Diabetes Mellitus Set 1
Insulin
(It carries glucose into body cells as their preferred source of energy
150 mg/dL
A hemoglobin A1c of 7 % is the equivalent of an average blood glucose level of
Diabetes mellitus
A metabolic disorder of the pancreas, affects carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism
Type 2
Dieting, exercise, and weight loss control _____ ______ diabetes
90 to 130 mg/dL <180 mg/dL
Ideally with finger testing the blood sugar should measure ______ before meals and _______ 1 to 2 hours after meals
Insulin
It promotes the liver's storage of glucose as glycogen
Glycosylated hemoglobin also called a hemoglobin A1c test
Once a client with diabetes receives a treatment regimen to follow, the physician can assess the effectiveness of treatment and the clients compliance by obtaining a
Glucometer
One quick and simple method of blood sugar testing involves a
Clients taking insulin, clients with unstable diabetes, or clients with frequent hypoglycemic episodes
Physicians now recommend self-monitoring of blood glucose levels with a glucometer for
Skin, urinary tract, and vaginal infections
Some develop ___,____ ____, and _____ _____, possibly because the elevated level of blood glucose supports bacterial growth.
Obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and insulin resistance
The correlation of __,__ ___, et ___ ____ helps explain how dieting, exercise, and weight loss control type 2 diabetes
Polyuria
The hypertonicity from concentrated amounts of glucose in the blood pulls fluid into the vascular system resulting in
Renal threshold
The kidneys ability to reabsorb glucose and return it to the bloodstream
Diet, exercise, and medications
Self-monitoring with a glucometer is helpful for those taking an oral hypoglycemic agent to determine the effects of
A1c test
The results of this test reflect the amount of glucose that is stored in the hemoglobin molecule during its life span of 120 days
Polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia
The three classic symptoms of both types of diabetes Mellitus are
Blurred vision
There may be changes in visual acuity manifested by _____ ______
Ketoacidosis
Acetone smelling breath happens with
2 to 3 months
Amounts of 8% or greater indicate that control of the client's blood glucose level has been inadequate during the previous ___ to ___ ____.
Hyperglycemia
An elevated blood glucose level, is associated with other disorders or their management
Glycosuria
An excessive level of glucose in the blood leads to
Blood tests
Because glycosuria and ketonuria may not become evident until glucose exceeds the renal threshold, ____ ____ are helpful in establishing the diagnosis
A random blood sugar, fasting blood glucose, postprandial glucose, and the oral glucose tolerance test
Blood tests that are based on measuring glucose intolerance such as
Acetone
Can be detected on the breath by its characteristic fruity odor
High levels of stress
Complications may occur more frequently in clients taking multiple medications or who experience
A chronic disorder
Diabetes mellitus is what type of disorder
Polyuria
Excessive Urine production
Polyphagia
Excessive hunger and eats more
Polydipsia
Excessive thirst
Kussmaul's respirations
Fast, deep, labored, breathing common in ketoacidosis
Type 1
Formerly called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
Type 2
Formerly known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)
Glycosuria
Glucose in the urine and urinary excretion
Exercise
Increases transmembrane glucose transporter levels in skeletal muscles which explains how _____ helps reduce blood sugar
Type 1
Is characterized by an absence of insulin production by the beta cells in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas.
Type 2
Is characterized by insulin resistance or insufficient insulin production
Type 1
Is more likely in childhood et adolescence
Insulin
It inhibits the breakdown of glycogen back into glucose
Glucometer
Measures capillary blood glucose from blood samples from a finger stick
Type 2
More common in aging adults
less than 7%
Normally the level of glycosylated hemoglobin
Urine
Normally, _____ contains no detectable glucose or ketones; in diabetes, one or both may be present
Polydipsia
When the client has polyuria they will most likely experience _____ because so much water is lost.
Polyphagia
While the needed glucose is being wasted the body's requirement for fuel continues. The person with diabetes develops _____.
