Digestion
Stomach
-breaks down food into a paste-like consistency -contains hydrochloric acid (pH near 2) -hormone Gastrin is produced to stimulate acid production -secretes pepsin (active form of pepsinogen) to begin protein digestion -mucus lining for protection -sores called ulcers can form
Epiglottis
-flap to cover trachea or airway
Mouth (oral cavity)
-ingestion of food -physical digestion -beginning of carbohydrate digestion (salivary amylase from salivary glands)
Small intestine
-nutrient absorption of digestive end products (monomers) into the blood through structures called villi -basic environment (pH near 8) -hormone produces is secretin (which stimulates the pancreas to secrete pancreatic juice)
Pancreas
-produces pancreatic juice to make small intestine basic (pH near 8) -releases pancreatic amylase (carbs), trypsin (proteins), and lipase (lipids) into small intestine
Gallbladder
-stores bile -gallstones can form here
Esophagus
-tube off the pharynx that contracts to push food to stomach
What are examples of this
Animals
Chemical
Breaking down of complex molecules into smaller ones, including carbs, proteins, and lipids
Explain the digestion of carbohydrates
Digestion of carbs begins in the mouth. Salivary amylase, an enzyme found in saliva, breaks down bonds in starch molecules and adds water to the food. Carbohydrates are not digested in the stomach due to its acid and pH. Completion of digestion takes place in the small intestine, resulting in the formation of glucose.
Explain how digestive systems in different multicellular animals are adaptive
Digestive systems in multicellular animals are adapted to the animal's diet. For example, stomach of cows, horses and rabbits have side pockets that contain microorganisms that aid in the digestion of cellulose in their diets. Since meat is easier to digest, the digestive tract of carnivores are relatively short
What are the role of enzymes in extracellular digestion
Enzymes are secreted into a digestive cavity where food is broken down and the nutrients are passed to cells.
What is the role of enzymes in intracellular digestion
Enzymes break down food into small molecules the cell can use
Trace the movement of food through the human deluges rice track
Food enters the oral cavity, to the epiglottis, down the esophagus, to the stomach. There it is liquified, goes to the small intestine, to the large intestine. Parts of the food that remains un digested leave the body through the anus.
What is the role of gastric in digestion
Gastrin is a hormone secreted by the stomach that induces glands to produce hydrochloric acid for digestion
How have the worm and bird adapted to the digestion of food
Gizzard and crop. Gizzard grinds it, crop stores it
Example
Humans
How does acid affect pepsinogen
Hydrochloride acid changes inactive pepsinogen into active pepsin
What are 2 types of animal systems
Incomplete and complete digestive systems
What are 2 types of digestion
Intracellular and extracellular
Physical
Large pieces are broken down into smaller ones, also known as mechanical
Incomplete digestive system
On opening, mouth or oral cavity
Extracellular
Outside the cell
What is the contraction of the esophagus called
Peristalsis
What are the two parts to digestion
Physical and chemical
What are examples
Plants, paramecium (protists)
Digestion
Process that breaks down food
Live
Produces bile to emulsify, breakdown from large to small, lipids
Example
Starfish
Complete digestive system
Two openings, mouth and anus
Large intestine
Water absorption Waste for Wheaton (removal) from eh body
What is the role of the small intestine in the digestion of proteins and fats
When proteins enter the small intestine, try are acted on by pancreatic juice that raises the pH so that enzymes such as trypsin can break down peptide bonds to produce amino acids from polypeptides. When fats enter the small intestine, they are mixed with bile that breaks down fat droplets into small particles that can be further broken down by enzymes such as lipase
Intracellular
Within the cell
