Diggin' up bones.. long bones.. compact bones.. bones!
Periosteum contains ____ _____ and ______ cells.
Blood vessels, bone-forming,
"Little Lakes"
Lacunae
____ are tiny, chambers that contain osteocytes.
Lacunae
1
Stage _ of 4 in Intramembraneous Ossification: Ossification centers form thickened regions of mesenchyme
2
Stage _ of 4 in Intramembraneous Ossification: Osteoid undergoes calcification
3
Stage _ of 4 in Intramembraneous Ossification: Woven bone and periosteum form
Spongy
Type of bone that is also called cancellous or trabecular bone
Compact
Type of bone that is also called dense or cortical bone
Spongy
Type of bone that is composed of parallel lamellae
Spongy
Type of bone that lacks osteons
Flat
Type of bone that provides extensive surface for muscle attachment and protects underlying soft tissues
Irregular
Type of bone with an elaborate, complex shape and does not fit into any other category
Appositional
Type of cartilage growth that continues until cartilage is fully mature
Appositional
Type of growth: stem cells>committed cells>chondroblasts>new cartilage matrix
Diploe
Type of spongy bone located in flat bone that is sandwiched between two layers of compact bone
Are bones organs?
Yes
Is blood a connective tissue that contains plasma?
Yes
Platelets assist in the ____________ of blood?
clotting
What matrix is most abundant, tough, flexible,resists stretching,and is found in ligaments and tendons?
collagen
The extracellular matrix of bone is composed of ____ and inorganic ____.
collagen and inorganic salts.
1/3 of weight is
collagen fibers
The substance of ____ bone is formed from many osteons cemented together.
compact
The wall of the diaphysis is composed of _____ bone.
compact
A bone usually has ____ bone overlying ____ bone with the relative amounts of each varying in differently shaped bones.
compact bone overlying spongy bone
What are the 2 types of bone textures?
compact, spongy
Define tissue
group of similar cells that have a common shape and function
what are the 2 types of postnatal bone growth?
interstitial (longitudinal) growth, appositional growth
Osteogenic
is a stem cell found in periostem and endosteum turn into osteoblasts
embryo
is cartilage more abundant in the embryo or adult?
Bone cells are called _____.
osteocytes
Spongy bone is also composed of _____ and extracellular material.
osteocytes
An ____ is a cylinder-shaped unit of compact bone.
osteon
Perforating canals connect central canals of _____.
osteons
what produces the parathyroid hormone?
parathyroid glands
what chemical interferes with osteoblast activity?
serotonin
Round bones are also called ____ bones.
sesamoid bones
Irregular bones have a variety of _____.
shapes
spine
sharp process
compact bones have the structure of what types of bone?
short, irregular, and flat
what hormone ends growth by inducing epiphyseal plate closure?
testosterone/estrogen
osteoid
the bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts
A long bone has two parts:
the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
diploe
the internal spongy bone in flat bones
epiphyses
the name for the ends of a long bone (5)
osteocyte,
the primary cell of mature bone and the most common type of bone cell. Each osteocyte is located in a space called a lacuna and is surrounded by bone tissue. Osteocytes maintain the mineral concentration of the matrix via the secretion of enzymes. Like osteoblasts, osteocytes lack mitotic activity.
Define Histology
the study of the microscopic structure of tissues
short, irregular, and flat bones are made of plates of what?
thin plates of spongy bone covered by compact bone
flat bones
thing, flattened and usually curved bones
what are hydroxyapatites mainly composed of?
tiny calcium phosphate crystals
Osteocytes get nutrients from substances diffusing into canaliculi that lead to the surface of _____.
trabeculae
Spongy bone cells lie within _____.
trabeculae
Spongy bone consists of bony plates called _____.
trabeculae
Endochondral ossification follows five steps.
(a) Mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. (b) The cartilage model of the future bony skeleton and the perichondrium form. (c) Capillaries penetrate cartilage. Perichondrium transforms into periosteum. Periosteal collar develops. Primary ossification center develops. (d) Cartilage and chondrocytes continue to grow at ends of the bone. (e) Secondary ossification centers develop. (f) Cartilage remains at epiphyseal (growth) plate and at joint surface as articular cartilage.
Intramembranous ossification follows four steps.
(a) Mesenchymal cells group into clusters, and ossification centers form. (b) Secreted osteoid traps osteoblasts, which then become osteocytes. (c) Trabecular matrix and periosteum form. (d) Compact bone develops superficial to the trabecular bone, and crowded blood vessels condense into red marrow.
Chondrocyte
A former chondroblast cell that is no longer producing cartilage matrix
Names the functions of the periosteum WHICH ARE ON THE TEST IN THE WRITTEN PORTION.
- makes repairs and increases circumference of bones, - serves in bone nutrition, - serves as a pointof attachment for ligaments and tendons.
Compact Bone
Name "f" (pink)
Red bone marrow
Connective tissue located in spongy bone where blood cells are produced
Proximal Epiphysis
1
what are the 4 stages of bone repair?
1. hematoma forms 2. fibrocartilaginous callus forms 3. bony callus forms 4. bone remodeling occurs
Medullary Cavity
Name "g" (yellow area)
Fracture and remodeling
1. bleeding, clot = fracture hematoma 2. callus with cartilage and fibers 3. cartilage in callus converted to bone 4. Remodeling recreates original structure.
what is the sequence of parathyroid hormone
1. blood ca2+ levels 2. PTH release 3. PTH stimulates osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix, releasing CA2+ 4. blood Ca2+ levels 5. PTH release ends
what is the sequence of endochondral ossification?
1. bone collar forms around diaphysis of cartilage model 2. central cartilage in diaphysis calcifies, then develops cavities 3. periosteal bud invades cavities, leading to formation of spongy bone 4. diaphysis elongates and medullary cavity forms 5. epiphyses ossify
Fracture
A break in a bone
Functions of bone (5)
1. support of the weight of the body 2. storage of Ca salts 3. blood cell formation in the red marrow of long bones 4. Protection of internal organs (skull, vertebrae, ribs) 5. Leverage structure for muscles to work on
Diaphysis
2
Distal Epiphysis
3
Bone model, Glides articulations, (and) Supports soft tissue
3 Functions of cartilage
Compact Bone
5
Medullary Cavity
5
Periosteum
6
Energy Reserve, Hemopoiesis, Mineral Storage, Movement, Protection, (and) Support
6 Functions of bone (alpha order)
Epiphyseal Line
7
Articular Cartilage
8
Spongy Bone
9
Endosteum
A
Describe the innter layer of the periosteum.
A looser fiber arrangement containing osteoblasts during developmental stages. In adults, it contains osteogenic cells (can be transformed into osteoblasts). Contains blood vessels, elastic fibers, and some osteoclasts.
Sharpey's Fibers
A matrix of connective tissue consisting of bundles of strong collagenous fibers connecting periosteum to the bone.
Chondrocyte
A mature, non-dividing cartilage cell
Resorption lacunae
A pit or depression on the bone surface that may house an osteoclast
1/3
Amount (fraction) of bone that contains organic components
Glucocorticoid
Abnormally high levels result in bone resorption and significant bone loss
Red bone marrow
Abundant in children but found in adults only in flat bones of skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, ossa coxae, and proximal epiphyses of humerus & femur
Chondroblast
Actively mitotic cell found in growing cartilage
Stores Lipids
Adipose
Yellow bone marrow consists mostly of ____ connective tissue.
Adipose.
Central canal
Aka Haversian canal
Osteon
Aka Haversian system
Intramembraneous ossification
Aka dermal ossification
Ossification
Aka osteogenisis
2/3
Amount (fraction) of bone that contains inorganic components
Trabeculae
An open lattice of narrow plates formed in spongy bone
What part of the cell faces the empty space?
Apex
What are the 2 ways that cartilage grows?
Appositional, interstitial
Epiphysis
Area on a long bone that has an outer layer of compact bone and an inner layer of spongy bone
Diaphysis
Area on a long bone that provides leverage and weight support
Epiphysis
Area on a long bone that strengthens joints; provides surface area for articulations and tendon & ligament attachment
What tissue cushions organs and underlies epithelia?
Areolar
Nutrient Arteries
Arteries which bring nutrients.
____ _____ is located on the articulating portion of an epiphysis.
Articular cartilage
Hyaline
Articular cartilage and costal cartilage belongs to this type of cartilage
____ ____ is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the ends of bone.
Articular cartilage.
Bone Marrow
B
What is trabeculae?
Bar of bone
What part of the cell is the bottom?
Base
Where can you find fibrocartilage?
Between vertebra
What is hematopoiesis?
Blood cell formation
Nutrient blood vessel
Blood vessel that connects to the bone via nutrient foramen
Metaphyseal blood vessel
Blood vessel that provides blood supply to the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate
Nutrient blood vessel
Blood vessel that provides blood supply to the diaphysis of a long bone
Epiphyseal blood vessel
Blood vessel that provides blood supply to the epiphyses of the bone
Periosteal blood vessel
Blood vessel that provides blood supply to the external circumferential lamellae & superficial osteos within compact bone
Osseous is aka __________?
Bone
Osteo-
Bone
What connective tissue provides protection?
Bone
Osteoclast
Bone cell often located in resorption lacunae
Osteoclast
Bone cell that has a ruffled border to increase surface area
Osteocyte
Bone cell that resides in lacunae
Endochondral ossification
Bone formation from hyaline cartilage model
Intramembraneous ossification
Bone formation from mesenchyme
Appositional
Bone growth in diameter or thickness
Interstitial
Bone growth in length
Appositional
Bone growth that occurs in the periosteum
Interstitial
Bone growth that occurs within the epiphyseal plate
Long
Bone type found in the upper & lower limbs
What part of the body produces hormones?
Bones
How is periosteum anchored to bone?
By collagenous fibers that penetrate the matrix. (SHARPEY'S FIBERS or PERIOSTEAL PERFORATING FIBERS)
Compact Bone
C
What tissue is striated, intercalated, and found in one place?
Cardiac
Chondo-
Cartilage
Where are lacunae found?
Cartilage and bone
Elastic
Cartilage found in external ear and epiglottis
Fibrocartilage
Cartilage found in intervertebral disc and pubic symphysis
Hyaline
Cartilage found in long bones & joints, larynx, trachea, lungs and nose
Osteoblast
Cell formed from osteoprogenitor cells
Osteocyte
Cell that maintains bone matrix
Osteoblast
Cell that makes bone
Chondroblast
Cell that produces cartilage matrix
Osteoblast
Cell that secretes osteoid
Hyaline cartilage contains what type of fibers?
Collagen
Endosteum
Name "h" (lines the inner cavity)
Scar tissue is made up of ?
Collogen
Column shaped
Columnar
____ bone has a continuous extracellular matrix with no gaps.
Compact
Name the two types of bone.
Compact (hard bone) and cancellous (spongy bone)
Irregular bones have what type of shape?
Complicated
Organic
Components of bone containing cells, collagen and ground substance that provide flexibility & tensile strength
Inorganic
Components of bone containing salts and minerals that provides for compressional strength
Osteoporosis
Condition where bone mass is reduced enough to compromise normal function
Osteopenia
Condition where bones become thinner & weaker resulting in insufficient ossification
Perforating canals
Contains blood vessels and nerves; runs perpendicular to central canals
Endosteum
Contains osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts; active during bone growth, repair , and remodeling
Red bone marrow
Contains stem cells that form all of the other elements of blood
Medullary cavity
Contains yellow bone marrow in adults
Bone remodeling
Continual deposition of new bone formation and the removal of old bone
Hydroxyapatite
Crystals formed from the interaction of calcium phosphate & calcium hydroxide that lead to hardening of the matrix
What are the 2 types of short bones?
Cube-shaped, sesamoid
Cube shaped
Cuboidal
Spongy Bone
Name the red area, "e".
Central canal
Cylindrical channel in the center of the osteon that contains blood vessels and nerves that supply bone
Osteon
Cylindrical formation that is the basic functional & structural unit of mature compact bone
Sharpey's Fibers
D
Found in joint capsules,dermis of skin,and in hollow organs of the digestive tract?
Dense Irregular
Found in tendons/ligaments and runs parallel?
Dense Regular
Compact Bone
Dense bone in which the bony matrix is solidly filled with organic ground substance and inorganic salts, leaving only tiny spaces (lacunae).
The tubular shaft, hollow cylinder, with walls of compact bone.
Diaphysis
Contains the medullary cavity where yellow bone marrow is found and is lined in cancellous bone.
Diaphysis.
Define High mitotic rate
Divide and multiply quickly
How can periosteum be formed?
During developmental stages or during fracture repair.
When is osteocalcin made?
During hormone production
Periosteum
E
Where can you find elastic cartilage?
Ear
What do macrophages do?
Eat dead tissue and foreign material
Elastic cartilage contains what type of fibers?
Elastic
What tissue has elastic fibers?
Elastic
What matrix can stretch, recoil, and is made of long thin fibers?
Elastin
Diaphysis
Elongated cylindrical shaft of a long bone
Types of glandular tissues are ______ and ______?
Endocrine Exocrine
____ lines the medullary cavity and spaces of spongy bone.
Endosteum
The ____ is a membrane made of connective tissue that lines the inner surfaces of bones (medullary cavities, Volkmann's canal, Haversian canals, and cancellous bone sinuses)
Endosteum.
A layer of cartilage between epiphysis and diaphysis which is present until long bone structure is complete.
Epiphyseal cartilage.
Zone of resting cartilage
Epiphyseal plate zone composed of chondrocytes and resembles mature, healthy cartilage
Zone of resting cartilage
Epiphyseal plate zone farthest from medullary cavity of the diaphysis & nearest the epiphysis
Zone of calcified cartilage
Epiphyseal plate zone only a few cells thick where calcification kills chondrocytes
Zone of proliferating cartilage
Epiphyseal plate zone that resembles a stack of coins
Zone of resting cartilage
Epiphyseal plate zone that secures epiphysis to the epiphyseal plate
Zone of hypertrophic cartilage
Epiphyseal plate zone where chondrocytes cease dividing and the walls of the lacunae become thin
Zone of proliferating cartilage
Epiphyseal plate zone where chondrocytes undergo rapid mitosis, enlarge and align into columns
Zone of calcified cartilage
Epiphyseal plate zone where matrix appears opaque
Zone of ossification
Epiphyseal plate zone where new bone matrix is deposited on remaining calcified cartilage matrix
Zone of ossification
Epiphyseal plate zone where walls break down between lacunae and channels are formed
The two ends of long bones; roughly speherical, made up on cancellous bone with a layer of compact bone on the outside.
Epiphysis.
What tissue lines hollow organs and cavities, covers body surface, and makes up capillaries and ducts in sweat and salivary glands?
Epithelium
Where is elastic cartilage found?
External ear and epiglottis
Appositional
External growth along outside edge or periphery of the cartilage
Nutrient Arteries
F
True or false: all bone marrow at birth is yellow bone marrow by but adolescence is replaced by red bone marrow.
False. All bone marrow is red at birth and is replaced with yellow bone marrow by adolescence.
True or false: epiphyseal cartilage is the same thing as the epiphyseal line.
False. Epiphyseal cartilage applies to developmental periods and the epiphyseal line applies to adulthood when bones no longer are growing.
8-12th
Fetal hyaline cartilage model develops during ____ week
What tissue has dense thick fibers?
Fibrocartilage
Primary ossification center
First major center of bone formation where bone replaces cartilage in the center of the diaphysis
Where is red bone marrow located?
Flate bones of the skull, clavicle, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, os coxa, proximal femur, and proximal humerus.
Bone Marrow
Flexible tissue in the interior of bones that produce red blood cells (described as red) or store fat (described as yellow).
Openings
Foramen (hole through bone); fissure (slit through bone); canal/meatus (passage through core of bone)
Ossification
Formation and development of bone connective tissue
Fracture hematoma
Forms clotted blood after blood vessels are torn from a fracture
Depressions
Fossa (shallow depression); Sulcus (narrow groove)
Traumatic fracture
Fracture caused by impact or excess stress to bone
Fibrocartilaginous callus
Fracture hematoma that is reorganized into a soft callus
Pathologic fracture
Fracture that occurs in bone weakened by disease
Simple fracture
Fracture where bone does not penetrate skin
Compound fracture
Fracture where bone pierces skin
Cartilage reduces ____ and ____ ____ at freely movable joints.
Friction, reduces shocks.
Interstitial
Growth by existing chondrocytes undergoing mitosis
Periosteal bud
Growth of capillaries & osteocytes that extend from periosteum to the core of the cartilage shaft during endochondral ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage can also be called:
Growth plate (childhood), epiphyseal plate/disc/line (after bone ossifies)
Appositional
Growth that begins with stem cells at the internal edge of the perichondrium
What is unique about fibrocartilage?
Has great tensile strength
Running down the center of each osteon is the central canal, or
Haversian canal, which contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels.
The process of blood cell production is called ____.
Hematopoiesis or hemopoeisis.
Red bone marrow contains ____ (single population if stem cells), which gices rise to progenitors of each cell type (rbc, wbc, and platelets).
Hemocytoblasts.
Parathyroid hormone
Hormone that increases blood calcium levels by encouraging bone resorption by osteoclasts
What tissue lacks visible fiber?
Hyaline
What are the 3 types of skeletal cartilages?
Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
Woven bone
Immature, unorganized bone; aka primary bone
In young bone, red. One marrow is found where?
In the epiphyseal region of long bones. (This decreases with age).
Endosteum
Incomplete layer of cells that covers all internal surface of bone
Interstitial lamellae
Incomplete, partially resorbed lamellae that typically lacks a central canal
Epiphyseal cartilage functions to ____________, the. Ossifies and turns into bone,
Increase bone length.
Interstitial
Internal growth from within the cartilage
Articulation
Joint where two bones meet
Epiphysis
Knobby region on the ends of long bones
Osteoclast
Large, multinuclear, phagocytic cell that dissolves bone matrix
Spongy Bone
Light, porous bone enclosing numerous large spaces that give a honeycombed or spongy appearance. It is softer and weaker bone but highly flexible and vascular.
Describe the outer layer of the periosteum.
Made up of fibrous, dense, irregular connective tissue containing blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.
Osteocyte
Mature bone cell derived from an osteoblast that is entrapped in bond matrix
Avascular
Mature cartilage is ______ so nutrients must diffuse through matrix
Where is yellow bone marrow located?
Medullary cavities of long bones.
Where is fibrocartilage found?
Menisci of knee; vertebral discs
Calcium
Mineral essential for muscle contraction, blood clotting, and nerve impulse transmission
Phosphate
Mineral needed for ATP utilization
90
More than ___ % of body's reserves of calcium & phosphate are stored in bone
Primary, 12th
Most _____ ossification centers have formed by the ___ week
Hyaline
Most abundant form of cartilage in the body
Long
Most common type of bone (shape)
10-25
Most epiphyseal plates fuse between ages of _____
Mucous is found in the?
Mouth and GI Tract
Epiphysis
Name "a" (the end of the bone)
Diaphysis
Name "b" (the shaft of the bone)
Articular Cartilage
Name "c"
Periosteum
Name "d" (outer covering)
Nutrient foramen
Nerves accompany blood vessels through the ___ ___ and innervate the bone
What tissue is composed of glial cells and neurons?
Nervous
Do condrocytes located in cartilage tissue have a good blood supply, high oxygen supply, and high nutrient supply?
No
A small opening in the bone through which an artery passes (where blood vessels and nutrients are sent to marrow and cancellous bone) is called ___ ___.
Nutrient foramen.
Intramembraneous ossification
Ossification that forms the flat bones of the skull, some facial bones and central part of the clavicle
Hydrochloric acid
Osteoclasts secrete this to dissolve mineral parts of bone matrix
_____ transport nutrients and wastes to and from nearby cells.
Osteoctyes
35-40
Osteopenia may begin as early as ___-___ years old
_____ functions to form and repair bone tissue.
Periosteum
______ is a tough, vascular, fibrous membrane covering the diaphysis of a bone.
Periosteum
A bone lining made up of dense, white fibrous connective tissue that covers bones on all surfaces.
Periosteum. Ex- articular cartilage, hyaline.
Bone connective tissue
Primary component of the skeleton; also called osseous connective tissue
Bone resorption
Process by which osteoclasts remove bone matrix
Hemopoiesis
Process of blood cell production
_____ provide sites for attachments of tendons or ligaments.
Processes
Endochondral ossification
Produces most other bones of skeleton: upper & lower limbs, pelvis, vertebrae, ends of the clavicle
Calcitonin
Promotes calcium deposition in bone & inhibits osteoclast activity
Periosteum
Protects bone, anchors blood vessels & nerves to bone surface, provides stem cells for bone width growth and fracture repair
Canaliculi
Provides for intercellular contact & communication between lacunae; allows nutrients, gases and wastes to travel through lamellae
"False Stratified"
Pseudostratified Epithelium
Erythrocyte is a ________ blood cell?
Red
Yellow bone marrow
Red bone marrow degenerates into this fatty tissue as adults
______ has a rich blood supply and consists of stem cells.
Red bone marrow.
Metaphysis
Region in mature bone between the diaphysis and the epiphysis
Why is hormone production important?
Regulates bone formation
Lamellar bone
Replaces the trabeculae of woven bone; aka secondary bone
What matrix acts like a filter for the lymph nodes and spleen by trapping particulate debre?
Reticulin
Where can you find Hyaline cartilage?
Ribs
Circumferential lamellae
Ring of bone that surrounds all of the concentric lamellae
Circumferential lamellae
Rings of bone along the endosteum and periosteum
Concentric lamellae
Rings of bone connective tissue that surround the central canal and form the bulk of an osteon
Internal circumferential lamellae
Rings of bone immediately internal to the endosteum
External circumferential lamellae
Rings of bone immediately internal to the periosteum
Osteon
Runs parallel to the diaphysis in a long bone (microscopic bone anatomy)
Secondary ossification center
Second center of bone formation where bone replaces cartilage in the epiphyses
osteoclast
Secretes acid, erodes bone matrix crucial for remodeling
Osteoid
Semisolid, organic form of bone matrix that later calcifies & hardens from calcium salt deposition
______ bones are small and nodular and embedded within tendons adjacent to joints.
Sesamoid
Periosteum
Sheath that covers the outer surface of bone with the exception of articular cartilage areas
Single Layer
Simple
What tissue is long,straight,striated,and multi nucleated?
Skeletal
What tissue is flat,stretched, and spindle shaped?
Smooth
4
Stage _ of 4 in Intramembraneous Ossification: Lamellar bone replaces woven bone with either compact or spongy bone
5
Stage _ of 6 in Endochondral Ossification: Bone replaces cartilage, except for articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates
2
Stage _ of 6 in Endochondral Ossification: Cartilage calcifies, and a periosteal bone collar forms around diaphysis
6
Stage _ of 6 in Endochondral Ossification: Epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines
1
Stage _ of 6 in Endochondral Ossification: Hyaline cartilage model develops
3
Stage _ of 6 in Endochondral Ossification: Primary ossification center forms in diaphysis
4
Stage _ of 6 in Endochondral Ossification: Secondary ossification centers form in epiphyses
Bone remodeling
Stage of a fracture where osteoclasts remove excess bony material and compact bone replaces primary bone
Osteoprogenitor cell
Stem cell derived from mesenchyme that matures into an osteoblast
Osteoprogenitor cell
Stem cell located in the periosteum & endosteum
Thyroid hormone
Stimulates bone growth by stimulating metabolism of osteoblasts; too little results in short stature
Growth hormone
Stimulates cartilage proliferation of epiphyseal plate resulting in bone elongation; too little results in short stature
Sex hormones
Stimulates osteoclasts; promotes epiphyseal plate growth & closure
Multi Layer
Stratified
Perforating fibers
Strong collagen fibers that anchor the periosteum to the bone
Endosteum
Structure at 1
Periosteum
Structure at 10
Central Canal
Structure at 11
Perforating Canal
Structure at 12
Nerve
Structure at 13
Blood vessels
Structure at 14
Nerve
Structure at 15
Trabeculae
Structure at 16
Bone Matrix
Structure at 17
Canaliculus
Structure at 18
Osteocyte
Structure at 19
Nerve
Structure at 2
Lacuna (space)
Structure at 20
Blood Vessels
Structure at 3
Compact bone
Structure at 4
Pores
Structure at 5
Spongy Bone
Structure at 6
Compact Bone
Structure at 7
Osteon
Structure at 8
Central Canal
Structure at 9
Articular cartilage
Subtype of cartilage that helps to reduce friction and absorb shock in movable in joints
What is the function of simple cuboidal?
secretion
Skeletal system
System of supporting framework for the soft tissues of the body composed of dynamic living tissues; interacts with all other organ systems and continually builds and remodels itself
Concentric lamellae
The alternating collagen fibers in this part of the osteon give bone its strength and resilience
Articular Cartilage
The cartilage covering the articular surfaces of the bones forming a synovial joint
Medullary Cavity
The central cavity of bone shafts where red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue) is stored.
Periosteum
The dense fibrous connective tissue membrane covering the surface of bones except at the joints and serving as an attachment for muscles and tendons.
Distal Epiphysis
The distal and expanded end of a long bone. Made mostly of spongy bone and ends at the epiphyseal line.
Medullary cavity
The hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis
Sesamoid
The largest type of this bone is the patella
clavicle, 20s
The last epiphyseal plate to ossify is the _____ bone in the late ___.
Epiphyseal Line
The line marking the site of the epiphyseal plate
osteon, or Haversian system.
The microscopic structural unit of compact bone
Calcification
The process of minerals deposited into the matrix which makes bone connective tissue sturdy and rigid
Proximal Epiphysis
The proximal and expanded end of a long bone. Made mostly of spongy bone and ends at the epiphyseal line
Osteolysis
The release of stored calcium and phosphate from the bone matrix
Diaphysis
The shaft of a long bone. Composed of compact bone.
Endosteum
The thin layer of cells lining the medullary cavity of a bone.
Lysosomes
These are contained with osteoclasts and dissolve the organic part of bone matrix
Stress fracture
Thin break caused by recent increased repetitive physical activity (like running)
Epiphyseal line
Thin layer of compact bone found in adult bones in epiphysis
Articular cartilage
Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis at a joint surface
Epiphyseal growth plate
Thin layers of hyaline cartilage in a growing bone that allow for continuing lengthwise growth
Hard bony callus
This forms after a fracture has been repaired to primary bone
Canaliculi
Tiny interconnecting channels extending from lacunae that serves as a network between the osteocytes contained with the lamellae
Sesamoid
Tiny, seed-shaped bone found along the tendons of some muscles
Where can you find Pseudostratified Epithelium and what is is covered in?
Trachea cillia
Intact skin is stronger than a scar?
True
True or false: periosteum contains blood vessels, capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.
True.
True or false: yellow bone marrow can turn into red bone marrow in needed.
True. This often occurs during starbation.
Flat
Type of bone composed of parallel surfaces of compact bone with an internal layer of spongy bone
Irregular
Type of bone composed of the vertebrae, ossa coxae, and several bones in the skull
Short
Type of bone found in carpals & tarsals
Flat
Type of bone that forms the roof of the skull, scapulae, sternum, and ribs
Compact
Type of bone that forms the solid external walls of bone
Long
Type of bone that has a greater length than width
Short
Type of bone that has an almost equal length & width
Long
Type of bone that has an elongated, cylindrical shaft
Short
Type of bone that has an interior of spongy bone and an exterior of compact bone
Serous is found in the?
Urinary Tract
Vitamin A
Vitamin that activates osteoclasts
Vitamin D
Vitamin that promotes absorption of calcium & phosphate in blood; helps with calcification of bone
Vitamin C
Vitamin that promotes collagen production
*Endosteum*
What are the blue arrows pointing to?
*Sharpey's fibers*
What are the blue arrows pointing to?
*Volkman's canal*
What are the blue arrows pointing to?
*central canal*
What are the blue arrows pointing to?
*lacunae*
What are the dark spots the blue pointers are pointing to?
*canaliculi*
What are the lines, that look like stretch marks, the blue pointers are pointing to?
*lamellae*
What are the rings the blue pointers are pointing out?
*osteocyte*
What are the tick/bug-like structures the blue pointers re pointing to
*Periosteum*
What is the blue arrow pointing to?
Bone Marrow
What is the yellow substance within #4?
*Osteon*
What structure?
Describe metaphysis.
When diaphysis joins the epiphysis at the epiphyseal line.
Leukocyte is a _________ blood cell?
White
Where is red marrow found?
Within trabecular cavities of spongy bone and diploe of flat bones (sternum)
lamella
a layer of bone matrix in which collagen fibers an mineral crystals align and run in a single direction helps prevent cracking
perichondrium
a layer of dense irregular connective tissue that covers most cartilage. Function: girdle, growth and repair of cartilage
how much red marrow do adult long bones have?
a little
when does epiphyseal plate closure occur for females
about 18 years
when does epiphyseal plate closure occur for males
about 21 years
What is the function of simple columnar?
absorbtion
What connective tissue provides thermal insulation?
adipose
Ramus
angle. forms an angle
Process
any projection on a bone
Where is hyaline cartilage found?
articular, costal (ribs), respiratory (trachea), nasal
An epiphysis _____ with another bone.
articulates
What structure is at the bottom of the epithelial tissue and connects to connective tissue?
basement membrane
Where do you find stratified epithelium that stretches and what is it called?
bladder, ureters, and kidney Transitional
what does the central (haversian) canal contain?
blood vessels and nerve fibers
Each central canal contains ____ ____ and ____.
blood vessels and nerves
Osseous contains ________ and _______?
calcium and phosphate
2/3 of weight is
calcium phosphate
What is interstitial growth?
chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within
What is osteocalcin?
bone calcium
endochondral ossification
bone development starting as hylin cartilage
what happens during epiphyseal plate closure?
bone of epiphysis and diaphysis fuses
what happens during osteoporosis?
bone resorption outpaces deposit
Ligaments go from ______to_____ ?
bone to bone
Tendons go from ____ to _____?
bone to muscle
what does Wolff's Law state?
bones grow or remodel in response to demands placed on it
long bones
bones that are considerably longer than wide and has a shaft plus two distinct ends
membranous bones
bones that developed from mesenchymal membrane. develope through intramembranous ossification. most of the bones in the head form this way
irregular bones
bones that have various shapes. hip bones, vertebrae
what is rickets?
bowed legs and other bone deformities
what do osteoblasts do?
build, bone-forming cells
Cellular processes of osteocytes pass through _____.
canaliculi
Osteocytes and osteoblasts can communicate with each other and receive nutrients via long cytoplasmic processes that extend through
canaliculi channels within the bone matrix.
osteosarcoma
cancer of the bone
What connective tissue provides support/binding?
cartilage
appositional growth
cartilage growth "growth from outside" where chondroblasts in surrounding perichondrium prouce new tissue
interstitial growth
cartilage growth "growth from within" chondrocytes within cartilage divide and secrete new matrix
articular cartilage
cartilage that covers ends of most bones at moveable joints
fibrocartilage
cartilage that resists both strong compression and strong tension Has thick collagen fibers Found in: ligaments between verebrae disks menisci of the knee intermeidate between hyaline cartilage and dense regular connective tissue
costal cartilage
cartilage which connects the ribs to the sternum
-cyte
cell
-clast
cell that is breaking down
Endosteum contains bone-forming _____.
cells
osteoclasts
cells responsible for the resorption of bone. derived from white blood cells. secrete hydrochloric acid and lysosomal enzymes
What is appositional growth?
cells secrete matrix against external face of existing cartilage
osteoblasts
cells that actively produce and secrete the organic components of the bone matrix (gound substance and collagen)
osteocytes
cells that function to keep bone matrix healthy.
what runs through the core of osteon?
cental (haversian) canal
medullary cavity
center of the bone that has yellow bone marrow
what are the 2 types of canals for compact bones?
central (haversian) canal, perforating (volkmann's) canal
Lacunae form concentric canals around ____ ____.
central canals
Spongy bone cells do not aggregate around ____ _____.
central canals
Matrix is like
concrete and steel. Crystals resist compression, while the flexible element prevents shattering.
osteoporosis
condition that is characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of the microscopic architecutre of the bony skeleton. bone resorption outpaces bone deposition. vetebral column is most volnerable
perforating canals
connect blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to that of the central canals and marrow cavity
what do perforating (volkmann's) canals do?
connect blood vessels and nerves of periosteum, medullary cavity, and central canal
Bone is what kind of tissue?
connective
periosteum
connective tissue membrane that covers the entire outer surface of each bone except on the ends of the epiphyses contains osteogenic and osteoblasts, and osteoclasts.
endosteum
connective tissue membrane that covers the intenal bone surfaces
elastic cartilage
contains many elastic fibers with delicate collegen fibrils tolerates repeated bending makes up the : epiglottis outer ear
spongy bone, also known as cancellous bone
contains osteocytes housed in lacunae, but they are not arranged in concentric circles. Instead, the lacunae and osteocytes are found in a lattice-like network of matrix spikes called trabeculae. In addition, the spaces in some spongy bones contain red marrow, protected by the trabeculae, where hematopoiesis occurs.
Short bones are shaped like ____
cubes.
Describe compact bones
dense outer layer
what do osteoclasts do?
destroy
what happens after the center cartilage in diaphysis calcifies?
develops cavities
The shaft of a long bone is called a _____.
diaphysis
what are osteoclasts?
giant, multinucleate cells for bone resorption
osteomalacia
disorder in which ones are inadequately mineralized. calcification does not occur due to inadequate amounts of vitamin D and calcium phosphate in diet.
no
do short, irregular or flat bones have bone marrow?
in what type of ossification does a bone collar form around diaphysis of cartilage model?
endochondral
what type of ossification forms most of the skeleton?
endochondral
what are the 2 types of ossification?
endochondral, intramembranous
An expanded end of a long bone is called an _____.
epiphysis
The wider section at each end of the bone is called the
epiphysis (plural = epiphyses), which is filled with spongy bone. Red marrow fills the spaces in the spongy bone.
What is an example of a high mitotic rate?
epithelial tissue
what causes Paget's Disease?
excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption when bone made fast and poorly
What is the function of simple squamous?
filtration
what type of bones does intramembranous ossification form?
flat
facet
flat surface
Examples of long bones are ___ and ____ bones.
forearm and thigh
what happens after the periosteal bud invades cavities?
formation of spongy bone
interstitial lamellae
groups of incomplee lamellae. the remains of old osteons that have been cut through by bone remodeling
what 4 things affect hormonal regulation of bone growth
growth hormone, thyroid hormone, testosterone, estrogen
what is the importance of calcium?
has functions in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction
central canal
has its own blood vessels and nerve fibers
Where do adult long bones have red marrow?
heads of femur and humerus only
circumferential lamellae
helps resist twising of th entire long bone
Blood contains ____________ aka ____________?
hematopoetic stem cells
Mast cells secrete ?
histamine ,heparin, and dopamine
what is the osten/haversian system made up of?
hollow tubes of bone matrix called lamellae
Describe spongy bones
honeycomb of flat pieces of bone deep to compact called trabeculae
65% of bone by mass is what?
hydroxyapatites
what is appositional growth for postnatal growth?
increase in bone thickness
what is interstitial (longitudinal) growth?
increase in length of long bones
osteoblasts
is the bone cell responsible for forming new bone and is found in the growing portions of bone, including the periosteum and endosteum.
The osteocytes are located inside spaces called
lacunae (singular = lacuna), found at the borders of adjacent lamellae (concentric matrix).
Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified matrix called
lamellae (singular = lamella)
Trochanter
large round
Perforating canals contain ____ blood vessels and nerves.
larger
line
less prominent ridge
epiphyseal line
line remanant of the growth plates
canaliculi
little canals that connect neighboring lacunae to one another and to the nearest capillaries
osteon
long cylindrical structures oriented parallel to the long axis of the bone
The four classes of bone according to shape are ____, _____, ____. ____.
long, short, flat, and irregular.
Long bones are described as being...
longer than they are wide
what do osteocytes do?
maintain bone matrix
The tissue that fills the spaces of bone is called ____.
marrow
The two forms of ____ are red and yellow.
marrow
what are osteocytes?
mature bone cells in lacunae
A semirigid tube with a hollow chamber called the ____ ____ runs through the diaphysis.
medullary cavity
The hollow region in the diaphysis is called the
medullary cavity, which is filled with yellow marrow. The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard compact bone.
what are hydroxyapatites?
mineral salts
What are osteogenic cells?
mitotically active stem cells in periosteum and endosteum
what does thyroid hormone do?
modulates activity of growth hormone
rickets
more severe form of osteomalacia, occurs in children. weakened and bowed leg bones. type of fracture. due to inadequate amounts of vitamin D and calcium phosphate in diet.
hyaline cartilage
most abundant kind of cartilage contains collagen unit fibrin resists compression well makes up articular cartilage forms cartilaginous attachments of the ribs to the sternum most of the cartilage in respiratory structuers in embryonic skeleton
what is the purpose of growth hormone?
most important in stimulating epiphyseal plate activity in infancy and childhood
endochrondral bones
name for bones that were once cartilage. almost all the bones from the neck down
diaphysis
name for the long axis of a long bone
what is serotonin?
neurotransmitter regulating mood and sleep
An example of a sesamoid bone is the ______.
patella
Flat bones are ____ structures.
platelike
osteogenesis
process of bone- tissue formation. begins in the embryo, proceeds through childhood and adolescence as the skeleton grows, and then happens slower in the adult.
-blast
produce
crest
prominent ridge
what does testosterone/estrogen do?
promotes adolescent growth spurts
What is the function of stratified epithelium?
protection
What is the function of epithelium?
protection,absorption,secretion,filtration, and excretion
Fibro-
protein
what is reduction treatment?
realignment of broken bone ends
What is found in the medullary cavities and spongy bone of newborns?
red marrow
what is an important fracture treatment?
reduction
what does the parathyroid hormone do?
removes calcium from bone regardless of bone integrity
what is osteomalacia in children called?
rickets
where are perforating (volkmann's) canals located?
right angles to central canal
tuberosity
rough surface
short bones
roughly cube- shaped bones. in the wrist and ankle. example kneecap/ patella.
condyle
rounded surface
Where can you find stratified columnar epithelium?
salivary glands
Chambers
sinus or antrum (normally filled with air)
What tissue is excitable and contractile?
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
Examples of flat bones are some ____ bones, ____, and ____
skull bones, ribs, and scapulae.
what is lacunae?
small cavities that contain osteocytes
Tubercle
small rounded process
what is canaliculi?
small, hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and central canal
trochlea
smooth, grooved articular process
The epiphyses are largely composed o f _____ bone.
spongy
osteogenic cells
stem cells that idfferentiate into bone-forming osteoblasts
what is the purpose of the osteon or haversian system?
structural unit of compact bone
The diaphysis is the
tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone.
greenstick
type of fracture. bone breaks incompletely. only one side of the shaft breaks, the other side bends. common in children whos ones are more organic matrix and flexible than adults
comminuted
type of fracture. bone fragments into three of more pieces. common is older people
compression
type of fracture. bone is crushed, common in porous bones
depressed
type of fracture. broken bone portion is pressed inwards. typial in skull fractures
epiphyseal
type of fracture. epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate.
spiral
type of fracture. ragged break occurs ehn excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone. common sports fracture
Examples of irregular bones are _____ and some ____ bones.
vertebrae and some facial bones
Define Avascular
very little blood supply
lacuna
what are chondrocytes located in?
osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes
what are the three cells in bones that produce or maintain the tissue?
hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
what are the three types of cartilages in the body?
perforating collagen fiber bundles
what binds the periosteum to the bone
water
what does cartilage consist mostly of? (60-80%)
looses collagen and makes it very brittle
what does high heat do to bones?
losses inorganic salts and makes it very bendy
what does soaking bones in acid do?
35% organic component mostly collagen 65% inorganic mineral salts: calcium phosphate
what is bone made of. and what % of each?
fibrocartilage
what is cartilage usually repaired with?
chondrocytes
what type of cells make up cartilage?
what is intramembranous ossification?
when bone develops from fibrous membrane
what is endochondral ossification?
when bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage
what is osteomalacia?
when bones are poorly mineralized and calcium salts not adequate
interamembranous ossification
when bones develop from a mesenchymal membrane
calcifed cartilage
when crystals of calcium phosphate precipitate in the matrix. sign of aging in adults, but normal in kids. NOT BONE.
Where are sesamoid bones found?
within tendons
Examples of short bones are ____ and ____ bones.
wrist bones and ankle bones
Where are cube-shaped bones found?
wrist, ankle
