digestive system
one
*Number of INCISORS in each quadrant of the adult mouth *Number of CANINES in each quadrant of the adult mouth
growth + insulin
2 homrones that stimulate the uptake of amino acids by cells
crown
Cutting or Chewing surface with one or more Cusps
circular folds
FOLDS in the mucosal and submucosal layers that run perpendicular to teh long axis of the digestive tract
ileocecal junction
JUNCTION between the ileum and large intestine
cheeks
The ___ form the lateral walls of the oral cavity
triacylglycerol
___ consists of three fatty acids bound to glycerol
lipase
___ secreted by the pancreas and intestinal absorptive cells digests the lipids
water + salts
absorbed from chyme in the production of feces
store
another function of the liver is to ___ fat, vitamines, copper and ionr
conversion
another function that the liver performs is the ___ of nutrients in which the proportion of nutrients is controlled...
hard palate
anterior bony portion of the roof of the oral cavity
1,3,2
arrangement that lists the parts in order food encounters them
absorption
begins in the stomach most occurs in the duodenum and jujunum although some occurs in the ileum
micelles
bile salts for around the small lipid droplets to form ___
cecum
blind sac that extends inferiorly past the ileocecal junction
hepatic veins
blood exits the liver through ___
digestion
breackdown of chemical bonds of organci molecules by digestive enzymes
pancreatic duct
carries digestives enzymes joins the common bile duct
goblet cells
cells in duodenal mucosa that produce mucus
absorptive cells
cells in duodenal mucosa with microvilli produce digestive enzymes and absorb food
pulp cavity
center of the tooth contains blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue
esophageal sphincter
circular muscles that regulate the movement of food into and out of the esophagus
tonsils
collection of lymphoid tissue located in the lateral posterior walls of the oral cavity
periodontal ligaments
connective tissue that holds teeth in the alveoli
pancreatic amylase
continues polysaccharide digestion that started in the oral cavity
microvilli
cytoplasmic extensions from cells on the surface of villi
primary teeth
deciduous teeth; also called milk teeth
gingiva
dense, fibrous connective tissue, and MOIST stratified squamous epithelium that cover alveolar ridges
is living calcified cellular material
dentin
pharyngeal constrictor muscles push food into the esophagus
during swallowing
pancreatic islets
endocrine portion of the pancreas that produces insulin and glucagon
lysozyme
enzyme in the serous portion of saliva that has a weak antibacterial action
pepsin
enzyme in the stomach that breaks down proteins into smapper polypeptide chaind
trypsin
enzyme produced by the pancreas that continues the digestion of proteins started in the stomach produces small peptide chains
pepsin
enzyme produced from the converison of pepsinogen by hydrochloric acid
salivary amylase
enzyme that begins in the digestion of carbs in the mouth
pancreatic amylase
enzyme that continues starch digestion in the duodenum
disaccharidase
enzyme that is bound to the microvilli of intestinal epithelium
disaccharides
enzymes on the surface of intestinal wall epithelial cells that break down disaccharides to monosaccharides
peptidases
enzymes on the surface of intestinal wall epithelial cells that break down peptides into single amino acids
nucleases
enzymes that break down dna and rna
acini
exocrine portions of the pancreas produce digestive enzymes
descending colon
extends from the left colic flexure to the pelvis
transverse colon
extends from the right colic flexure to the left colic flexure
enamel
extremely hard, acellular substance that protects the tooth aginst acids and abrasion
reabsorption
fate of 99% of the water that is secreted into the stomach or small intestine
greater + lesser curvature
formed when the body of the stomach turns to the right
pharyngeal constrictors
from posterior walls of oropharynx and laryngopharynx
common bile duct
from the gallbladder to form the ___
parietal cells
gastric gland cells that produce hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
chief cells
gastric gland cells that produce pepsinogen
endocrine cells
gastric gland cells that produce regulatory hormones
gastric glands
glands in the stomach that open into the gastric pits
sublingual glands
glands that produce mainly mucus located below the mucous membrane in the floor of the oral cavity
submandibular glands
glands that produce more serous than mucous secretions located along the inferior border of the mandible
gastrin
hormone secreted by the stomach helps regulare stomach secretions
insulin
hormone that greatly increases the rate of glucose transport into most types of cells
rugae
large folds of the submucosa and mucosa formed when the stomarch is empty
lipases
lipid digesting enzymes
dentin
living, cellular, bonelike tissue surrounding the pulp cavity
defecation reflex
loacal and parasympathetic reflexes that result in relaxation of the internal anal sphincter and contraction of the rectum
lacteals
lymphatic capillaries found in the villi
trypsin + chymotrypsin
major proteolytic enzymes secreted by the pacreas
active transport
method of transport of sodium potassium and calcium ions out of the small intestine
saliva
mixture of serous and mucous fluids that contains digestive enzymes
buccinator
most of their thickness is contributes by the ___ muscle, which flattens the cheek against the teeth
fundus
most superior part of stomach
mucous neck cells
mucus producing cells in the gastric glands
surface mucous cells
mucus producing cells on the inner surface of the stomach and lining the gastric pits
three
number of MOLARS in each quadrant of the adult mouth
two
number of PREMOLARS in each quadrant of the adult mouth
ileocecal valve
one-way VALVE at the junction between the ileum and small intestine
cardiac opening
opening between the esophagus and stomach
pyloric opening
opening between the stomach and small intestine
glucose
other monosaccharides are converted into this molecule by the liver transported by the circulatory system to cells that require energy
appendix
part of the colon closest to the cecum
epiglottis
part of the larynx that covers the opening into the larynx
neck
part of the tooth BETWEEN the crown and root
root
part of the tooth anchored in an alveolus by periodontal ligaments
intestinal phase
phase of stomach secretion that is controlled by the entrance of acidic chyme into the duodenum
gastric phase
phase of stomach secretion that is initiated by the presence of food in the stomach greatest volume of gastric secretion
cephalic phase
phase of stomach secretion that responds to taste, smell, thoughts of food, and sensations of chewing and swallowing
voluntary phase
phase of swallowing that involves forming a bolus of food and forcing it into the oropharynx
esophageal phase
phase of swallowing that uses peristaltic waves to move food from the pharynx to the stomach
oral cavity
portion of the digestive tract in which digestion begins is
soft palate
posterior portion of the roof of the oral cavity composed of skeletal muscle and connective tissue
peristaltic waves
powerful contractions of the stomach that force chyme toward the pyloric sphincter
hydrochloric acid
produces a low Ph in the stomach and acts as an antimicrobial agent
monosaccharides
product of carbohydrate digestion
amino acids
product of protein digestion
fatty acids and glycerol
products of lipid digestion
uvula
projection from the posterior edge of the soft palate prevents food from passing into the nasal cavity during swallowing
pepisnogen
protein secreted by chief cells
mucin
proteoglycan found in the mucous portion of saliva
pharyngeal phase
reflex that involves closing the nasopharynx forcing food through the pharynx and covering the opening into the larynx
mixing waves
relatively weak contractions of the stomach that cause ingested food to be mized with stomach secretion
transport
requires a carrier molecule may require energy
microorganism
responsible for vitamin k synthesis and 30% of the dry weight of feces
ileocecal sphincter
ring of smooth muscle surrounding the ileocecal junction
sigmoid colon
s-shaped tube that ends at the rectum
mucus
secreted by duodenal glands and goblet cells
defecation reflex
secreted into chyme in the production of feces
chyme
semifluid mixture of food and stomach secretions
parotid glands
serous gland located just anterior to each ear its duct enters the oral cavity adjacent to the second upper molar
ascending colon
small blind tube attached to the cecum
alveoli
sockets contaning teeth
salviary amylase
starch-digesting enzyme in the serous portion of saliva
rectum
straight muscular tube between sigmoid colon and anal canal
mass moverment
strong peristaltic contractions that propel the contents of the colon considerable distances
cementum
substance covering dentin in the root helps anchor teeth in jaw
intrinsic factor
substance that binds with vitamin b12 and makes it more readily absorbed in the ileum
mucus
substance that lubricates and protets the epithelial cells of the stomach wall
transformed
substances can be ___ to more readily usable substances within the liver
secondary teeth
teeth of the adult mouth
hepatic artery
the ___ brings OXYGEN-rich blood into the liver
hepatic portal vein
the ___ carries blood that is oxygen-poor but rich in absorbed materials from the digestive tract to the live
tongue
the ___ is a large, muscular organ that occupies most of the oral cavity
gallbladder
the ___ is a small sac on the inferior surface of the liver that stores bile
Frenulum
the anterior portion of the tongue is attached to the floor of the mouth by a thin fold of tissue called the ___
monosaccharides
the breakdown products of carbohydrate digestion are
out of small intestine
the direction of water movement when chyme is dilure
emulsification
the first step in lipid digestion is ___ which is the transformation of large lipid droplets into much smaller droplets
move chyme into the small intestine
the function of peristaltic waves in the stomach
anal canal
the last 2 to 3 cm of the digestive tract
mastication
the lips and cheeks are imported in the process of ___ and speech
orbicularis oris
the lips are muscular structures formed mostly by the ___ muscle, and covered internally by mucosa and externally by stratified squamous epithelium
detoxified
the liver also ___ many harmful substances by altering their structure
glycogen
the liver can also remove sugar from the blood and store it as ___
2
the number of premular permanate teeth in each quadrean of the mouth
defecation
the process of elemination feces
all of the above
the tongue
taste
the tongue is important in mastication, swallowing, speech, and is a major sensory organ for ___
internal anal sphincter
thick INvoluntary smoth muscle layer at the superior end of the anal canal
pyloric sphincter
thick ring of smooth muscle that surrounds pyloric opening
bile salts
this process is accomplished by ___ secreted by the liver
villi
tiny finger like projections of the mucosa
gastric pits
tubelike openings in the mucosal surface of the stomach
common bile duct + pancreatic duct
two ducts that join together and empty into the duodenum
oropharynx + laryngopharynx
two portions of the pharynx that transmit food
external anal sphincter
voluntary skeletal muscle at the inferior end of the anal canal
peristaltic waves
wave of contraction of circular esophageal muscles produced by a wave of relaxation
duodenal papilla
which joins the pancreatic duct to open into the duodenum at the ___
mucosa
which layer of the digestive tract is in direct contact wiht food that is consumed?
all of the above
which of these glands secrete saliva into the oral cavity
gastrin
which of these hormones stimulates stomach secretions
gastric phase; gastrin secretion is inhibited by distention of the stomach
which of these phases of stomach secretion is correctly matched
chief cells: produce intrinsic factor
which of these stomach cell types ins NOT correctly matched with its function
b and c
which of these would occur if a person suffered from and severe case of hepatitis
the stomach wall is protexted by large amounts of mucus
why doesnt the stomach digest itself
