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Digestion 2013

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In the small intestine, which of the following enzymes breaks down maltose? A. dextrinase B. sucrase C. lactase D. glucoamylase E. maltase

E. maltase

Chief cells secrete A. intrinsic factor. B. hydrochloric acid. C. gastrin. D. mucus. E. pepsinogen.

E. pepsinogen.

All of the following are true of the intestinal phase of gastric digestion, except that it: A. begins when chyme enters the small intestine. B. helps ensure that the functions of the small intestine proceed with relative efficiency. C. functions to control the rate of gastric emptying. D. involves both neural and endocrine reflexes. E. precedes the gastric phase.

E. precedes the gastric phase.

An obstruction of the common bile duct often results in: A. inability to digest protein. B. hepatitis. C. a decrease in production of pancreatic juice. D. cirrhosis of the liver. E. undigested fat in the feces.

E. undigested fat in the feces.

True/False: A bolus is pushed toward the esophagus by peristaltic contractions of pharyngeal smooth muscles.

False

True/False: Secretin (from S cells in the duodenum) causes both the liver and pancreas to secrete bicarbonate into the large intestine.

False; It secretes into the small intestine

True/False: The gallbladder secretes digestive enzymes.

False; it stores bile

Which of the following are NOT absorbed in the large intestine? A. organic wastes, such as urobilinogens B. certain vitamins, such as vitamin K C. All of the listed substances are absorbed by the large intestine. D. water

C. All of the listed substances are absorbed by the large intestine.

Each of the following is a function of the liver, except: A. storage of glycogen and iron reserves. B. synthesis and secretion of bile. C. antibody production. D. inactivation of toxins. E. synthesis of plasma proteins.

C. antibody production.

Which of the following phases of gastric activity is caused by the sight, taste, or thought of food? A. intestinal phase B. pharyngeal phase C. cephalic phase D. gastric phase

C. cephalic phase

The reflex that occurs in the large intestine and promotes the movement of feces toward the anus is the __________. A. haustral reflex B. cephalic reflex C. defecation reflex D. micturition reflex

C. defecation reflex

Which of the following is the term for swallowing? A. absorption B. digestion C. deglutition D. mastication

C. deglutition

The chemical breakdown of food into small organic fragments that can be absorbed by the digestive epithelium is __________. A. ingestion B. digestion C. mechanical processing D. secretion

...B. digestion

Weakening of digestive smooth muscle with age can promote __________. A. Any of these conditions can occur with age-related B. weakening of the digestive smooth muscle. C. hemorrhoids D. inflammation of the haustra E. constipation

A. Any of these conditions can occur with age-related

Which regions of the pharynx serve as passageways for food on its way to the esophagus? A. oropharynx only B. nasopharynx and oropharynx C. laryngopharynx only D. oropharynx and laryngopharynx

D. oropharynx and laryngopharynx

Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion? A. appendix B. esophagus C. colon D. pancreas E. spleen

D. pancreas

A series of transverse folds in the small intestine that serve to increase the surface area for absorption are the __________. A. rugae B. taenia coli C. haustra D. plicae circulares

D. plicae circulares

Which oral structure(s) is (are) responsible for manipulating food to assist in chewing and in the production of the enzyme lipase? A. soft palate B. gingival sulcus C. labia D. tongue

D. tongue

Which section of the colon is located between the right colic (hepatic) flexure and the left colic (hepatic) flexure? A. ascending colon B. sigmoid colon C. descending colon D. transverse colon

D. transverse colon

__________ breaks down proteins in the stomach.

Pepsin

catabolism

Process of breaking down complex materials (foods) to form simpler substances and release energy.

If the pancreatic duct was obstructed, you would expect to see elevated blood levels of __________.

amylase

A small, wormlike structure attached to the posteromedial surface of the cecum is the __________.

appendix

Your patient with liver failure has a firm rounded abdomen due to accumulation of fluid. This is known clinically as ________.

ascites

Why are chylomicrons are absorbed into lacteals?

because they are too large to pass through the basement membrane of a capillary and into the blood

Food in the intestines initiates a reflex that stimulates secretions of __________, __________, and __________.

bicarbonate, digestive enzymes, and bile

CCK causes the gall bladder to contract, releasing __________ and an __________ to be secreted from the __________.

bile; enzyme-rich pancreatic juice; pancreas

At the splenic flexure, the colon becomes the __________.

descending colon

The part of the small intestine most likely to develop an ulcer from exposure to gastric juice is the __________.

duodenum

Bile salts aid in the digestion of fats by ________ large fat droplets.

emulsifying

What is the most superior portion of the stomach?

fundus

Which gastric phase is this describing, stomach secretes juice and mixes food into chyme?

gastric phase

An (increase or decrease) in the sympathetic system would decrease digestion.

increase

Which gastric phase is this describing, stomach empties and decreases secretions?

intestinal phase

People who lack the enzyme ________ often experience GI upset after consuming milk and other dairy products.

lactase

The __________ absorbs chylomicrons, which contains and transports most lipids.

lacteal

The __________ absorbs water and ions.

large intestine

__________ is primarily responsible for water absorption.

large intestine

The technical term for chewing is ________.

mastication

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the __________.

mouth

ingestion

occurs when materials enter the digestive tract via the mouth

major components of digestive tract

oral cavity, teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

__________ is secreted by the pancreas and works in the small intestine.

pancreatic lipase

accessory organs of the digestive system

salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

What is the function of bile?

to emulsify lipids

function of stomach

-chemical breakdown of materials by acid and enzymes -mechanical processing through muscular contractions

mechanical processing

-crushing and shearing -makes materials easier to propel along digestive tract

function of large intestine

-enzymatic digestion and absorption of water, organic substrates, vitamins, and ions

function of small intestine

-enzymatic digestion and absorption of water, organic substrates, vitamins, and ions

functions of pancreas

-exocrine cells secrete buffers and digestive enzymes -endocrine cells secrete hormones

functions of oral cavity, teeth, tongue

-mechanical processing, moistening, mixing with salivary secretions

absorption

-movement of organic substrates, electrolytes, vitamins, and water -across digestive epithelium -into interstitial fluid of digestive tract

function of pharynx

-muscular propulsion of materials into the esophagus

excretion

-removal of waste products from body fluids --process called defecation removes feces

functions of liver

-secretion of bile (important for lipid digestion) -storage of nutrients

function of salivary glands

-secretion of lubricating fluid containing enzymes that breakdown carbohydrates

functions of gallbladder

-storage and concentration of bile

digestion

-the chemical breakdown of food into small organic fragments for absorption by digestive epithelium

secretion

-the release of water, acids, enzymes, buffers, and salts -by the epithelium of digestive tract -by glandular organs

function of the esophagus

-transport of materials to the stomach

What does the lining of the digestive tract protect the surrounding tissues against?

1. corrosive effects of digestive acids and enzymes 2. mechanical stresses, example: abrasion 3. bacteria either ingested with food or that reside in the digestive tract

Put the following steps of stomach acid production in the correct order starting with the reaction that requires an enzyme: 1. H2CO3 dissociates 2. chloride ion combines with H+ in the gastric lumen 3. water and CO2 combine to form carbonic acid 4. H+ and bicarbonate ion are transported out of the cell

3, 1, 2, 4

The human liver is composed of ________ lobe(s).

Put the following layers of the digestive tract wall in order from the lumen to the deepest layer: 1. lamina propria 2. muscularis externa 3. submucosa 4. digestive (mucous) epithelium 5. serosa 6. muscularis mucosae

4, 1, 6, 3, 2, 5

A small, slender structure that is attached to the large intestine and is dominated by lymphoid nodules is the __________. A. appendix B. cecum C. ileum D. taenia coli

A. appendix

Which region of the stomach does the esophagus connect to? A. cardia B. antrum C. pylorus D. body E. fundus

A. cardia

In which section of the large intestine is the appendix found? A. cecum B. rectum C. colon

A. cecum

Which of these descriptions best matches the term myenteric plexus? A. coordinates activity of muscularis externa B. sensory neural network C. secretes a watery fluid D. loose connective tissue layer containing blood vessels E. component of mucosa

A. coordinates activity of muscularis externa

Lipid-soluble vitamins cross the digestive epithelium primarily by _________. A. diffusion B. active transport C. vesicular transport D. channel-mediated diffusion

A. diffusion

Which layer of the digestive tract is responsible for peristalsis and segmentation? A. muscularis externa B. mucosa C. serosa D. submucosa

A. muscularis externa

Which of the following enzymes is important for the digestion of fat? A. pancreatic lipase B. pepsin C. trypsin D. pancreatic amylase

A. pancreatic lipase

In most cases, the mumps is a viral infection of the A. parotid glands. B. sublingual glands. C. mandibular glands. D. submandibular glands. E. lingual glands.

A. parotid glands.

A feature of the digestive tract wall that increases surface area available for absorption is the A. plicae. B. elastic cells. C. rugae. D. villi. E. transitional cells.

A. plicae.

Enzymatic breakdown of which of the following compounds doesn't begin until it reaches the stomach? A. proteins B. lipids C. carbohydrates

A. proteins

The enzyme pepsin digests A. proteins. B. lipids. C. nucleic acids. D. vitamins. E. carbohydrates.

A. proteins.

Functions of the large intestine include: A. resorption (absorption) of water and compaction of feces. B. secretion of vitamins. C. production of gas to move waste toward the rectum. D. drug inactivation. E. All of the above

A. resorption (absorption) of water and compaction of feces.

Which of the following GI hormones promotes a pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate ions? A. secretin B. motilin C. GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide) D. gastrin

A. secretin

Which of the following intestinal hormones stimulates bile from the gall bladder? A. motilin B. CCK (cholecystokinin) C. GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide) D. gastrin

B. CCK (cholecystokinin)

A drug that blocks the action of carbonic anhydrase in parietal cells would result in: A. decreased production of pepsinogen by chief cells. B. a higher pH during gastric digestion. C. increased protein digestion in the stomach. D. decreased gastrin production. E. a lower pH during gastric digestion.

B. a higher pH during gastric digestion.

Which of the following is NOT a region of the small intestine? A. ileum B. cecum C. jejunum D. duodenum

B. cecum

A disease that attacks and disables the myenteric plexus would A. increase intestinal motility. B. decrease intestinal motility. C. decrease gastric secretion. D. increase gastric secretion. E. interfere with both intestinal motility and gastric secretion.

B. decrease intestinal motility.

Which of these effects on digestion is not produced by the parasympathetic nervous system? A. increased peristalsis B. decreased acid secretion C. increased production of saliva D. increased mucus secretion

B. decreased acid secretion

All of the following contain mucous cells in the epithelium, except the A. large intestine. B. esophagus. C. transverse colon. D. stomach. E. small intestine.

B. esophagus.

A fatty apron known as the __________ protects the abdominal viscera anteriorly. A. lamina propria B. greater omentum C. mucosa D. rectus abdominis

B. greater omentum

The cephalic phase of stomach function is an example of the __________ system interacting with the digestive system. A. urinary B. nervous C. cardiovascular D. endocrine

B. nervous

Which of the following does NOT digest a protein? A. pepsin B. nuclease C. trypsin D. enteropeptidase

B. nuclease

Which of the following does NOT digest a carbohydrate? A. pancreatic alpha-amylase B. pancreatic lipase C. lactase D. sucrase

B. pancreatic lipase

Which salivary gland produces a serous secretion containing large amounts of salivary amylase? A. submandibular B. parotid C. mandibular D. sublingual E. lingual

B. parotid

Mary had her stomach mostly removed to try to overcome obesity. As a result you would expect Mary to be at risk for: A. an ulcer. B. pernicious anemia. C. diarrhea. D. protein malnutrition. E. dehydration.

B. pernicious anemia.

The lowest portion of the stomach, which forms the sharp curve of the J shape of the stomach, is the __________. A. fundus B. pylorus C. cardia D. body

B. pylorus

An enzyme secreted by the gastric mucosa of a newborn that coagulates milk proteins is: A. trypsin. B. rennin. C. cholecystokinin. D. pepsin. E. gastrin.

B. rennin.

A stratified squamous epithelial lining can be found in all of the following, except in the A. esophagus. B. stomach. C. anal canal. D. oropharynx. E. oral cavity.

B. stomach.

Which of the following is NOT an effect of advancing age on the digestive system? A. increase in peptic ulcers B. stronger peristaltic contractions, resulting in diarrhea C. increase in dental caries and gingivitis, resulting in loss of teeth D. increase in the rate of digestive system cancer

B. stronger peristaltic contractions, resulting in diarrhea

An enzyme that digests proteins into peptides is A. nuclease. B. trypsin. C. maltase. D. amylase. E. lipase.

B. trypsin.

An intestinal hormone that stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreatic islet cells is: A. secretin. B. cholecystokinin. C. gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP). D. enterocrinin. E. enteropeptidase.

C. gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP).

At the corners of a liver lobule are found complexes formed of three tiny tubes. Which of these is not present in the complex? A. bile duct B. hepatic artery C. hepatic vein D. hepatic portal vein

C. hepatic vein

Parietal cells secrete: A. gastrin. B. mucus. C. hydrochloric acid D. pepsinogen. E. enteropeptidase.

C. hydrochloric acid

During which phase in the control of the digestive system would bicarbonate and bile be stimulated? A. gastric phase B. cephalic phase C. intestinal phase

C. intestinal phase

Tom has hepatitis, an inflammation of the liver. Which of the following symptoms would you expect to observe in Tom? A. impaired digestion of protein B. blood in the feces C. jaundice D. elevated levels of blood glucose E. All of the above

C. jaundice

The gastroileal reflex: A. promotes gastric secretion. B. is relayed through the CNS. C. moves some chyme to the colon. D. decreases peristaltic activity. E. empties the duodenum.

C. moves some chyme to the colon.

Which of the following is NOT produced by the gastric glands in the stomach of an adult? A. HCl B. intrinsic factor C. rennin D.pepsinogen

C. rennin

A structure that helps prevent food from entering the pharynx prematurely is the: A. pharyngeal arch. B. palatoglossal arch. C. uvula. D. palatopharyngeal arch. E. epiglottis.

C. uvula.

Which of these statements about water balance in the digestive system is true? A. About 2000 ml /day enters by mouth. B. About 150-200 ml/day is lost in the feces. C. About 7000 ml/day enters by secretion. D. All of these statements are true.

D. All of these statements are true.

The__________ of the stomach leads into the duodenum. A. Cardia B. Fundus C. Body D. Pylorus

D. Pylorus

Enteric interneurons that are inhibitory to smooth muscle use which of the following neurotransmitters? A. substance P B. norepinephrine C. ACh (acetylcholine) D. VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide)

D. VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide)

In the oral cavity, the digestive enzyme _________ is found in saliva and begins the digestion of _________. A. pepsin; proteins B. trypsin; proteins C. lipase; proteins D. amylase; starch

D. amylase; starch

The pancreas produces digestive enzymes that digest __________. A. nucleic acids and lipids only B. lipids and carbohydrates only C. proteins only D. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

D. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Which of the following is not a function of the digestive system? A. ingestion B. compaction C. mechanical processing D. filtration E. absorption

D. filtration

What is the name of the series of pouches in the wall of the colon? A. taenia coli B. fatty appendices C. sigmoid flexure D. haustra

D. haustra

The ________ are double sheets of peritoneal membrane that suspend the visceral organs and carry nerves, lymphatics, and blood vessels. A. fibrosa B. adventitia C. lamina propria D. mesenteries E. serosa

D. mesenteries

A drug that blocks the action of the hormone cholecystokinin would affect: A. digestion of lipids and proteins. B. the composition of pancreatic secretions. C. the delivery of bile. D. acid production by the stomach. E. All of the answers are correct.