DHN 101 Exam 1, DHN EXAM 1, DHN exam 1

Which of the following observations is an example of a positive correlation?

When a group of 6-year-old children increase their physical activity level to 60 minutes a day, the children's muscle mass increases.

Which of the following observations is an example of a positive correlation?

When women gain less weight than average during pregnancy, the birth-weights of their babies tend to be lower than average.

Which of the following observations is an example of an inverse correlation?

Women who smoke 5+ cigarettes each day during pregnancy are more likely to give birth to underweight babies than women who smoke fewer than 5 cigarettes a day during pregnancy

What is a sphincter?

a circular muscle surrounding, able to close a body opening

The professional football star Andro "The Man" McGraw claims the dietary supplement AminoProFix helped him build muscle mass quickly and safely. His endorsement of the product is an example of

a testimonial

What is the definition of a calorie?

a unit of energy; kilocalorie (calorie) is the amount of heat energy necessary to raise the temperate of a kilogram of water 1 degrees C

A scientist wants to break down a carbohydrate called "maltose" into its component parts. To accomplish this task, she should

add maltase to a solution that contains maltose.

many people in parts of _____ eat locusts

africa

An advertisement for a weight loss product includes ____, indicating that the ad is an unreliable source of nutrition info, and the product is likely to be worthless. A) the statement that individual results may vary B) promises of a quick and easy path to weight loss C) vague, meaningless term

all of these are correct

An advertisement for a weight loss product includes ____, indicating that the ad is an unreliable source of nutrition info, and the product is likely to be worthless. A) the statement that individual results may vary B) promises of a quick and easy path to weight loss C) vague, meaningless terms

all of these are correct

A food has a pH that is higher than the pH of pure water but lower than the pH of oven cleaner. Based on this info, the food is

an egg white

a food or beverage that contributes excessive amounts of unhealthy solid fat, added sugars, and alcohol to diets is called

an empty calorie food

After examining a patient and reviewing the results of his blood tests, a physician tells the patient that his mild depressive symptoms are not the result of a serious health problem. The physician suggests that the patient should try regular exercise and take the dietary supplement St. John's wort for three months. After this period, the physician will prescribe antidepressant medication, if the patient does not feel emotionally better. This advice is

an indication that the physician practices integrative medicine.

Dylan takes garlic pills to lower his blood cholesterol level, and he recommends the pills to his friends, because he thinks the supplement is helpful. Dylan's nutrition-related advice to his friends is an example of a(an)

anecdote

Zach takes 500 mg of vitamin C daily. He advises friends to take vitamin C supplements because, he claims, the vitamin protects him from cold viruses. His claim about the usefulness of the vitamin is an

anecdote

What secretions are made into the SI from the pancreas?

bicarbonate and enzymes

Where are taste buds located?

bitter-back sour-sides salty/sweet-tip

A substance has a pH that is higher than the pH of tomatoes and lower than the pH of blood. Based on this information, the substance is

black coffee.

What happens to your blood sugar after eating white bread vs oatmeal?

blood sugar rises faster and higher when you eat white bread (simple carb) and oatmeal rises more gradually and doesn't make you become hypoglycemic

A molecule forms when two or more atoms are attracted to each other and held together by

bonds

Generally, epidemiological studies

cannot determine cause-and-effect relationships.

Jeremy would like to know the amount of vitamin C that is recommended for his life stage group. He can obtain this information by

checking the RDA table for vitamin C.

according to the US department of agriculture, today's americans eat more ____ than in 1970

cheese

The primary function of the cardiovascular system is

circulation of blood throughout the body

What is the difference between a simple and complex carbohydrate?

complex carbs contain more than one sugar

In general, food guides do not group _____ with diary food

cream cheese

For 5 years, Michael ate only plant foods. He recently developed numbness in his feet and a sore swollen tongue. A few days after he added eggs and milk to his diet, his tongue healed and the numbness in his feet stopped bothering him. Based on this information, Michael probably

developed a nutrient deficiency disorder that was cured by the eating animal foods

Bella is an omnivore, because she can

digest and absorb nutrients from a wide variety of sources.

A magazine advertisement for a weight loss product includes before and after photos of a woman who supposedly lost 50 pounds in 3 weeks while taking the product. The bottom of the ad includes the statement, "Results are not typical." This statement is an example of a(n)

disclaimer

A scientist discovers a chemical compound in certain rocks that she calls "stonia". She cannot market extracts that contain stonia as a dietary supplement, because it

does not contain dietary ingredients

What foods should you focus on in your diet?

eat more: vegetables (dark green, orange, legumes), fruit, whole grains, fat free/ low fat dairy food eat less: refined grains, total fats, added sugars, calories

What can be done to prevent heartburn?

eat small frequent meals, sit up while eating, wear loose clothing, avoid foods that cause heartburn

A food has a pH that is higher than the pH of pure water but lower than the pH of oven cleaner. Based on this information, the food is

egg white

An _____ is an ion that can conduct electricity

electrolyte

Iron, calcium, and carbon are

elements

Hillary consumed 3 servings of an orange-flavored sugar-sweetened soft drink that provided 140 kcal/serving. According to MyPlate, these drinks should be classified as

empty calories

The caloric value of a food in relation to its total weight defines how

energy dense a food is

An _____ is a compound that speeds up (catalyzes) a chemical reaction.

enzyme

Some food guides classify _____ as oils.

fatty fish

Which of the following statements is true? Organic food is more nutritious than foods that contain conventionally-grown ingredients. A food label cannot include the organic symbol if it contains any detectable amount of non-organic ingredients. The U.S. Department of Agriculture has not established national regulations for the production of organic foods. A food cannot be labeled "organic" unless it meets certain government standards.

food cannot be labeled "organic" unless it meets certain government standards.

Today, the only food Meghan ate was a casserole that contained 24 ounces of lemon-flavored yogurt, 16 oz of cooked turkey, and 10 oz of cooked noodles. According to MyPlate, she ate nothing from the group that includes

fruit

popular ways to cook locusts include _______

frying with seasonings

Last night Sara ate French fries, fried fish, and creamy cole slaw. For dessert, she had a chocolate milk shake. About an hour after eating this food, she suddenly complained of severe abdominal pain. Based on this information, Sara probably has

gallstones

Which of the following substances participates in a chemical reaction that results in the digestion of fat?

gastric lipase

Jillian drinks a couple of beers and smokes over a pack of cigarettes daily. Even though she's about 40lbs overweight, she likes to wear tight-fitting clothes. Based on this info, Jillian has a high risk of developing ____?

gastroesophageal reflux disease

What is glycemic index and how is it used?

glycemic index is the measure of the rate of digestion and absorption of carb food and the resultant effect on blood sugar levels

Be very familiar with the digestive disorders discussed in class and in the case study - what they are and how to treat them.

go over worksheet

Bernetta has an autoimmune disease that affects salivary glands. As a result of this condition, Bernetta

has trouble swallowing

Bernetta has an autoimmune disease that affects salivary glands. As a result of this condition, Bernetta

has trouble swallowing.

What are three examples of foods that fit into the high, low, and medium GI categories?

high (>85)- honey, candy, carrots medium (60-65)- banana, grapes, pasta low (<60)-ice cream, milk, yogurt

Certain organs and tissues use _____ to send messages to target cells

hormones

Which of the following statements is true?

in general, registered dietitians are reliable sources of nutrition information

which of the following statements is true?

in the united states, poor eating habits contribute to some of the ten leading causes of death

Monique is a 19-year-old college student who would like to follow a Mediterranean diet pattern instead of her typical "western" diet. Based on this info, she should

increase her intake of fruit and legumes

monique is a 19-year-old college student who would like to follow a Mediterranean diet pattern instead of her typical "western" diet. Based on this info, she should

increase her intake of fruit and legumes

Leonard has a disease that causes his lacteals to become blocked. Based on this information, his

intestinal tract does not absorb much fat.

The ____ is the second segment of the small intestine

jejunum

the energy value of a raw peach is reported as a number of

kilocalories

Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome usually includes making dietary changes and

learning ways to manage stress effectively.

A group of registered dietitians is planning to conduct a scientific study to investigate the effects of eating honey on school-aged children's behavior. At first, the researchers will

make observations

_____ is the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living cells

metabolism

How does a food particle flow through the gastrointestinal tract?

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

What is the function of bicarbonate in pancreatic secretions?

neutralizes the chyme to protect the small intestine

Can fiber be digested and absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract? Why or why not?

no because the bonds between their monosaccharides cannot be broken down by digestive enzymes in the body

Which of the following statements is true? A) Dietitians usually rely on Daily Values to evaluate the nutritional adequacy of diets B) To avoid nutrient deficiency disorders, Americans should consume 50% of the EAR for each nutrient C) A person who meets the EER for his or her racial and/or ethnic ancestry will gain at least 2 pounds/week

none of these

Paisley usually has four bowel movements each week. Based on this info, Paisley should

not worry, because she is not constipated

Paisley usually has four bowel movements each week. Based on this information, Paisley should

not worry, because she is not constipated.

food or beverages that contains more vitamins and minerals in relation to its unhealthy fat, added sugars, and/or alcohol contents is called a(n)

nutrient dense food

From the mouth food travels through a brief tube called the _______ before entering the esophagus.

pharynx

Researchers are conducting a study to determine the effects of vitamin D supplements on the adult human immune system. The study involves providing pills that contain vitamin D to one group of human adults and pills that do not contain the vitamin or other active ingredients to another group of adults. The pills that do not contain vitamin D are

placebos

According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, today's Americans eat more ____ than in 1970.

poultry

What is peristalsis?

progressive wavelike motion that moves food thru esophagus and into stomach

According to a main goal of Healthy People 2020, Americans should

promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors for everyone.

A group of researchers wants to determine whether certain dietary factors are associated with the risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The scientists follow a group of 500 healthy newborn babies for 10 years and collect health information as well as dietary practices for each child. At the end of the study period, the scientists analyze the data for correlations between the children's dietary practices and their likelihood of being diagnosed with ADHD. This is an example of a _____ study.

prospective

A nutrition researcher would like to determine whether women who take fish oil supplements during pregnancy give birth to babies who score higher on basic intelligence tests when they are 5 years of age than the 5-year old children that were born to women who did not take the fish oil supplements during pregnancy. This kind of research is a _____ study.

prospective

Scientists enroll 500 healthy adults in a study and collect dietary and other lifestyle info about the group. After 6 years, the scientists determine that study participants who ate at least 5 servings of fruits and vegetables daily were less likely to develop high blood pressure than those who ate fewer than 5 servings of fruits daily. This study is an example of a ____ study

prospective

A magazine article about weight loss diets includes false information about the process of digestion that uses scientific-sounding terms to make it seem factual. The faulty info is an example of

pseudoscience

What is the sphincter called that is located between the stomach and SI?

pyloric sphincter

A person claims his newly invented device treats cancer without surgery, medication, or other forms of conventional medical therapy. However, people who have used the device report that it was not helpful, and it may have harmed them. According to this information, the inventor's claims and his device are

quackery

Kayla was a participant in a clinical study to determine how much vitamin C cures scurvy, the vitamin's deficiency disease. During the study, Kayla consumed only a formula diet that was nutritionally complete, except it did not contain vitamin C. Within a few weeks, Kayla developed scurvy. At that point, researchers gave 2mg vitamin C to her each day for a week, but her signs and symptoms of scurvy remained. In the weeks that followed, the scientists continued to increase her intake of the vitamin by 2 mg/week. After a week of taking 10mg of vitamin C/day, she reported feeling much better. Based on this info, researches concluded that Kayla's

requirement for vitamin C was 10 mg

Describe the actions of insulin and glucagon.

-Insulin-moves glucose from the blood to the cells -Glucagon- brings glucose out of storage when necessary

What does it mean if a food label says it is less fat, low fat, healthy, or high fiber?

-Less fat- 25% or less fat than the comparison food -Low fat- 3 grams or less fat per serving -Healthy- a food that is low in fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, and sodium and that contains at least 10% of the Daily Values for Vitamin A, C, iron, calcium, protein, or fiber -High fiber- 5 grams or more of fiber per serving

Which is secreted when blood sugar levels are low? high?

-Low- pancreas secretes glucagon -High-pancreas secretes insulin

What are the functions of the small intestine?

-digestion is completed -major site of nutrient absorption -receives secretions from the gallbladder and pancreas thru common bile duct

How is digestion different than absorption?

-digestion- the process by which food is broken down into absorbable units -absorption- the passage of nutrients from the GI tract into either blood or the lymph

Which nutrient must first enter the lymphatic system before the bloodstream following absorption?

-fat and fat-soluble vitamins

What are the main functions of the stomach?

-food reservoir (stays in stomach for ~4 hours) -secretes digestive juices -grids bolus into semiliquid mass called chyme -release chyme thru pyloric sphincter (always open just a little bit so SI doesn't overload) into the small intestine

What are the primary and accessory components to the GIT?

-primary: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus -accessory: teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

What tastes are we able to differentiate?

-sweet, sour, bitter, salty

What is glycemic load and why is it important?

-the glycemic index and the amount of food consumed

What are the names of the two sphincters in the esophagus?

-upper esophageal sphincter -lower esophageal sphincter

Describe the surface of the SI - what are villi, microvilli, and crypts?

-villi- fingerlike projections from folds of the SI (are in constant motion) -microvilli- tiny, hairlike projections on each cell of every villus (trap nutrient particles and transport into cells) -crypts- tubular glands between villi (secrete intestinal juices)

Are carbohydrates an organic nutrient?

-yes, contains carbon

Draw the structure of glucose, fructose, and galactose (either Fischer or Haworth).

...

A popular over-the-counter cold remedy suggests that megadoses of vitamin C will help prevent or minimize the effects of the common cold. If the label on the vitamin C cold remedy package states that it contains 1,000 mg of vitamin C, how many grams of vitamin C is this amount?

1 gram of vitamin C

What is the definition of an essential nutrient?

the body cannot make it for itself or cannot make fast enough from other raw materials to meet body's needs. Must be obtained from food to prevent deficiencies.

What four items must be listed on every food label?

1. Common or usual name of the product 2. Name and address of manufacturer, packer, or distributor 3. Net contents in terms of weight, measure, or count 4. Nutrient contents of the product

What are the four components to the DRI's? What is the definition of each of these components?

1. Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) -the average amount of a nutrient needed by a certain age/gender group (set at 50 percentile) 2. Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) -a person's nutrient intake goal; average daily amount of a nutrient considered adequate to meet the known nutrient needs of practically all individuals in an age/gender group (set at 98 percentile) (scientific) 3. Adequate Intakes (AI) -same concept as RDA but used when scientific data is insufficient to establish RDA 4. Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL) -upper limit for nutrients; intakes above are likely to cause illness from toxicity RDA&AI set based on two primary factors: age, gender, if female pregnant?

A serving of food supplies 99 kcal from fat. Based on this information, how many grams of fat are in the serving?

11

Kerry weighs 58 kg. What is her approximate weight in pounds?

128 lbs

lisa weighs 62 kg, which is approximately _____ pounds.

136 lbs

Derek wants to eat enough salad greens in one meal to equal 1 cup of vegetables. How much of the greens should he eat?

2 cups

Percent daily values assume the average person eats how many calories per day? Remember, daily values are NOT used to help you determine if you are meeting all of your nutrient needs.

2000 calories per day

When were the Dietary Guidelines revised?

2005

How many kilocalories are in a portion of food that contains 4 g protein, 10 g fat, 25 g carbohydrate, 130 mg vitamin C, and 120 ml water?

206

Maria limits her sodium intake to 2.3 g/day. This amount is equivalent to

2300 mg/day.

After a particularly strenuous workout at the gym, Jaime purchased an electrolyte-replacement drink. According to the Nutrition Facts panel on the product's label, each 8-oz serving of the drink supplies 60 kcal. Jaime was so thirsty, he drank the entire contents of the bottle (32 oz). How many kcal of this product did he consume?

240 kilocalories

How much fiber is recommended?

25 grams

The established daily value for total fat is based on the recommendation that total fat be no more than ___% of total kilocalories.

30%

According to Dietary Guidelines for Ameircans, 2010, Americans should limit their cholesterol intake to _____ mg/day

300

What is the surface area of the small intestine?

300 meters squared ( REALLY BIG)

Which of the following foods is the most energy dense per serving? ½ cup fresh strawberries 4-ounce chocolate doughnut 8 ounces fat-free milk 3 ounces baked chicken

4 oz chocolate doughnut

which of the following foods is the most energy dense per serving?

4-ounce chocolate doughnut

What percentage of the human body is water?

50-70%

over ________ of the dry weight of a locust is _______

60% , protein

Which of the following statements is true?

A few nutrients have Adequate Intake values instead of Recommended Dietary Allowances.

Which of the following statements is true? Cells that have unrelated functions are organized into tissues. The body is comprised of organ systems. A cell is comprised of related tissues. An organelle is the smallest living component of the human body.

the body is comprised of organ systems

Keira is overweight and has a condition called pre-diabetes. To help her lose weight, she would like reliable advice from a healthcare professional who has specific knowledge of foods, nutrition, and diet therapies. Which of the following persons should she contact for help?

A registered dietitian who counsels patients in a hospital clinic

How are AI's different than RDA's? Be able to determine a person's RDA or AI given their gender and age (and a chart to look at! Don't memorize tables in textbook).

AI's are used when scientific data is insufficient to establish RDA.

What are the five general principles of a healthy diet? Be familiar with the concept behind each of these principles.

Adequacy- foods provide enough of each essential nutrient, fiber, and energy Balance- choices do not overemphasize one nutrient or food at the expense of another Calorie control- foods provide amount of energy you need to maintain ideal weight Moderation- foods do not provide excess fat, salt, sugar, or unwanted constituents Variety- foods differ from day to day

How are ingredients listed on a label?

All ingredients listed in descending order of predominance by weight

Which of the following agricultural practices is recommended because it can improve the environment?

Applying irrigation water directly to the roots of crops

What are the general characteristics of the guidelines?

Balancing kcalories to manage weight, foods and food components to reduce, foods and nutrients to increase, and building healthy eating patterns

How many calories are provided per gram of carbohydrate, fat, protein, and alcohol? Be able to use this information to look at a nutrition label and then count how many calories a given food contains.

Carb 4 cal/gram Fat 9 cal/gram Protein 4 cal/gram Alcohol 7 cal/gram

What are the six classes of nutrients?

Carbohydrates Fats Proteins Vitamins Minerals Water

What are the other two byproducts of digestion, absorption, and metabolism, besides energy?

Carbon Dioxide and Heat

Which of the nutrients contain carbon? nitrogen?

Carbon⇒ carbs, fats, proteins, vitamins Nitrogen⇒ proteins, some vitamins but not all

Where can a person look up their Dietary Guidelines?

Choosemyplate.gov

A nutrition scientist wants to develop a nutritionally complete formula diet for adults who are healthy but need to avoid solid food for a while. Based on this info, she is likely to refer to ____ when developing the new formula

DRIs

Which of the following statements is true?

Daily Values are dietary standards developed for food labeling purposes.

What MAJOR steps does a food have to take before ultimately ending up as energy?

Digestion, absorption, metabolism

Which of the following products is a popular dietary supplement among American adults?

Echinacea

What percentage of a person's total daily calories should come from fat, carbohydrates, and protein. Be able to use these percentages to then calculate how many grams of each of these nutrients should be eaten per day.

Fat <30% Protein 15-20% Carbohydrates 55-60%

Which of these nutrients provide energy to the diet?

Fat, protein, carbohydrates

Daily values must be listed for which nutrients?

Fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, carbohydrate, fiber protein, sodium, and potassium

What are examples of essential nutrients?

Fatty acids⇒ linoleic, linolenic Certain amino acids

Jamie wants to eat more foods that are naturally high in phytochemicals and fiber. Based on this information, which of the following foods would you recommend?

Fresh fruits and vegetables

Which of the following substances participates in a chemical reaction that results in the digestion of fat?

Gastric lipase

What are some criticisms experts have about the new guidelines?

Hard to understand, requires access to computer and internet (most poor cannot access), significant increases in dairy(agriculture department put guidelines together), no difference between meat and legumes, refined grains same as whole grains

How is the Healthy Eating Pyramid different?

Healthy Eating Pyramid- people should engage in daily exercise and weight control, top of pyramid is red meat: butter, white rice& bread, potatoes& pasta: sweets, multiple vitamins for most, alcohol in moderation, tells how many times a day it should be eaten, abundance of vegetables

What is the leading cause of death in the United States?

Heart disease

Which of the ten leading causes of death can be attributed, at least in part, to a person's diet?

Heart disease, cancer, stroke, diabetes, accidents (kind of)

Which of the following statements is true?

Heartburn often results when the gastroesophageal sphincter fails to close properly.

You are planning a party for a group of 22-year old college students. Some of the students follow the dietary practices of the religion of Islam. Which of the following beverages would be acceptable to everyone at the party?

Iced punch made with fruit juices and carbonated water

In general, what are some factors that influence a person's food choices?

Income, education, occupation, ethnic identity, nutritional knowledge, current health status, values, social interactions, personal preference⇒household structure, composition, and traditions

What is one mechanism by which fiber may help to lower a person's cholesterol (be able to describe this well)?

the liver used cholesterol to make bile so when the fiber in your intestine binds to the bile and is excreted in the feces there is only a little cholesterol in the bile that is transformed into the blood

which of the following statements is true?

the supplemental nutrition assistance program helps low-income americans buy food

How DO you use daily values?

It helps consumers see easily whether a food contributes "a little" or "a lot" of nutrients and for a product comparison; based on a 2000 calorie diet as a guide for healthy adults and children over 4 years -Compare products, does the food of a lot nutrients -Not used to add up and make sure we are getting the exact amount

Which of the following periodicals features peer-reviewed articles?

Journal of the American Medical Association

Which of the following kinds of studies would be the best to use when designing a scientific investigation to determine whether there is an association between consuming diets high in sodium during adolescence and developing high blood pressure in adulthood?

Observational study

Which of the following statements is true?

Older adults generally have fewer taste buds than children

Which of the following statements is true? The gallbladder makes bile and stores the compound in the liver. Foods that taste bitter are generally good energy sources because of their high carbohydrate contents. Older adults generally have fewer taste buds than children. Segmentation enables chyme to move through the esophagus

Older adults generally have fewer taste buds than children.

What percentage of most foods is water?

Over 50% of most foods is water -tomatos (99%)

A popular women's magazine has an article about the health benefits of consuming calcium-rich foods. If the article's author has the credentials _____ after his or her name, the article is likely to be a reliable source of nutrition information.

RDN

Which of the following kinds of studies would be the best to use to identify lifestyle factors that may be related to the development of liver cancer in an adult population?

Retrospective study

Which of the following statements is true?

Scientific studies to investigate the same question can have different findings.

What are the dietary reference intakes used for?

Set for healthy adults and children in the US used for planning and assessing diets; DRI's are based on how much of a nutrient a person needs to consume for optimal health and to prevent chronic disease

_____ includes farming techniques that do not deplete natural resources or harm the environment.

Sustainable agriculture

Which of the following statements is true?

The Exchange System can be used to estimate the carbohydrate content of foods.

Who approves health claims for the government? Provide at least three examples of approved health claims.

The FDA approves health claims for the government when there is emerging but not established evidence for a relationship between a food or food component and disease -Consuming calcium helps prevent osteoporosis -Diets low in sodium may reduce the risk of high blood pressure -Eating ½ to 21 cup of tomatoes and/or tomato sauce a week may reduce the risk for prostate cancer

Which of the following statements is true?

The energy and nutrient contents of foods used in dietary analysis software are not necessarily exact values.

Rose has an autoimmune disease that destroyed her salivary glands. As a result of this condition, Rose probably

uses a lot of spices and sauces to season her foods.

which of the following substances is a nutrient that does not supply any energy for the human body

vitamin D

What is the pH of chyme in our stomach?

~2

How long is the esophagus?

~25 cm

A scientist adds 5 mcg of the mineral cadmium to the daily diet of 100 4-week-old lab mice. After 12 weeks, the researcher weighs and takes blood samples from each mouse. According to her findings, the mice lost weight during the 12-week period and they have abnormal levels of certain hormones in their blood. Based on this info, what would you tell the researcher about her findings?

The findings are not meaningful or valid because of the way she designed her study.

What is a percent daily value?

The percent daily value column on a label provides a ballpark estimate of how individual foods contribute to the total diet. It compares key nutrients in a serving of food with the goals of a person consuming 2000 kcalories per day

How are muscles important to the stomach?

The three sets of muscles (longitudinal, circular, diagonal) contract and relax and force chyme downward

Which of the following statements is true?

The typical Asian diet contains high amounts of vegetables and inadequate amounts of milk and milk products

Why is calorie control important?

To prevent unhealthy weight gain; the amount of energy coming into the body from foods should balance with the amount of energy being used by the body to sustain its metabolic and physical activities

How have portion sizes changed over the past twenty years?

Today 1 muffin= 2-3 servings, 1985 1 muffin= 1 serving

What specific fat must now be listed on a food label?

Trans fat

How is starch different from glycogen? Remember that cellulose is an example of a dietary fiber.

-Glycogen is more branched

Which of the following statements is a health claim that FDA allows on a food package? "Drinking whole milk adds calcium and vitamin D to your diet. These nutrients are essential for strengthening bones." "Foods that contain dietary fiber, vitamin A or vitamin C may reduce the risk of cancer. Although a serving of our creamed broccoli has 7 grams of fat, it is an excellent source of fiber and vitamins A and C." "Healthful diets with adequate folate may reduce a woman's risk of having a child with a brain or spinal cord defect." "Vitamin C reduces the risk of the common cold by 50%."

"Healthful diets with adequate folate may reduce a woman's risk of having a child with a brain or spinal cord defect."

Which of the following resources is a useful dietary analysis tool?

"What's in the food you eat Search Tool"

What are the five health benefits (that we discussed in class) that have been attributed to including more fiber in the diet?

- lower risk of heart disease - colon cancer - constipation - regulates blood glucose levels - obesity

What is the composition of saliva?

-99.5% water and salt -mucus to lubricate food particles -enzymes for starch and fat (only for infants) digestion -antibacterial and antiviral compounds (fresh fruits and vegetables)

What are the two main parts to the stomach and how do their functions differ?

-Body- upper ¾ of stomach, produces gastric juices (hydrochloric acid, enzymes, water, mucus) -Pyloric- lower ¼ of stomach, mixes chyme

How do the cortex and hypothalamus regions of the brain differ in monitoring food intake?

-Cortex-perseives sensations of hunger and appetite using external stimuli (smell of something, time of day → make you feel hungry) -Hypothalamus-monitors many body conditions in blood, hormones and nerves send messages to identify a need to eat (most people it takes ~12 hours for it to kick in)

What is bile important for? Where is it made, stored, and secreted?

-Essential for FAT digestion and absorption -Made: liver -Stored: gallbladder -secreted: small intestine

Be familiar with each food group in the Dietary Guidelines - general information we covered in class, sample foods, serving sizes.

-Fruits ½ cup fruit= ½ c fresh, frozen, or canned fruit, 1 medium fruit, ¼ c dried fruit, ½ c fruit juice -Vegetables- dark green, orange and deep yellow, legumes, starchy, other ½ c veggies= ½ c cut-up raw or cooked veggies, ½ c cooked legumes, ½ c veggie juice, 1 c raw leafy greens -Grains- whole grains⇒ breads, crackers enriched grains⇒ cereal, pasta 1 oz grains= 1 slice bread ½ c cooked rice, pasta, and cereal, 1 c cereal -Meats, poultry, etc- lean or low-fat choices 1 oz meat= 1 oz cooked meat, poultry, fish, 1 egg, ¼ c cooked legumes, 1 tbsp peanut butter, ½ oz nuts or seeds -Milk. yogurt, cheese- fat free or low fat choices 1 cup milk= 1 c fat free yogurt, 1 ½ oz natural cheese, 2 oz processed cheese -Oils- olive oil, flaxseed oil, canola oil, trans-fat free margarine, fatty fish, nuts 1 tsp oil= 1 tbsp low fat mayonnaise, 2 tbsp light salad dressing, 1 tsp vegetable oil, 1 tsp soft margarine -Solid fats and added sugars- keep all levels to a minimum, but don't totally eliminate; whole milk, fatty meat, butter, sour cream, candy, soft drinks, alcohol

What are the key functions of gastrin, secretin, CCK, and GIP?

-GASTRIN: stimulates secretion of HCl into the stomach → increase acidity of stomach -SECRETIN: stimulates secretion of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice into the SI, neutralizes acidic chyme entering from the stomach, slow down digestive flow -CCK: stimulates release of bile into SI, slows GI motility → to increase nutrient absorption -GIP: slows secretion of gastric juices, slows GI motility → stop secretion of hydrochloric acid

What are the three monosaccharides and which is the most common?

-Glucose, fructose, and galactose -Glucose is the most common

What are general characteristics of the Mediterranean Diet Pyramid, Vegetarian Food Pyramid, and Elderly Food Pyramid?

-Mediterranean Diet Pyramid- red meat at the top with sweets, olive oil section (monounsaturated fats) instead of processed fats, bread pasta& rice etc at the base of pyramid eaten as a side dish instead of main entrée (portion control), low risks for chronic disease -Vegetarian Food Pyramid- the daily amounts for proteins foods is the same for both vegetarians and non-vegetarians but the subgroups and weekly amounts for protein foods differ; the recommended daily amount from each of the other food groups is the same -Elderly Food Pyramid- 8 servings of water (dehydration), supplements of calcium, vitamin D and vitamin B-12 because they don't digest and absorb all of it

What is the Nuval system? What do the scores mean?

-Nuval system- all foods are given a score 1-100 & 100 is the best -Score based on 30 different nutrients/ attributes of food; preservatives in canned fruits increases sodium which decreases nuval scores

What are examples of foods rich in complex carbohydrates?

-Potatoes -Rice -Pasta -Beans -bread

What are examples of foods rich in simple sugars?

-Soda -Fruit drinks -Many cereals -Candy -Many condiments -fruits

What is the difference between a soluble and insoluble fiber? Which is more prevalent in whole grain bread? Oatmeal?

-Soluble - dissolve in water, gummy or gel-like -Insoluble—do not dissolve in water, tough fibrous structure of fruits, veggies and grains -Grain → insoluble -Oatmeal → soluble

What type of fiber, soluble or insoluble, is most beneficial in a person with high cholesterol? Constipation?

-Soluble fibers- high cholesterol -Insoluble fibers- constipation

What nutrient do we start to digest in our mouths? infants?

-Starch and fats in infants

What are the three classes of polysaccharides?

-Starch, glycogen, cellulose

What are the three disaccharides and what monosaccharides make them up?

-Sucrose= glucose + fructose -Lactose= glucose + galactose -Maltose= glucose + glucose

Describe the different types of glycosidic bonds in starch and cellulose.

-alpha glycocidic bond- starch → bond is recognized -beta glycocidic bond- cellulose → not recognized, not broken down

How does age affect our ability to taste?

-as we get older we lose taste buds -10,000→ 5,000 (age 80-90)

What are the functions of the large intestine?

-bacterial production (healthy bacteria) -formation, storage, and defecation of feces

Why is the mouth important in digestion?

-breaks food into smaller pieces by chewing -fluids (saliva)- help dissolve food -taste buds on tongue facilitate tasting food

Describe the vascular system.

-closed system of vessels through which blood flows continuously -supplies oxygen and nutrients to tissues - arteries→ carry blood away from heart - capillaries→ connect arteries and veins - veins-carry blood back to heart (transport nutrient to GI tract)

Do males or females generally have a higher percentage of water? Why?

Males have higher percentage of water because they have less fat and more muscle

What are two examples of foods that contain this type of fat? Why is it important to have this listed on a label?

Margarine, peanut butter, pre packaged baked goods, crackers, potato chips XXXXXX

Which of the following statements is true?

Most enzymes have names that end with -ase.

Which of the following statements is true? Most food guides classify eggs in the protein foods group. Food guides generally classify butter in the food group that includes milk and eggs. Olives, salmon and avocados are sources of unhealthy solid fats. According to MyPlate, foods that provide empty calories should be avoided.

Most food guides classify eggs in the protein foods group.

The guidelines changed in summer 2011 from "My Pyramid" to what? What changed?

My plate XXXXX

Which of the following statements is true? A) Dietitians usually rely on Daily Values to evaluate the nutritional adequacy of diets B) To avoid nutrient deficiency disorders, Americans should consume 50% of the EAR for each nutrient C) A person who meets the EER for his or her racial and/or ethnic ancestry will gain at least 2 pounds/week

None of these are correct

What is nutrient density? Given two foods and their nutritional value be able to identify the more nutrient dense.

Nutrient density- measure of nutrients provided per calorie of food; calorie low, nutrient value high - 1 cup skim milk- 85 cal 300 mg of calcium -1 cup ice cream- 350 cal 150 mg calcium (skim milk has more nutrients per calorie)

What is the act that makes nutrition labels mandatory on all food products and when was it passed?

Nutrition Education and Labeling Act of 1990

Which of the following statements is true?

Nutritional standards are often used to evaluate the nutritional adequacy of diets.

Which of the following menu items has ingredients that represent four different MyPlate food groups?

Oatmeal cereal with fresh strawberries, almonds, and fat-free milk

A group of 50 adult male humans were in a clinical study to determine how much niacin is toxic. During the first two weeks of the study, members of the group consumed only a formula diet that was nutritionally complete, except it contained 24 mg niacin, which is 1.5 times the RDA for niacin (males). At that point in the study, all members reported feeling fine, and they could function normally. During the next week, they were given a formula that contained 48 mg niacin. Within a few days of consuming this formula, 90% of the participants reported feeling ill, and they complained of having upset stomachs and reddened facial skin. At that point, researchers gave the subjects a formula that contain 16 mg niacin. After a week of consuming the new formula, all participants reported feeling well again. Based on this information, the researchers concluded that the

UL for niacin was between 24 and 48 mg/da

A group of 50 adult male humans were in a clinical study to determine how much niacin is toxic. During the first two weeks of the study, members of the group consumed only a formula diet that was nutritionally complete, except it contained 24 mg niacin, which is 1.5 times the RDA for niacin (males). At that point in the study, all members reported feeling fine, and they could function normally. During the next week, they were given a formula that contained 48 mg niacin. Within a few days of consuming this formula, 90% of the participants reported feeling ill, and they complained of having upset stomachs and reddened facial skin. At that point, researchers gave the subjects a formula that contain 16 mg niacin. After a week of consuming the new formula, all participants reported feeling well again. Based on this information, the researchers concluded that the

UL for niacin was between 24 and 48 mg/day

Which of the following menu items has ingredients that represent three different MyPlate food groups?

Vanilla ice cream topped with peanuts, strawberries, and chocolate syrup

Kristin uses % DVs to help plan nutritious menus with various packaged foods. She should try to obtain at least 100% of the daily value for which of the following nutrients?

Vitamin C

What are the daily value numbers for Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Iron, and Calcium?

Vitamin C- 60 mg Vitamin A- 1500 mcg Calcium- 1000 mg Iron- 18 mg

Belle is pregnant and has two young children. She is having difficulty supporting her family on an income of $18,000/year. Recently, she was diagnosed with high blood pressure and iron deficiency. Based on this information, Belle should enroll in the _____ program.

WIC

Kayla was a participant in a clinical study to determine how much vitamin C cures scurvy, the vitamin's deficiency disease. During the study, Kayla consumed only a formula diet that was nutritionally complete, except it did not contain vitamin C. Within a few weeks, Kayla developed scurvy. At that point, researchers gave 2 mg vitamin C to Kayla each day for a week, but her signs and symptoms of scurvy remained. In the weeks that followed, the scientists continued to increase Kayla's intake of the vitamin by 2 mg/week. After a week of taking 10 mg of vitamin C/day, Kayla reported feeling much better. Based on this information, the researchers concluded that Kayla's

requirement for vitamin C was 10 mg.

in chemistry class, Karl combines hydrochloric acid with a base called sodium hydroxide. This chemical reaction results in the formation of a

salt

What are the mechanisms by which nutrients are absorbed?

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, & active transport

Which of the following lifestyle choices is the primary cause of most preventable cancer deaths in the United States?

smoking cigarettes

Why are sphincters important, particularly in the esophagus?

so food doesn't come back up causing acid reflex

One day, Hillary consumed a handful of peanuts, a bowl of chocolate pudding, a sugar-sweetened soft drink, and three hard-cooked eggs. According to MyPlate, which of these foods is empty calories?

soft drink

Salivary glands secrete amylase, an enzyme that enables a minor amount of _____ to be digested in the mouth.

starch

Which of the following menu items has ingredients that represent three different MyPlate food groups?

stir-fry made with shrimp, rice, green peas, broccoli, and onion

dietitians often refer to ____ as empty calorie foods

sugar-sweetened soft drinks