Diggin' up bones.. long bones.. compact bones.. bones!

Periosteum contains ____ _____ and ______ cells.

Blood vessels, bone-forming,

"Little Lakes"

Lacunae

____ are tiny, chambers that contain osteocytes.

Lacunae

1

Stage _ of 4 in Intramembraneous Ossification: Ossification centers form thickened regions of mesenchyme

2

Stage _ of 4 in Intramembraneous Ossification: Osteoid undergoes calcification

3

Stage _ of 4 in Intramembraneous Ossification: Woven bone and periosteum form

Spongy

Type of bone that is also called cancellous or trabecular bone

Compact

Type of bone that is also called dense or cortical bone

Spongy

Type of bone that is composed of parallel lamellae

Spongy

Type of bone that lacks osteons

Flat

Type of bone that provides extensive surface for muscle attachment and protects underlying soft tissues

Irregular

Type of bone with an elaborate, complex shape and does not fit into any other category

Appositional

Type of cartilage growth that continues until cartilage is fully mature

Appositional

Type of growth: stem cells>committed cells>chondroblasts>new cartilage matrix

Diploe

Type of spongy bone located in flat bone that is sandwiched between two layers of compact bone

Are bones organs?

Yes

Is blood a connective tissue that contains plasma?

Yes

Platelets assist in the ____________ of blood?

clotting

What matrix is most abundant, tough, flexible,resists stretching,and is found in ligaments and tendons?

collagen

The extracellular matrix of bone is composed of ____ and inorganic ____.

collagen and inorganic salts.

1/3 of weight is

collagen fibers

The substance of ____ bone is formed from many osteons cemented together.

compact

The wall of the diaphysis is composed of _____ bone.

compact

A bone usually has ____ bone overlying ____ bone with the relative amounts of each varying in differently shaped bones.

compact bone overlying spongy bone

What are the 2 types of bone textures?

compact, spongy

Define tissue

group of similar cells that have a common shape and function

what are the 2 types of postnatal bone growth?

interstitial (longitudinal) growth, appositional growth

Osteogenic

is a stem cell found in periostem and endosteum turn into osteoblasts

embryo

is cartilage more abundant in the embryo or adult?

Bone cells are called _____.

osteocytes

Spongy bone is also composed of _____ and extracellular material.

osteocytes

An ____ is a cylinder-shaped unit of compact bone.

osteon

Perforating canals connect central canals of _____.

osteons

what produces the parathyroid hormone?

parathyroid glands

what chemical interferes with osteoblast activity?

serotonin

Round bones are also called ____ bones.

sesamoid bones

Irregular bones have a variety of _____.

shapes

spine

sharp process

compact bones have the structure of what types of bone?

short, irregular, and flat

what hormone ends growth by inducing epiphyseal plate closure?

testosterone/estrogen

osteoid

the bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts

A long bone has two parts:

the diaphysis and the epiphysis.

diploe

the internal spongy bone in flat bones

epiphyses

the name for the ends of a long bone (5)

osteocyte,

the primary cell of mature bone and the most common type of bone cell. Each osteocyte is located in a space called a lacuna and is surrounded by bone tissue. Osteocytes maintain the mineral concentration of the matrix via the secretion of enzymes. Like osteoblasts, osteocytes lack mitotic activity.

Define Histology

the study of the microscopic structure of tissues

short, irregular, and flat bones are made of plates of what?

thin plates of spongy bone covered by compact bone

flat bones

thing, flattened and usually curved bones

what are hydroxyapatites mainly composed of?

tiny calcium phosphate crystals

Osteocytes get nutrients from substances diffusing into canaliculi that lead to the surface of _____.

trabeculae

Spongy bone cells lie within _____.

trabeculae

Spongy bone consists of bony plates called _____.

trabeculae

Endochondral ossification follows five steps.

(a) Mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. (b) The cartilage model of the future bony skeleton and the perichondrium form. (c) Capillaries penetrate cartilage. Perichondrium transforms into periosteum. Periosteal collar develops. Primary ossification center develops. (d) Cartilage and chondrocytes continue to grow at ends of the bone. (e) Secondary ossification centers develop. (f) Cartilage remains at epiphyseal (growth) plate and at joint surface as articular cartilage.

Intramembranous ossification follows four steps.

(a) Mesenchymal cells group into clusters, and ossification centers form. (b) Secreted osteoid traps osteoblasts, which then become osteocytes. (c) Trabecular matrix and periosteum form. (d) Compact bone develops superficial to the trabecular bone, and crowded blood vessels condense into red marrow.

Chondrocyte

A former chondroblast cell that is no longer producing cartilage matrix

Names the functions of the periosteum WHICH ARE ON THE TEST IN THE WRITTEN PORTION.

- makes repairs and increases circumference of bones, - serves in bone nutrition, - serves as a pointof attachment for ligaments and tendons.

Compact Bone

Name "f" (pink)

Red bone marrow

Connective tissue located in spongy bone where blood cells are produced

Proximal Epiphysis

1

what are the 4 stages of bone repair?

1. hematoma forms 2. fibrocartilaginous callus forms 3. bony callus forms 4. bone remodeling occurs

Medullary Cavity

Name "g" (yellow area)

Fracture and remodeling

1. bleeding, clot = fracture hematoma 2. callus with cartilage and fibers 3. cartilage in callus converted to bone 4. Remodeling recreates original structure.

what is the sequence of parathyroid hormone

1. blood ca2+ levels 2. PTH release 3. PTH stimulates osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix, releasing CA2+ 4. blood Ca2+ levels 5. PTH release ends

what is the sequence of endochondral ossification?

1. bone collar forms around diaphysis of cartilage model 2. central cartilage in diaphysis calcifies, then develops cavities 3. periosteal bud invades cavities, leading to formation of spongy bone 4. diaphysis elongates and medullary cavity forms 5. epiphyses ossify

Fracture

A break in a bone

Functions of bone (5)

1. support of the weight of the body 2. storage of Ca salts 3. blood cell formation in the red marrow of long bones 4. Protection of internal organs (skull, vertebrae, ribs) 5. Leverage structure for muscles to work on

Diaphysis

2

Distal Epiphysis

3

Bone model, Glides articulations, (and) Supports soft tissue

3 Functions of cartilage

Compact Bone

5

Medullary Cavity

5

Periosteum

6

Energy Reserve, Hemopoiesis, Mineral Storage, Movement, Protection, (and) Support

6 Functions of bone (alpha order)

Epiphyseal Line

7

Articular Cartilage

8

Spongy Bone

9

Endosteum

A

Describe the innter layer of the periosteum.

A looser fiber arrangement containing osteoblasts during developmental stages. In adults, it contains osteogenic cells (can be transformed into osteoblasts). Contains blood vessels, elastic fibers, and some osteoclasts.

Sharpey's Fibers

A matrix of connective tissue consisting of bundles of strong collagenous fibers connecting periosteum to the bone.

Chondrocyte

A mature, non-dividing cartilage cell

Resorption lacunae

A pit or depression on the bone surface that may house an osteoclast

1/3

Amount (fraction) of bone that contains organic components

Glucocorticoid

Abnormally high levels result in bone resorption and significant bone loss

Red bone marrow

Abundant in children but found in adults only in flat bones of skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, ossa coxae, and proximal epiphyses of humerus & femur

Chondroblast

Actively mitotic cell found in growing cartilage

Stores Lipids

Adipose

Yellow bone marrow consists mostly of ____ connective tissue.

Adipose.

Central canal

Aka Haversian canal

Osteon

Aka Haversian system

Intramembraneous ossification

Aka dermal ossification

Ossification

Aka osteogenisis

2/3

Amount (fraction) of bone that contains inorganic components

Trabeculae

An open lattice of narrow plates formed in spongy bone

What part of the cell faces the empty space?

Apex

What are the 2 ways that cartilage grows?

Appositional, interstitial

Epiphysis

Area on a long bone that has an outer layer of compact bone and an inner layer of spongy bone

Diaphysis

Area on a long bone that provides leverage and weight support

Epiphysis

Area on a long bone that strengthens joints; provides surface area for articulations and tendon & ligament attachment

What tissue cushions organs and underlies epithelia?

Areolar

Nutrient Arteries

Arteries which bring nutrients.

____ _____ is located on the articulating portion of an epiphysis.

Articular cartilage

Hyaline

Articular cartilage and costal cartilage belongs to this type of cartilage

____ ____ is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the ends of bone.

Articular cartilage.

Bone Marrow

B

What is trabeculae?

Bar of bone

What part of the cell is the bottom?

Base

Where can you find fibrocartilage?

Between vertebra

What is hematopoiesis?

Blood cell formation

Nutrient blood vessel

Blood vessel that connects to the bone via nutrient foramen

Metaphyseal blood vessel

Blood vessel that provides blood supply to the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate

Nutrient blood vessel

Blood vessel that provides blood supply to the diaphysis of a long bone

Epiphyseal blood vessel

Blood vessel that provides blood supply to the epiphyses of the bone

Periosteal blood vessel

Blood vessel that provides blood supply to the external circumferential lamellae & superficial osteos within compact bone

Osseous is aka __________?

Bone

Osteo-

Bone

What connective tissue provides protection?

Bone

Osteoclast

Bone cell often located in resorption lacunae

Osteoclast

Bone cell that has a ruffled border to increase surface area

Osteocyte

Bone cell that resides in lacunae

Endochondral ossification

Bone formation from hyaline cartilage model

Intramembraneous ossification

Bone formation from mesenchyme

Appositional

Bone growth in diameter or thickness

Interstitial

Bone growth in length

Appositional

Bone growth that occurs in the periosteum

Interstitial

Bone growth that occurs within the epiphyseal plate

Long

Bone type found in the upper & lower limbs

What part of the body produces hormones?

Bones

How is periosteum anchored to bone?

By collagenous fibers that penetrate the matrix. (SHARPEY'S FIBERS or PERIOSTEAL PERFORATING FIBERS)

Compact Bone

C

What tissue is striated, intercalated, and found in one place?

Cardiac

Chondo-

Cartilage

Where are lacunae found?

Cartilage and bone

Elastic

Cartilage found in external ear and epiglottis

Fibrocartilage

Cartilage found in intervertebral disc and pubic symphysis

Hyaline

Cartilage found in long bones & joints, larynx, trachea, lungs and nose

Osteoblast

Cell formed from osteoprogenitor cells

Osteocyte

Cell that maintains bone matrix

Osteoblast

Cell that makes bone

Chondroblast

Cell that produces cartilage matrix

Osteoblast

Cell that secretes osteoid

Hyaline cartilage contains what type of fibers?

Collagen

Endosteum

Name "h" (lines the inner cavity)

Scar tissue is made up of ?

Collogen

Column shaped

Columnar

____ bone has a continuous extracellular matrix with no gaps.

Compact

Name the two types of bone.

Compact (hard bone) and cancellous (spongy bone)

Irregular bones have what type of shape?

Complicated

Organic

Components of bone containing cells, collagen and ground substance that provide flexibility & tensile strength

Inorganic

Components of bone containing salts and minerals that provides for compressional strength

Osteoporosis

Condition where bone mass is reduced enough to compromise normal function

Osteopenia

Condition where bones become thinner & weaker resulting in insufficient ossification

Perforating canals

Contains blood vessels and nerves; runs perpendicular to central canals

Endosteum

Contains osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts; active during bone growth, repair , and remodeling

Red bone marrow

Contains stem cells that form all of the other elements of blood

Medullary cavity

Contains yellow bone marrow in adults

Bone remodeling

Continual deposition of new bone formation and the removal of old bone

Hydroxyapatite

Crystals formed from the interaction of calcium phosphate & calcium hydroxide that lead to hardening of the matrix

What are the 2 types of short bones?

Cube-shaped, sesamoid

Cube shaped

Cuboidal

Spongy Bone

Name the red area, "e".

Central canal

Cylindrical channel in the center of the osteon that contains blood vessels and nerves that supply bone

Osteon

Cylindrical formation that is the basic functional & structural unit of mature compact bone

Sharpey's Fibers

D

Found in joint capsules,dermis of skin,and in hollow organs of the digestive tract?

Dense Irregular

Found in tendons/ligaments and runs parallel?

Dense Regular

Compact Bone

Dense bone in which the bony matrix is solidly filled with organic ground substance and inorganic salts, leaving only tiny spaces (lacunae).

The tubular shaft, hollow cylinder, with walls of compact bone.

Diaphysis

Contains the medullary cavity where yellow bone marrow is found and is lined in cancellous bone.

Diaphysis.

Define High mitotic rate

Divide and multiply quickly

How can periosteum be formed?

During developmental stages or during fracture repair.

When is osteocalcin made?

During hormone production

Periosteum

E

Where can you find elastic cartilage?

Ear

What do macrophages do?

Eat dead tissue and foreign material

Elastic cartilage contains what type of fibers?

Elastic

What tissue has elastic fibers?

Elastic

What matrix can stretch, recoil, and is made of long thin fibers?

Elastin

Diaphysis

Elongated cylindrical shaft of a long bone

Types of glandular tissues are ______ and ______?

Endocrine Exocrine

____ lines the medullary cavity and spaces of spongy bone.

Endosteum

The ____ is a membrane made of connective tissue that lines the inner surfaces of bones (medullary cavities, Volkmann's canal, Haversian canals, and cancellous bone sinuses)

Endosteum.

A layer of cartilage between epiphysis and diaphysis which is present until long bone structure is complete.

Epiphyseal cartilage.

Zone of resting cartilage

Epiphyseal plate zone composed of chondrocytes and resembles mature, healthy cartilage

Zone of resting cartilage

Epiphyseal plate zone farthest from medullary cavity of the diaphysis & nearest the epiphysis

Zone of calcified cartilage

Epiphyseal plate zone only a few cells thick where calcification kills chondrocytes

Zone of proliferating cartilage

Epiphyseal plate zone that resembles a stack of coins

Zone of resting cartilage

Epiphyseal plate zone that secures epiphysis to the epiphyseal plate

Zone of hypertrophic cartilage

Epiphyseal plate zone where chondrocytes cease dividing and the walls of the lacunae become thin

Zone of proliferating cartilage

Epiphyseal plate zone where chondrocytes undergo rapid mitosis, enlarge and align into columns

Zone of calcified cartilage

Epiphyseal plate zone where matrix appears opaque

Zone of ossification

Epiphyseal plate zone where new bone matrix is deposited on remaining calcified cartilage matrix

Zone of ossification

Epiphyseal plate zone where walls break down between lacunae and channels are formed

The two ends of long bones; roughly speherical, made up on cancellous bone with a layer of compact bone on the outside.

Epiphysis.

What tissue lines hollow organs and cavities, covers body surface, and makes up capillaries and ducts in sweat and salivary glands?

Epithelium

Where is elastic cartilage found?

External ear and epiglottis

Appositional

External growth along outside edge or periphery of the cartilage

Nutrient Arteries

F

True or false: all bone marrow at birth is yellow bone marrow by but adolescence is replaced by red bone marrow.

False. All bone marrow is red at birth and is replaced with yellow bone marrow by adolescence.

True or false: epiphyseal cartilage is the same thing as the epiphyseal line.

False. Epiphyseal cartilage applies to developmental periods and the epiphyseal line applies to adulthood when bones no longer are growing.

8-12th

Fetal hyaline cartilage model develops during ____ week

What tissue has dense thick fibers?

Fibrocartilage

Primary ossification center

First major center of bone formation where bone replaces cartilage in the center of the diaphysis

Where is red bone marrow located?

Flate bones of the skull, clavicle, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, os coxa, proximal femur, and proximal humerus.

Bone Marrow

Flexible tissue in the interior of bones that produce red blood cells (described as red) or store fat (described as yellow).

Openings

Foramen (hole through bone); fissure (slit through bone); canal/meatus (passage through core of bone)

Ossification

Formation and development of bone connective tissue

Fracture hematoma

Forms clotted blood after blood vessels are torn from a fracture

Depressions

Fossa (shallow depression); Sulcus (narrow groove)

Traumatic fracture

Fracture caused by impact or excess stress to bone

Fibrocartilaginous callus

Fracture hematoma that is reorganized into a soft callus

Pathologic fracture

Fracture that occurs in bone weakened by disease

Simple fracture

Fracture where bone does not penetrate skin

Compound fracture

Fracture where bone pierces skin

Cartilage reduces ____ and ____ ____ at freely movable joints.

Friction, reduces shocks.

Interstitial

Growth by existing chondrocytes undergoing mitosis

Periosteal bud

Growth of capillaries & osteocytes that extend from periosteum to the core of the cartilage shaft during endochondral ossification

Epiphyseal cartilage can also be called:

Growth plate (childhood), epiphyseal plate/disc/line (after bone ossifies)

Appositional

Growth that begins with stem cells at the internal edge of the perichondrium

What is unique about fibrocartilage?

Has great tensile strength

Running down the center of each osteon is the central canal, or

Haversian canal, which contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels.

The process of blood cell production is called ____.

Hematopoiesis or hemopoeisis.

Red bone marrow contains ____ (single population if stem cells), which gices rise to progenitors of each cell type (rbc, wbc, and platelets).

Hemocytoblasts.

Parathyroid hormone

Hormone that increases blood calcium levels by encouraging bone resorption by osteoclasts

What tissue lacks visible fiber?

Hyaline

What are the 3 types of skeletal cartilages?

Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

Woven bone

Immature, unorganized bone; aka primary bone

In young bone, red. One marrow is found where?

In the epiphyseal region of long bones. (This decreases with age).

Endosteum

Incomplete layer of cells that covers all internal surface of bone

Interstitial lamellae

Incomplete, partially resorbed lamellae that typically lacks a central canal

Epiphyseal cartilage functions to ____________, the. Ossifies and turns into bone,

Increase bone length.

Interstitial

Internal growth from within the cartilage

Articulation

Joint where two bones meet

Epiphysis

Knobby region on the ends of long bones

Osteoclast

Large, multinuclear, phagocytic cell that dissolves bone matrix

Spongy Bone

Light, porous bone enclosing numerous large spaces that give a honeycombed or spongy appearance. It is softer and weaker bone but highly flexible and vascular.

Describe the outer layer of the periosteum.

Made up of fibrous, dense, irregular connective tissue containing blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.

Osteocyte

Mature bone cell derived from an osteoblast that is entrapped in bond matrix

Avascular

Mature cartilage is ______ so nutrients must diffuse through matrix

Where is yellow bone marrow located?

Medullary cavities of long bones.

Where is fibrocartilage found?

Menisci of knee; vertebral discs

Calcium

Mineral essential for muscle contraction, blood clotting, and nerve impulse transmission

Phosphate

Mineral needed for ATP utilization

90

More than ___ % of body's reserves of calcium & phosphate are stored in bone

Primary, 12th

Most _____ ossification centers have formed by the ___ week

Hyaline

Most abundant form of cartilage in the body

Long

Most common type of bone (shape)

10-25

Most epiphyseal plates fuse between ages of _____

Mucous is found in the?

Mouth and GI Tract

Epiphysis

Name "a" (the end of the bone)

Diaphysis

Name "b" (the shaft of the bone)

Articular Cartilage

Name "c"

Periosteum

Name "d" (outer covering)

Nutrient foramen

Nerves accompany blood vessels through the ___ ___ and innervate the bone

What tissue is composed of glial cells and neurons?

Nervous

Do condrocytes located in cartilage tissue have a good blood supply, high oxygen supply, and high nutrient supply?

No

A small opening in the bone through which an artery passes (where blood vessels and nutrients are sent to marrow and cancellous bone) is called ___ ___.

Nutrient foramen.

Intramembraneous ossification

Ossification that forms the flat bones of the skull, some facial bones and central part of the clavicle

Hydrochloric acid

Osteoclasts secrete this to dissolve mineral parts of bone matrix

_____ transport nutrients and wastes to and from nearby cells.

Osteoctyes

35-40

Osteopenia may begin as early as ___-___ years old

_____ functions to form and repair bone tissue.

Periosteum

______ is a tough, vascular, fibrous membrane covering the diaphysis of a bone.

Periosteum

A bone lining made up of dense, white fibrous connective tissue that covers bones on all surfaces.

Periosteum. Ex- articular cartilage, hyaline.

Bone connective tissue

Primary component of the skeleton; also called osseous connective tissue

Bone resorption

Process by which osteoclasts remove bone matrix

Hemopoiesis

Process of blood cell production

_____ provide sites for attachments of tendons or ligaments.

Processes

Endochondral ossification

Produces most other bones of skeleton: upper & lower limbs, pelvis, vertebrae, ends of the clavicle

Calcitonin

Promotes calcium deposition in bone & inhibits osteoclast activity

Periosteum

Protects bone, anchors blood vessels & nerves to bone surface, provides stem cells for bone width growth and fracture repair

Canaliculi

Provides for intercellular contact & communication between lacunae; allows nutrients, gases and wastes to travel through lamellae

"False Stratified"

Pseudostratified Epithelium

Erythrocyte is a ________ blood cell?

Red

Yellow bone marrow

Red bone marrow degenerates into this fatty tissue as adults

______ has a rich blood supply and consists of stem cells.

Red bone marrow.

Metaphysis

Region in mature bone between the diaphysis and the epiphysis

Why is hormone production important?

Regulates bone formation

Lamellar bone

Replaces the trabeculae of woven bone; aka secondary bone

What matrix acts like a filter for the lymph nodes and spleen by trapping particulate debre?

Reticulin

Where can you find Hyaline cartilage?

Ribs

Circumferential lamellae

Ring of bone that surrounds all of the concentric lamellae

Circumferential lamellae

Rings of bone along the endosteum and periosteum

Concentric lamellae

Rings of bone connective tissue that surround the central canal and form the bulk of an osteon

Internal circumferential lamellae

Rings of bone immediately internal to the endosteum

External circumferential lamellae

Rings of bone immediately internal to the periosteum

Osteon

Runs parallel to the diaphysis in a long bone (microscopic bone anatomy)

Secondary ossification center

Second center of bone formation where bone replaces cartilage in the epiphyses

osteoclast

Secretes acid, erodes bone matrix crucial for remodeling

Osteoid

Semisolid, organic form of bone matrix that later calcifies & hardens from calcium salt deposition

______ bones are small and nodular and embedded within tendons adjacent to joints.

Sesamoid

Periosteum

Sheath that covers the outer surface of bone with the exception of articular cartilage areas

Single Layer

Simple

What tissue is long,straight,striated,and multi nucleated?

Skeletal

What tissue is flat,stretched, and spindle shaped?

Smooth

4

Stage _ of 4 in Intramembraneous Ossification: Lamellar bone replaces woven bone with either compact or spongy bone

5

Stage _ of 6 in Endochondral Ossification: Bone replaces cartilage, except for articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates

2

Stage _ of 6 in Endochondral Ossification: Cartilage calcifies, and a periosteal bone collar forms around diaphysis

6

Stage _ of 6 in Endochondral Ossification: Epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines

1

Stage _ of 6 in Endochondral Ossification: Hyaline cartilage model develops

3

Stage _ of 6 in Endochondral Ossification: Primary ossification center forms in diaphysis

4

Stage _ of 6 in Endochondral Ossification: Secondary ossification centers form in epiphyses

Bone remodeling

Stage of a fracture where osteoclasts remove excess bony material and compact bone replaces primary bone

Osteoprogenitor cell

Stem cell derived from mesenchyme that matures into an osteoblast

Osteoprogenitor cell

Stem cell located in the periosteum & endosteum

Thyroid hormone

Stimulates bone growth by stimulating metabolism of osteoblasts; too little results in short stature

Growth hormone

Stimulates cartilage proliferation of epiphyseal plate resulting in bone elongation; too little results in short stature

Sex hormones

Stimulates osteoclasts; promotes epiphyseal plate growth & closure

Multi Layer

Stratified

Perforating fibers

Strong collagen fibers that anchor the periosteum to the bone

Endosteum

Structure at 1

Periosteum

Structure at 10

Central Canal

Structure at 11

Perforating Canal

Structure at 12

Nerve

Structure at 13

Blood vessels

Structure at 14

Nerve

Structure at 15

Trabeculae

Structure at 16

Bone Matrix

Structure at 17

Canaliculus

Structure at 18

Osteocyte

Structure at 19

Nerve

Structure at 2

Lacuna (space)

Structure at 20

Blood Vessels

Structure at 3

Compact bone

Structure at 4

Pores

Structure at 5

Spongy Bone

Structure at 6

Compact Bone

Structure at 7

Osteon

Structure at 8

Central Canal

Structure at 9

Articular cartilage

Subtype of cartilage that helps to reduce friction and absorb shock in movable in joints

What is the function of simple cuboidal?

secretion

Skeletal system

System of supporting framework for the soft tissues of the body composed of dynamic living tissues; interacts with all other organ systems and continually builds and remodels itself

Concentric lamellae

The alternating collagen fibers in this part of the osteon give bone its strength and resilience

Articular Cartilage

The cartilage covering the articular surfaces of the bones forming a synovial joint

Medullary Cavity

The central cavity of bone shafts where red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue) is stored.

Periosteum

The dense fibrous connective tissue membrane covering the surface of bones except at the joints and serving as an attachment for muscles and tendons.

Distal Epiphysis

The distal and expanded end of a long bone. Made mostly of spongy bone and ends at the epiphyseal line.

Medullary cavity

The hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis

Sesamoid

The largest type of this bone is the patella

clavicle, 20s

The last epiphyseal plate to ossify is the _____ bone in the late ___.

Epiphyseal Line

The line marking the site of the epiphyseal plate

osteon, or Haversian system.

The microscopic structural unit of compact bone

Calcification

The process of minerals deposited into the matrix which makes bone connective tissue sturdy and rigid

Proximal Epiphysis

The proximal and expanded end of a long bone. Made mostly of spongy bone and ends at the epiphyseal line

Osteolysis

The release of stored calcium and phosphate from the bone matrix

Diaphysis

The shaft of a long bone. Composed of compact bone.

Endosteum

The thin layer of cells lining the medullary cavity of a bone.

Lysosomes

These are contained with osteoclasts and dissolve the organic part of bone matrix

Stress fracture

Thin break caused by recent increased repetitive physical activity (like running)

Epiphyseal line

Thin layer of compact bone found in adult bones in epiphysis

Articular cartilage

Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis at a joint surface

Epiphyseal growth plate

Thin layers of hyaline cartilage in a growing bone that allow for continuing lengthwise growth

Hard bony callus

This forms after a fracture has been repaired to primary bone

Canaliculi

Tiny interconnecting channels extending from lacunae that serves as a network between the osteocytes contained with the lamellae

Sesamoid

Tiny, seed-shaped bone found along the tendons of some muscles

Where can you find Pseudostratified Epithelium and what is is covered in?

Trachea cillia

Intact skin is stronger than a scar?

True

True or false: periosteum contains blood vessels, capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.

True.

True or false: yellow bone marrow can turn into red bone marrow in needed.

True. This often occurs during starbation.

Flat

Type of bone composed of parallel surfaces of compact bone with an internal layer of spongy bone

Irregular

Type of bone composed of the vertebrae, ossa coxae, and several bones in the skull

Short

Type of bone found in carpals & tarsals

Flat

Type of bone that forms the roof of the skull, scapulae, sternum, and ribs

Compact

Type of bone that forms the solid external walls of bone

Long

Type of bone that has a greater length than width

Short

Type of bone that has an almost equal length & width

Long

Type of bone that has an elongated, cylindrical shaft

Short

Type of bone that has an interior of spongy bone and an exterior of compact bone

Serous is found in the?

Urinary Tract

Vitamin A

Vitamin that activates osteoclasts

Vitamin D

Vitamin that promotes absorption of calcium & phosphate in blood; helps with calcification of bone

Vitamin C

Vitamin that promotes collagen production

*Endosteum*

What are the blue arrows pointing to?

*Sharpey's fibers*

What are the blue arrows pointing to?

*Volkman's canal*

What are the blue arrows pointing to?

*central canal*

What are the blue arrows pointing to?

*lacunae*

What are the dark spots the blue pointers are pointing to?

*canaliculi*

What are the lines, that look like stretch marks, the blue pointers are pointing to?

*lamellae*

What are the rings the blue pointers are pointing out?

*osteocyte*

What are the tick/bug-like structures the blue pointers re pointing to

*Periosteum*

What is the blue arrow pointing to?

Bone Marrow

What is the yellow substance within #4?

*Osteon*

What structure?

Describe metaphysis.

When diaphysis joins the epiphysis at the epiphyseal line.

Leukocyte is a _________ blood cell?

White

Where is red marrow found?

Within trabecular cavities of spongy bone and diploe of flat bones (sternum)

lamella

a layer of bone matrix in which collagen fibers an mineral crystals align and run in a single direction helps prevent cracking

perichondrium

a layer of dense irregular connective tissue that covers most cartilage. Function: girdle, growth and repair of cartilage

how much red marrow do adult long bones have?

a little

when does epiphyseal plate closure occur for females

about 18 years

when does epiphyseal plate closure occur for males

about 21 years

What is the function of simple columnar?

absorbtion

What connective tissue provides thermal insulation?

adipose

Ramus

angle. forms an angle

Process

any projection on a bone

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

articular, costal (ribs), respiratory (trachea), nasal

An epiphysis _____ with another bone.

articulates

What structure is at the bottom of the epithelial tissue and connects to connective tissue?

basement membrane

Where do you find stratified epithelium that stretches and what is it called?

bladder, ureters, and kidney Transitional

what does the central (haversian) canal contain?

blood vessels and nerve fibers

Each central canal contains ____ ____ and ____.

blood vessels and nerves

Osseous contains ________ and _______?

calcium and phosphate

2/3 of weight is

calcium phosphate

What is interstitial growth?

chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within

What is osteocalcin?

bone calcium

endochondral ossification

bone development starting as hylin cartilage

what happens during epiphyseal plate closure?

bone of epiphysis and diaphysis fuses

what happens during osteoporosis?

bone resorption outpaces deposit

Ligaments go from ______to_____ ?

bone to bone

Tendons go from ____ to _____?

bone to muscle

what does Wolff's Law state?

bones grow or remodel in response to demands placed on it

long bones

bones that are considerably longer than wide and has a shaft plus two distinct ends

membranous bones

bones that developed from mesenchymal membrane. develope through intramembranous ossification. most of the bones in the head form this way

irregular bones

bones that have various shapes. hip bones, vertebrae

what is rickets?

bowed legs and other bone deformities

what do osteoblasts do?

build, bone-forming cells

Cellular processes of osteocytes pass through _____.

canaliculi

Osteocytes and osteoblasts can communicate with each other and receive nutrients via long cytoplasmic processes that extend through

canaliculi channels within the bone matrix.

osteosarcoma

cancer of the bone

What connective tissue provides support/binding?

cartilage

appositional growth

cartilage growth "growth from outside" where chondroblasts in surrounding perichondrium prouce new tissue

interstitial growth

cartilage growth "growth from within" chondrocytes within cartilage divide and secrete new matrix

articular cartilage

cartilage that covers ends of most bones at moveable joints

fibrocartilage

cartilage that resists both strong compression and strong tension Has thick collagen fibers Found in: ligaments between verebrae disks menisci of the knee intermeidate between hyaline cartilage and dense regular connective tissue

costal cartilage

cartilage which connects the ribs to the sternum

-cyte

cell

-clast

cell that is breaking down

Endosteum contains bone-forming _____.

cells

osteoclasts

cells responsible for the resorption of bone. derived from white blood cells. secrete hydrochloric acid and lysosomal enzymes

What is appositional growth?

cells secrete matrix against external face of existing cartilage

osteoblasts

cells that actively produce and secrete the organic components of the bone matrix (gound substance and collagen)

osteocytes

cells that function to keep bone matrix healthy.

what runs through the core of osteon?

cental (haversian) canal

medullary cavity

center of the bone that has yellow bone marrow

what are the 2 types of canals for compact bones?

central (haversian) canal, perforating (volkmann's) canal

Lacunae form concentric canals around ____ ____.

central canals

Spongy bone cells do not aggregate around ____ _____.

central canals

Matrix is like

concrete and steel. Crystals resist compression, while the flexible element prevents shattering.

osteoporosis

condition that is characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of the microscopic architecutre of the bony skeleton. bone resorption outpaces bone deposition. vetebral column is most volnerable

perforating canals

connect blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to that of the central canals and marrow cavity

what do perforating (volkmann's) canals do?

connect blood vessels and nerves of periosteum, medullary cavity, and central canal

Bone is what kind of tissue?

connective

periosteum

connective tissue membrane that covers the entire outer surface of each bone except on the ends of the epiphyses contains osteogenic and osteoblasts, and osteoclasts.

endosteum

connective tissue membrane that covers the intenal bone surfaces

elastic cartilage

contains many elastic fibers with delicate collegen fibrils tolerates repeated bending makes up the : epiglottis outer ear

spongy bone, also known as cancellous bone

contains osteocytes housed in lacunae, but they are not arranged in concentric circles. Instead, the lacunae and osteocytes are found in a lattice-like network of matrix spikes called trabeculae. In addition, the spaces in some spongy bones contain red marrow, protected by the trabeculae, where hematopoiesis occurs.

Short bones are shaped like ____

cubes.

Describe compact bones

dense outer layer

what do osteoclasts do?

destroy

what happens after the center cartilage in diaphysis calcifies?

develops cavities

The shaft of a long bone is called a _____.

diaphysis

what are osteoclasts?

giant, multinucleate cells for bone resorption

osteomalacia

disorder in which ones are inadequately mineralized. calcification does not occur due to inadequate amounts of vitamin D and calcium phosphate in diet.

no

do short, irregular or flat bones have bone marrow?

in what type of ossification does a bone collar form around diaphysis of cartilage model?

endochondral

what type of ossification forms most of the skeleton?

endochondral

what are the 2 types of ossification?

endochondral, intramembranous

An expanded end of a long bone is called an _____.

epiphysis

The wider section at each end of the bone is called the

epiphysis (plural = epiphyses), which is filled with spongy bone. Red marrow fills the spaces in the spongy bone.

What is an example of a high mitotic rate?

epithelial tissue

what causes Paget's Disease?

excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption when bone made fast and poorly

What is the function of simple squamous?

filtration

what type of bones does intramembranous ossification form?

flat

facet

flat surface

Examples of long bones are ___ and ____ bones.

forearm and thigh

what happens after the periosteal bud invades cavities?

formation of spongy bone

interstitial lamellae

groups of incomplee lamellae. the remains of old osteons that have been cut through by bone remodeling

what 4 things affect hormonal regulation of bone growth

growth hormone, thyroid hormone, testosterone, estrogen

what is the importance of calcium?

has functions in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction

central canal

has its own blood vessels and nerve fibers

Where do adult long bones have red marrow?

heads of femur and humerus only

circumferential lamellae

helps resist twising of th entire long bone

Blood contains ____________ aka ____________?

hematopoetic stem cells

Mast cells secrete ?

histamine ,heparin, and dopamine

what is the osten/haversian system made up of?

hollow tubes of bone matrix called lamellae

Describe spongy bones

honeycomb of flat pieces of bone deep to compact called trabeculae

65% of bone by mass is what?

hydroxyapatites

what is appositional growth for postnatal growth?

increase in bone thickness

what is interstitial (longitudinal) growth?

increase in length of long bones

osteoblasts

is the bone cell responsible for forming new bone and is found in the growing portions of bone, including the periosteum and endosteum.

The osteocytes are located inside spaces called

lacunae (singular = lacuna), found at the borders of adjacent lamellae (concentric matrix).

Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified matrix called

lamellae (singular = lamella)

Trochanter

large round

Perforating canals contain ____ blood vessels and nerves.

larger

line

less prominent ridge

epiphyseal line

line remanant of the growth plates

canaliculi

little canals that connect neighboring lacunae to one another and to the nearest capillaries

osteon

long cylindrical structures oriented parallel to the long axis of the bone

The four classes of bone according to shape are ____, _____, ____. ____.

long, short, flat, and irregular.

Long bones are described as being...

longer than they are wide

what do osteocytes do?

maintain bone matrix

The tissue that fills the spaces of bone is called ____.

marrow

The two forms of ____ are red and yellow.

marrow

what are osteocytes?

mature bone cells in lacunae

A semirigid tube with a hollow chamber called the ____ ____ runs through the diaphysis.

medullary cavity

The hollow region in the diaphysis is called the

medullary cavity, which is filled with yellow marrow. The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard compact bone.

what are hydroxyapatites?

mineral salts

What are osteogenic cells?

mitotically active stem cells in periosteum and endosteum

what does thyroid hormone do?

modulates activity of growth hormone

rickets

more severe form of osteomalacia, occurs in children. weakened and bowed leg bones. type of fracture. due to inadequate amounts of vitamin D and calcium phosphate in diet.

hyaline cartilage

most abundant kind of cartilage contains collagen unit fibrin resists compression well makes up articular cartilage forms cartilaginous attachments of the ribs to the sternum most of the cartilage in respiratory structuers in embryonic skeleton

what is the purpose of growth hormone?

most important in stimulating epiphyseal plate activity in infancy and childhood

endochrondral bones

name for bones that were once cartilage. almost all the bones from the neck down

diaphysis

name for the long axis of a long bone

what is serotonin?

neurotransmitter regulating mood and sleep

An example of a sesamoid bone is the ______.

patella

Flat bones are ____ structures.

platelike

osteogenesis

process of bone- tissue formation. begins in the embryo, proceeds through childhood and adolescence as the skeleton grows, and then happens slower in the adult.

-blast

produce

crest

prominent ridge

what does testosterone/estrogen do?

promotes adolescent growth spurts

What is the function of stratified epithelium?

protection

What is the function of epithelium?

protection,absorption,secretion,filtration, and excretion

Fibro-

protein

what is reduction treatment?

realignment of broken bone ends

What is found in the medullary cavities and spongy bone of newborns?

red marrow

what is an important fracture treatment?

reduction

what does the parathyroid hormone do?

removes calcium from bone regardless of bone integrity

what is osteomalacia in children called?

rickets

where are perforating (volkmann's) canals located?

right angles to central canal

tuberosity

rough surface

short bones

roughly cube- shaped bones. in the wrist and ankle. example kneecap/ patella.

condyle

rounded surface

Where can you find stratified columnar epithelium?

salivary glands

Chambers

sinus or antrum (normally filled with air)

What tissue is excitable and contractile?

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

Examples of flat bones are some ____ bones, ____, and ____

skull bones, ribs, and scapulae.

what is lacunae?

small cavities that contain osteocytes

Tubercle

small rounded process

what is canaliculi?

small, hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and central canal

trochlea

smooth, grooved articular process

The epiphyses are largely composed o f _____ bone.

spongy

osteogenic cells

stem cells that idfferentiate into bone-forming osteoblasts

what is the purpose of the osteon or haversian system?

structural unit of compact bone

The diaphysis is the

tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone.

greenstick

type of fracture. bone breaks incompletely. only one side of the shaft breaks, the other side bends. common in children whos ones are more organic matrix and flexible than adults

comminuted

type of fracture. bone fragments into three of more pieces. common is older people

compression

type of fracture. bone is crushed, common in porous bones

depressed

type of fracture. broken bone portion is pressed inwards. typial in skull fractures

epiphyseal

type of fracture. epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate.

spiral

type of fracture. ragged break occurs ehn excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone. common sports fracture

Examples of irregular bones are _____ and some ____ bones.

vertebrae and some facial bones

Define Avascular

very little blood supply

lacuna

what are chondrocytes located in?

osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes

what are the three cells in bones that produce or maintain the tissue?

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

what are the three types of cartilages in the body?

perforating collagen fiber bundles

what binds the periosteum to the bone

water

what does cartilage consist mostly of? (60-80%)

looses collagen and makes it very brittle

what does high heat do to bones?

losses inorganic salts and makes it very bendy

what does soaking bones in acid do?

35% organic component mostly collagen 65% inorganic mineral salts: calcium phosphate

what is bone made of. and what % of each?

fibrocartilage

what is cartilage usually repaired with?

chondrocytes

what type of cells make up cartilage?

what is intramembranous ossification?

when bone develops from fibrous membrane

what is endochondral ossification?

when bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage

what is osteomalacia?

when bones are poorly mineralized and calcium salts not adequate

interamembranous ossification

when bones develop from a mesenchymal membrane

calcifed cartilage

when crystals of calcium phosphate precipitate in the matrix. sign of aging in adults, but normal in kids. NOT BONE.

Where are sesamoid bones found?

within tendons

Examples of short bones are ____ and ____ bones.

wrist bones and ankle bones

Where are cube-shaped bones found?

wrist, ankle