Diabetes Mellitus Set 1

Insulin

(It carries glucose into body cells as their preferred source of energy

150 mg/dL

A hemoglobin A1c of 7 % is the equivalent of an average blood glucose level of

Diabetes mellitus

A metabolic disorder of the pancreas, affects carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism

Type 2

Dieting, exercise, and weight loss control _____ ______ diabetes

90 to 130 mg/dL <180 mg/dL

Ideally with finger testing the blood sugar should measure ______ before meals and _______ 1 to 2 hours after meals

Insulin

It promotes the liver's storage of glucose as glycogen

Glycosylated hemoglobin also called a hemoglobin A1c test

Once a client with diabetes receives a treatment regimen to follow, the physician can assess the effectiveness of treatment and the clients compliance by obtaining a

Glucometer

One quick and simple method of blood sugar testing involves a

Clients taking insulin, clients with unstable diabetes, or clients with frequent hypoglycemic episodes

Physicians now recommend self-monitoring of blood glucose levels with a glucometer for

Skin, urinary tract, and vaginal infections

Some develop ___,____ ____, and _____ _____, possibly because the elevated level of blood glucose supports bacterial growth.

Obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and insulin resistance

The correlation of __,__ ___, et ___ ____ helps explain how dieting, exercise, and weight loss control type 2 diabetes

Polyuria

The hypertonicity from concentrated amounts of glucose in the blood pulls fluid into the vascular system resulting in

Renal threshold

The kidneys ability to reabsorb glucose and return it to the bloodstream

Diet, exercise, and medications

Self-monitoring with a glucometer is helpful for those taking an oral hypoglycemic agent to determine the effects of

A1c test

The results of this test reflect the amount of glucose that is stored in the hemoglobin molecule during its life span of 120 days

Polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia

The three classic symptoms of both types of diabetes Mellitus are

Blurred vision

There may be changes in visual acuity manifested by _____ ______

Ketoacidosis

Acetone smelling breath happens with

2 to 3 months

Amounts of 8% or greater indicate that control of the client's blood glucose level has been inadequate during the previous ___ to ___ ____.

Hyperglycemia

An elevated blood glucose level, is associated with other disorders or their management

Glycosuria

An excessive level of glucose in the blood leads to

Blood tests

Because glycosuria and ketonuria may not become evident until glucose exceeds the renal threshold, ____ ____ are helpful in establishing the diagnosis

A random blood sugar, fasting blood glucose, postprandial glucose, and the oral glucose tolerance test

Blood tests that are based on measuring glucose intolerance such as

Acetone

Can be detected on the breath by its characteristic fruity odor

High levels of stress

Complications may occur more frequently in clients taking multiple medications or who experience

A chronic disorder

Diabetes mellitus is what type of disorder

Polyuria

Excessive Urine production

Polyphagia

Excessive hunger and eats more

Polydipsia

Excessive thirst

Kussmaul's respirations

Fast, deep, labored, breathing common in ketoacidosis

Type 1

Formerly called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)

Type 2

Formerly known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)

Glycosuria

Glucose in the urine and urinary excretion

Exercise

Increases transmembrane glucose transporter levels in skeletal muscles which explains how _____ helps reduce blood sugar

Type 1

Is characterized by an absence of insulin production by the beta cells in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas.

Type 2

Is characterized by insulin resistance or insufficient insulin production

Type 1

Is more likely in childhood et adolescence

Insulin

It inhibits the breakdown of glycogen back into glucose

Glucometer

Measures capillary blood glucose from blood samples from a finger stick

Type 2

More common in aging adults

less than 7%

Normally the level of glycosylated hemoglobin

Urine

Normally, _____ contains no detectable glucose or ketones; in diabetes, one or both may be present

Polydipsia

When the client has polyuria they will most likely experience _____ because so much water is lost.

Polyphagia

While the needed glucose is being wasted the body's requirement for fuel continues. The person with diabetes develops _____.