Digestion

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Stomach

-breaks down food into a paste-like consistency -contains hydrochloric acid (pH near 2) -hormone Gastrin is produced to stimulate acid production -secretes pepsin (active form of pepsinogen) to begin protein digestion -mucus lining for protection -sores called ulcers can form

Epiglottis

-flap to cover trachea or airway

Mouth (oral cavity)

-ingestion of food -physical digestion -beginning of carbohydrate digestion (salivary amylase from salivary glands)

Small intestine

-nutrient absorption of digestive end products (monomers) into the blood through structures called villi -basic environment (pH near 8) -hormone produces is secretin (which stimulates the pancreas to secrete pancreatic juice)

Pancreas

-produces pancreatic juice to make small intestine basic (pH near 8) -releases pancreatic amylase (carbs), trypsin (proteins), and lipase (lipids) into small intestine

Gallbladder

-stores bile -gallstones can form here

Esophagus

-tube off the pharynx that contracts to push food to stomach

What are examples of this

Animals

Chemical

Breaking down of complex molecules into smaller ones, including carbs, proteins, and lipids

Explain the digestion of carbohydrates

Digestion of carbs begins in the mouth. Salivary amylase, an enzyme found in saliva, breaks down bonds in starch molecules and adds water to the food. Carbohydrates are not digested in the stomach due to its acid and pH. Completion of digestion takes place in the small intestine, resulting in the formation of glucose.

Explain how digestive systems in different multicellular animals are adaptive

Digestive systems in multicellular animals are adapted to the animal's diet. For example, stomach of cows, horses and rabbits have side pockets that contain microorganisms that aid in the digestion of cellulose in their diets. Since meat is easier to digest, the digestive tract of carnivores are relatively short

What are the role of enzymes in extracellular digestion

Enzymes are secreted into a digestive cavity where food is broken down and the nutrients are passed to cells.

What is the role of enzymes in intracellular digestion

Enzymes break down food into small molecules the cell can use

Trace the movement of food through the human deluges rice track

Food enters the oral cavity, to the epiglottis, down the esophagus, to the stomach. There it is liquified, goes to the small intestine, to the large intestine. Parts of the food that remains un digested leave the body through the anus.

What is the role of gastric in digestion

Gastrin is a hormone secreted by the stomach that induces glands to produce hydrochloric acid for digestion

How have the worm and bird adapted to the digestion of food

Gizzard and crop. Gizzard grinds it, crop stores it

Example

Humans

How does acid affect pepsinogen

Hydrochloride acid changes inactive pepsinogen into active pepsin

What are 2 types of animal systems

Incomplete and complete digestive systems

What are 2 types of digestion

Intracellular and extracellular

Physical

Large pieces are broken down into smaller ones, also known as mechanical

Incomplete digestive system

On opening, mouth or oral cavity

Extracellular

Outside the cell

What is the contraction of the esophagus called

Peristalsis

What are the two parts to digestion

Physical and chemical

What are examples

Plants, paramecium (protists)

Digestion

Process that breaks down food

Live

Produces bile to emulsify, breakdown from large to small, lipids

Example

Starfish

Complete digestive system

Two openings, mouth and anus

Large intestine

Water absorption Waste for Wheaton (removal) from eh body

What is the role of the small intestine in the digestion of proteins and fats

When proteins enter the small intestine, try are acted on by pancreatic juice that raises the pH so that enzymes such as trypsin can break down peptide bonds to produce amino acids from polypeptides. When fats enter the small intestine, they are mixed with bile that breaks down fat droplets into small particles that can be further broken down by enzymes such as lipase

Intracellular

Within the cell


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