Developmental Psychology

Dr. Anderson wants to conduct a study to determine the cause-and-effect relationship between domestic violence and anger in children. Dr. Anderson should use a(n) __________ design.

experimental

Lynn, a Canadian, and Sasha, a Russian, are probably about _____ percent genetically identical.

99.1

A healthy man can father a child

at any age after sexual maturity.

Of matching pairs of chromosomes, 22 of 23 are called __________ and one pair consists of __________ chromosomes.

autosomes; sex

John Bowlby argued that

behaviors such as smiling, babbling, and crying are innate social signals that encourage parents to interact with their infants.

Research that combines __________ and __________ designs is increasingly common because it permits correlational and causal inferences.

experimental; developmental

A major disadvantage of cross-sectional research is that

factors affecting individual development cannot be explored.

In __________ experiments, investigators capitalize on opportunities to assign participants randomly to treatment conditions in natural settings.

field

Researchers randomly assigned adolescents to either a single-grade classroom or a mixed-age classroom. This is an example of a

field experiment.

The sperm and the ovum are sex cells, or

gametes.

A __________ is a segment of DNA along the length of the chromosome.

gene

A __________ is a complex blend of genetic information that determines the species and influences unique characteristics.

genotype

Phenotypes depend in part on an individual's

genotypes.

In a naturalistic observation, the investigator

goes into the field and records the behavior of interest.

In a cross-sectional design, researchers study

groups of participants differing in age at the same point in time.

Candace and Cassidy, like all monozygotic twins,

have the same genetic makeup.

Lev Vygotsky's theory focuses on

how culture is transmitted to the next generation.

Dr. George predicted that positive reinforcement would increase prosocial behavior in preschoolers. Dr. George's prediction is an example of a

hypothesis.

A __________ is a prediction about behavior drawn from a __________.

hypothesis; theory

A zygote that separates into two clusters of cells instead of just one produces

identical twins.

The exchange of chromosome segments during meiosis results in

incredible variability among siblings.

The ethical principle of __________ requires special interpretation when participants cannot fully appreciate the research goals and activities.

informed consent

One limitation of correlational studies is

investigators cannot infer cause and effect.

In experimental studies,

investigators must take special precautions to control for participants' characteristics that could reduce the accuracy of their findings.

One limitation of the ethnographic method is that

investigators' cultural values sometimes lead them to misinterpret what they see.

Because a child's biologically influenced dispositions join with environmental forces to mold development, Urie Bronfenbrenner characterized his perspective as a(n) __________ model.

bioecological

Ethology, evolutionary developmental psychology, sociocultural theory, and the lifespan perspective all view development as

both continuous and discontinuous.

If the alleles from both parents __________, the child is __________.

differ; heterozygous

In dominant-recessive inheritance, the one allele that affects the child's characteristics is called

dominant.

Family chaos is linked to

economic disadvantage.

Jade spent two years in a Mexican-American community studying communication between parents and children. Jade is using the __________ research method.

ethnographic

Which of the following methods is best suited for studying whether American parents are warmer than Japanese parents?

ethnography

A major strength of the longitudinal design is that researchers can

examine relationships between early and later behaviors.

By using __________ assignment of participants to treatment conditions, investigators increase the chances that participants' characteristics will be equally distributed across treatment groups.

random

Dizygotic twins

are no more alike than ordinary siblings.

Zookeeper Ross knows that he shares some of his genetic makeup with the chimpanzee, Chumley. You could tell Ross that between __________ percent of their DNA is identical.

98 and 99

Research shows that __________ genes lie along the human chromosomes.

20,000 to 25,000

Dr. Ramorey wants 90-year-old Mr. Higgins to participate in a research study that involves moderate risks. Mr. Higgins is incapable of consenting. Which of the following would best state your advice regarding Mr. Higgins's participation in the study?

He should only be allowed to participate in the study if it is likely to benefit him directly.

__________ can help prevent escalating demands on families that give way to chaos.

High-quality child care that is affordable and reliable

Which of the following statements about learning research strategies is true?

It is important in separating dependable information from misleading results.

__________ halves the number of chromosomes normally present in body cells.

Meiosis

__________ are the biological foundation on which our characteristics are built.

Proteins

__________ ask research participants to provide information on their perceptions, thoughts, and feelings.

Self-reports

Dr. Dias's research shows that the death of a spouse in old age is correlated with a decline in the surviving partner's physical health. Which of the following conclusions is supported by this study?

The death of a spouse is related to a decline in the surviving partner's physical health.

The genetic variability produced by meiosis is

adaptive.

The sex of a new organism is determined by whether

an X-bearing sperm or a Y-bearing sperm fertilizes the ovum.

Dr. Bigelow is interested in studying musical prodigies. Which method is best suited for this type of research?

case study

Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory, information processing, and Vygotsky's sociocultural theory all stress

changes in thinking.

In an experiment examining whether phonics instruction in preschool increases a child's reading level in third grade, the dependent variable would be the

child's reading level in third grade.

Cross-cultural research stimulated by Vygotsky's theory reveals that

children in every culture develop unique strengths.

Generally, human __________ come in 23 matching pairs.

chromosomes

Rodlike structures called __________ store and transmit genetic information.

chromosomes

Toby moved with his family just before he entered fourth grade. In ecological systems theory, the move represents a change in Toby's

chronosystem.

In a longitudinal study, __________ effects occur when individuals born in the same time period are influenced by a particular set of historical and cultural conditions.

cohort

Like longitudinal research, cross-sectional studies can be threatened by

cohort effects.

A gamete

contains 23 chromosomes.

In a(n) __________ design, researchers look at relationships between participants' characteristics and their behavior or development.

correlational

Two main types of designs used in all research on human behavior are __________ and __________.

correlational; experimental

Professor Gimbly wants to investigate how children of different ages characterize their friendships. Professor Gimbly should use a __________ research design.

cross-sectional

Bronfenbrenner's macrosystem consists of

cultural values, laws, customs, and resources.

The area surrounding the cell nucleus is called the

cytoplasm.

Ecological systems theory views the person as

developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment.

In the female, meiosis results in

just one ovum.

Compared to their agemates, adolescents from immigrant families are __________ likely to __________.

less; commit delinquent or violent acts

To examine whether depression is stable or changes with age, Dr. Bleu followed a group of participants from age 8 to age 40. This is an example of a __________ design.

longitudinal

Taylor's twenty-third pair of chromosomes is XY. Taylor is

male.

According to ecological systems theory, interactions between Marina and her child occur in the

microsystem.

A unique feature of DNA is that it can duplicate itself through a process called

mitosis.

Dr. Anodyne found a correlation of +.49 between illegal drug use and levels of adolescent delinquency. This correlation is __________ and __________.

moderate; positive

Dr. Wiren observes children's responses to bullying by watching them play in a park. This is an example of a(n)

naturalistic observation.

Within every cell (except red blood cells) is a control center, or

nucleus.

A dependent variable is the

one the investigator expects to be influenced by the independent variable.

Ethnographic research is directed toward understanding a culture through __________ observation.

participant

In sequential designs, researchers study

participants over the same ages but in different years.

A major strength of the clinical interview is that it

permits participants to display their thoughts in terms that are as close as possible to the way they think in everyday life.

A sequential design

permits researchers to check if cohort effects are operating.

Christine is 5'7" and has blue eyes. Such directly observable characteristics are called

phenotypes.

Bernadette, a participant in a longitudinal study, became quite familiar with the test over time and, as a result, her performance improved. This limitation of longitudinal research is known as

practice effects.

When sperm and ovum unite at conception, a(n) __________ results.

zygote

Professor Martinez wants to know if children who receive one-on-one instruction at school feel more self-confident than children who receive group instruction. To identify a causal relationship between type of instruction and self-confidence, Professor Martinez should

randomly assign half of the participants to group instruction and the other half to one-on-one instruction and compare measures of self-confidence for each group.

Which of the following is a recessive characteristic?

red hair

Taking tests and answering questionnaires are examples of

research methods.

Evolutionary developmental psychology

seeks to understand the adaptive value of specieswide cognitive, emotional, and social competencies as those competencies change with age.

A(n) __________ period is a time that is optimal for certain capacities to emerge.

sensitive

Unlike Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky viewed cognitive development as a __________ process.

socially mediated

Jessica asked each of 21 children in a kindergarten classroom to explain where rain comes from. She asked the same set of follow-up questions to each participant. This is an example of a

structured interview.

Twins occur more often among __________ women than __________ women.

tall; short

A major limitation of systematic observation is that it

tells investigators little about the reasoning behind responses and behaviors.

One major limitation of the clinical, or case study, method is

that researchers' theoretical preferences may bias their observations and interpretations.

One limitation of debriefing is

young children often lack the cognitive skills to understand the reasons for deceptive procedures.

Ethical standards permit deception in research studies if

the benefits to society justify the risks to the participants.

In the male,

the cells from which sperm arise are produced continuously throughout life

During mitosis,

the chromosomes copy themselves.

Which of the following research methods is an outgrowth of psychoanalytic theory?

the clinical method

Patsy and Terry are fraternal twins. This type of twinning results from

the release and fertilization of two ova.

In a longitudinal design, researchers study

the same group of participants repeatedly at different ages.

A researcher using a structured interview would typically ask

the same set of questions in the same way to each research participant.

In an experiment on the effects of music versus acting lessons on intelligence, the independent variable would be

the type of lessons (music versus acting).

Longitudinal research can identify common patterns as well as individual differences in behavior because the investigator

tracks the performance of each person over time.

In the United States, adolescents from immigrant families

view school success as both their own and their parents' success.