D)behavior modification.

B)reciprocal determinism

6. Bandura's concept that child-environment influences operate in both directions is called: A)intermittent reinforcement. B)reciprocal determinism. C)perceived self-efficacy. D)behavior modification.

B)reciprocal determinism

8. Hostile attributional biases can become _____: a child who thinks everyone else is out to get him will then retaliate and act aggressively to his peers who will then reject him (supporting his belief in the hostility of others). A)permanent B)self-fulfilling prophecies C)a mastery orientation D)a helpless orientation

B)self-fulfilling prophecies

7. The idea that children play a very active role in their own social development through their activity preferences and friendship choices is called: A)role taking. B)self-socialization. C)mastery orientation. D)hostile attributional bias.

B)self-socialization

7. Which factor has been shown to help moderate the potential impact of economic stress on parenting? A)IQ B)supportive relationships with relatives, friends, neighbors, or others C)involvement in a church or religious group D)attractiveness

B)supportive relationships with relatives, friends, neighbors, or others

11. Which structure is NOT a part of Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model? A)the mesosystem B)the monosystem C)the microsystem D)the macrosystem

B)the monosystem

9. Which statement is NOT an example of the type of praise that would likely support an incremental/mastery mindset? A)"You put a lot of effort into this assignment." B)"You are working very diligently on your science homework." C)"You are really smart at science." D)"Good job taking your time to work hard on these problems."

C)"You are really smart at science."

1. Which theme in child development does NOT play a major role in psychoanalytic theory? A)nature and nurture B)continuity/discontinuity C)the sociological context D)individual differences

C)the sociological context

3. Annie was born to a teenage mother, but her mother was very aware of child development and sensitive parenting techniques and the two had a very positive mother-child relationship. What does the research suggest is likely for Annie? A)She is likely to drop out of school. B)She is likely to get poor grades in school. C)She is likely to do very well on the SAT and other achievement tests. D)She is likely to obtain employment in early adulthood.

D)She is likely to obtain employment in early adulthood.

9. Which term refers to whether children are inspired by learning goals or performance goals? A)hostile attributional bias B)IQ C)academic achievement D)achievement motivation

D)achievement motivation

7. Sam's classmate walks by and accidentally bumps into his table, scattering the puzzle pieces he is working on. Sam quickly assumes that his classmate did it on purpose, suggesting that Sam has a(n): A)helpless orientation. B)mastery orientation. C)inability to take another's perspective. D)hostile attributional bias.

D)hostile attributional bias

18. Research studies have found that the heritability of depression is about _____%. A)20 B)10 C)40 D) 30

C)40

2. Which theorist placed the MOST emphasis on the quest for identity in adolescence? A)Watson B)Freud C)Erikson D)Skinner

C)Erikson

2. Which theorist proposed eight stages of development, which include basic trust versus mistrust and autonomy versus shame and doubt? A)Skinner B)Freud C)Erikson D)Watson

C)Erikson

2. Freud believed the path to superego development for boys was through the resolution of the _____, a psychosexual conflict in which a boy experiences a form of sexual desire for his mother. A)mother stage B)phallic stage C)Oedipus complex D)Electra complex

C)Oedipus complex

1. Although the number of births to unwed mothers has dramatically increased from 1980 to 2009, it is important to note that: A)about 90% of unmarried women who give birth are living with the fathers of their children. B)out-of-wedlock babies typically end up with high rates of developmental disabilities. C)about half of unmarried women who give birth are living with the fathers of their children. D)out-of-wedlock babies are all healthy with no developmental problems.

C)about half of unmarried women who give birth are living with the fathers of their children

10. Juan is able to adjust his behavior in recognition of the needs and desires of others. Which temperament dimension is Juan MOST likely displaying? A)persistence B)activity level C)adaptability D)inhibition

C)adaptability

5. Children are more likely to view punishment as being justified and indicating serious misbehavior when it comes from a(n): A)grandparent. B)permissive parent. C)authoritative parent. D)teacher.

C)authoritative parent

14. The process through which children acquire values, standards, skills, knowledge, and behaviors that are regarded as appropriate for their present and future role for their particular culture is: A)rumination. B)goodness of fit. C)emotion socialization. D)indoctrination.

C)emotion socialization

2. Kara is afraid of spiders and when she sees one her heart rate goes up. Which aspect of emotional functioning is BEST described here? A)emotion-related behavior B)internal feeling states C)emotion-related physiological processes D)emotion-related cognitions

C)emotion-related physiological processes

11. Which form of learning is one in which the young of some species of newborn birds and mammals become attached to and follow adult members of the species (usually their mother)? A)achievement motivation B)ethology C)imprinting D)temperament

C)imprinting

8. Joanne's teacher offers feedback based on effort, saying, "You worked really hard on that!" This is likely to support which type of thinking? A)negative affect B)entity/helpless C)incremental/mastery D)positive affect

C)incremental/mastery

3. Erikson believed that, if infants in the basic trust versus mistrust stage do not develop the ability to trust others, they will have difficulty with _____ later in life. A)vocabulary development B)identity development C)relationship formation D)physical development

C)relationship formation

9. Overall, research suggests that children in childcare are: A)less securely attached to their mothers than are other children. B)less securely attached to their fathers than are other children. C)securely attached to their mothers at the same rates as are other children. D)more securely attached to their mothers than are other children.

C)securely attached to their mothers at the same rates as are other children.

5. By age _____, children are good at identifying situations that make people happy; by age _____, they are accurate at identifying situations that make people sad. A)3; 8 B)1; 5 C)1; 3 D)3; 4

D)3; 4

2. Who disagreed with Freud's concept of a "needy, dependent infant motivated by drive reduction" and promoted a "competence-motivated infant" who uses his or her primary caregiver as a secure base? A)Watson B)Erikson C)Ainsworth D)Bowlby

D)Bowlby

6. Which statement is NOT true regarding the differences in mothers' and fathers' interactions with their children? A)Mothers are more likely to provide physical care than fathers. B)Mothers—including those who work outside the home—spend considerably more time with their children than fathers do. C)Fathers spend a greater amount of time playing with their children than do mothers. D)Fathers are more likely to provide emotional support than mothers.

D)Fathers are more likely to provide emotional support than mothers.

12. Which statement is TRUE regarding the brain sizes and juvenile periods of various primates and humans? A)Humans have a bigger brain than do other species but spend the same amount of time as do other primates in their juvenile period. B)Humans and gorillas share the same brain size, which is much bigger than that of other primates, such as rhesus monkeys. C)Humans have a bigger brain than do gorillas but the same size brain as do chimpanzees. D)Humans have a bigger brain and a longer juvenile period than do other primates.

D)Humans have a bigger brain and a longer juvenile period than do other primates.

6. In one study, preschoolers were told a story about a young girl who forgot her favorite teddy bear when she went to a sleepover at her cousin's house. Although she felt sad, she hid her feelings so the other child wouldn't call her a baby. Participants were asked to identify pictures depicting how the young girl felt on the "inside" as well as what her external expression was. Which finding of this study is TRUE? A)Only about half of the 5-year-olds chose the appropriate pictures. B)None of the preschoolers could solve this type of problem. C)Only about half of the 3-year-olds chose the correct pictures. D)More than eighty percent of the 5-year-olds chose the appropriate pictures.

D)More than eighty percent of the 5-year-olds chose the appropriate pictures

13. Which statement is NOT associated with children whose parents respond to their (the children's) emotions dismissively, with anger, or criticism? A)The children are lower in sympathy for others. B)The children have higher rates of aggression. C)The children are less skilled at coping with stress. D)The children are socially skilled.

D)The children are socially skilled

3. Which concern exists in Chinese culture with regard to single children (with no siblings)? A)They would suffer increased rates of anxiety. B)They would suffer increased rates of depression. C)They would become angry and resentful. D)They would become spoiled through overindulgence.

D)They would become spoiled through overindulgence

16. Recent research regarding peer victimization and depression suggests that: A)peer victimization and depression are unrelated in 4th to 6th graders. B)problems with peers predict children's depression. C)peer victimization predicts anxiety but not depression. D)children's depression both contributes to and is caused by peer victimization.

D)children's depression both contributes to and is caused by peer victimization.

1. In the study of child development, attachment refers to the: A)closeness that can develop between a family and a psychologist. B)interrelationship between themes of child development. C)identification a child develops with a particular child-rearing style. D)close, enduring emotional bonds children develop to primary caregivers.

D)close, enduring emotional bonds children develop to primary caregivers.

1. In the study of child development, attachment refers to the: A)interrelationship between themes of child development. B)closeness that can develop between a family and a psychologist. C)identification a child develops with a particular child-rearing style. D)close, enduring emotional bonds children develop to primary caregivers.

D)close, enduring emotional bonds children develop to primary caregivers.

7. When Tommy is teased by his peers, he takes a moment to rethink the situation and downplay the teasing by telling himself those peers aren't worth getting upset over. What does this example illustrate? A)behavioral strategies to control negative emotion B)physiological intervention to control negative emotion C)pharmacological assistance to control negative emotion D)cognitive strategies to control negative emotion

D)cognitive strategies to control negative emotion

6. A social group's informal norms about when, where, and how much one should show emotions and when and where displays of emotion should be suppressed or masked by displays of other emotions is called: A)functional approach. B)discrete emotions theory. C)social referencing. D)display rules.

D)display rules

10. According to _____ theory, certain genes predispose individuals to behave in a certain way to increase survival, mating, and reproduction. A)psychosocial B)social learning C)bioecological D)evolutionary psychology

D)evolutionary psychology

8. Faced with having to undergo major surgery, older children are more likely to _____; younger children are more likely to _____. A)ruminate about the procedure; distract themselves B)insist they don't need surgery; ruminate about the procedure C)think about the chances of surgery going wrong; focus on the benefits of the surgery D)focus on the benefits of surgery; insist that they don't need surgery

D)focus on the benefits of surgery; insist that they don't need surgery

1. Empathy for others is associated with _____, but not _____. A)guilt; embarrassment B)shame; embarrassment C)shame; guilt D)guilt; shame

D)guilt; shame

4. Families are complex social units whose members are all: A)independent. B)experiencing stress and anxiety. C)isolated. D)interdependent.

D)interdependent.

6. Three-year-old Tommy has graduated to a "big-boy" bed and now has begun to get out of bed at night seeking his parents' attention. Once in a while when he gets up, they let him stay up and watch TV with him, and other times they make him go right back to bed. Tommy's bad habit of getting out of bed continues to persist for a long time. This example illustrates: A)classical conditioning creating a bad behavior. B)intermittent reinforcement making it easy to extinguish a behavior. C)observational learning making it difficult to extinguish a behavior. D)intermittent reinforcement making it difficult to extinguish a behavior.

D)intermittent reinforcement making it difficult to extinguish a behavior.

1. On average, at what age do children begin laughing at unexpected events? A)early in their first year B)part of the way through their second year C)halfway through the first year D)late in the first year

D)late in the first year

13. Which environmental factor does behavior genetics research suggest plays an important role in shaping temperament generally? A)peer relationships B)relationships with extended family such as grandparents C)sibling relationships D)relationship with parents

D)relationship with parents

3. Baby Everett often leaves his mother's side to go explore toys in a playroom but occasionally looks back at his mom or brings her toys. When his mom leaves the room, he is upset, but when she returns, he is comforted by her and glad to see her. Everett has a(n) _____ attachment to his mother. A)insecure/avoidant B)insecure/resistant C)disorganized D)secure

D)secure

2. Stephanie, age 1, and her mother, Nikki, are participating in Ainsworth's Strange Situation. The experimenter escorts them to a room and leaves them alone together. During this time, the _____ is measured. When Nikki leaves Stephanie all alone in the room, _____ is measured. A)separation distress; reunion reaction B)separation distress; stranger comfort C)secure base; stranger anxiety D)secure base; separation distress

D)secure base; separation distress

4. The use of a parent's or other adult's facial expression or vocal cues to decide how to deal with novel, ambiguous, or possibly threatening situations is called: A)social competence. B)self-regulation. C)self-esteem. D)social referencing.

D)social referencing

5. Repeatedly exposing someone to a feared stimulus (e.g., white rabbits) in a context free of distress and paired with a positive experience such as a delicious snack in order to rid that person of their fear is called: A)the Oedipus complex. B)social learning theory. C)observational learning. D)systematic desensitization.

D)systematic desensitization

3. Alice is an 8-year-old girl whose psychic energy is channeled into constructive, socially acceptable activities. According to Freud, what developmental stage is she in? A)the anal stage B)the genital stage C)the oral stage D)the latency period

D)the latency period

17. Co-rumination is extensively discussing and self-disclosing emotional problems: A)in writing in a diary or blog. B)in songs either sung vocally or in lyrics. C)with oneself before falling asleep. D)with another person (usually a peer).

D)with another person (usually a peer).