Digital Photography 1

Shape

Refers to the two-dimensional representation of an object

Shutter priority Mode

Represented by an "S" or "TV" on the camera settings. This mode allows the photographer to set the shutter speed, while that camera will adjust to other aspects (like aperture, white balance, and so on) in relation to the shutter speed setting

Sergei Levitsky

Russian count who designed a bellows camera in 1847 that made focusing on the subject easier

Aperture priority mode

Semiautomatic mode. Instead of the photographer setting the shutter speed, the photographer selects the particular aperture for the photograph. The camera will the make the necessary adjustments to the shutter speed, white balance, and so on.

George Eastman

Created a dry gel on paper, or what we think of as film in 1884

Documentary photographs

Created to produce a historical record of an event, place, or person. The purpose of the photographs is not to produce artistic work, although some are incredibly moving and fascinating photographs

Digital Zoom

Crops the image and enlarges the cropped image to fill the frame of the camera. This means that this generally results in a loss of quality in the image

RAW or NEF

A file format that is offered on some cameras, particularly higher-end cameras. This file saves the actual data, which are not processed by the camera

Camera

A light-tight box that contains a light-sensitive material or device in a way of letting in a desired amount of light at particular times to create an image on the light-sensitive material.

Oskar Barnack

Invented the 35mm film. First prototype in 1913 called the Ur-Leica. Remained too expensive for most people until the 1930s

Framing

Involves blocking some elements within the photograph in order to show off other elements

f-stops

What aperture in measured in. Typically expressed as f/number, such as f/2.8

Reflector

Any object that reflects light back toward the subject of your photograph

Commercial Photography

Any photography in which the photographer is paid for images that were not produces as works of art

Converging or Convex Lens

-Will bend the light toward the center of the lens, since one or both sides of the glass curve out. It takes various rays of light and bends them toward the same point, which ultimately allows an image to form

Iris Diaphragm

A set of overlapping metal plates that expand out and allow more light or fold in on each other to reduce the amount of light

Panning

A technique where you pan, or move, the camera in the same direction as the movement of the person or object you are photographing

John Herschel

A well-known English astronomer who first used the term photography in 1839. Also used terms Positive, negative and snapshot in relation to photography

Macro mode

Allows you to get closer to your subject. Your distance to the object will depend on your particular camera's abilities; some cameras will allow you to get closer to the subject than others

Panoramic Photography

Also known as wide format photography, consists of photographs with a longer field of view than traditional photographs

Form

An object's appearance in three dimensions

Iris Diaphragm

Aperture is controlled by what in the camera? Iris Diaphragm Lans White Balance Pentaprism

Continuous Source lights

Artificial lights that remain on. Including lamps, fluorescent lights, and other lights that remain constantly on.

SLR Camera

Camera that has a semiautomatic movement of the mirror, which produces an exact image in the viewfinder

Kodak Brownie

Cameras introduced in 1900-1901. Made cameras available to mass market. Became very popular because they were simple to use and relatively inexpensive

Digital Cameras

Cameras that use an electronic image sensor to digitally record an image

Large and Medium format cameras

Cameras use a negative film size that is greater than the usual 35mm.

UV/ Haze filters

Can add extra protection for the camera lens. UV stands for "ultraviolet" or the light that is invisible to the human eye. Used to cut down on the haze that could appear in photographs of mountains or coasts

Abstract landscape photographs

Emphasize shape, form, contrast, or color in such a way that the scene itself is not recognizable. The photographs are not meant to convey a particular scene, but to focus on particular elements within it

Light

Film is sensitive to what?

Joseph Niepce

French inventor who produced the first photograph in the 1820s. used a pewter plate and a substance known as bitumen of Judea

Sidelighting

Happens when the light source is at an angle to the subject. This can create some interesting shadows and effects in the photograph, and the technique is often used in black and white photography

Rights-managed images

Images in which the price of the license is determined by the use of the image. Some of these considerations include how long the user will be using the image, the location that the image will be used in

Polarizing Filters

Improve the saturation in the photograph (makes the colors deeper) and reduce the amount of reflected light that hits the camera's sensor

Kodachrome

In 1935 Kodak began to produce this color still film that used a subtractive process

Shutter Speed

Length of time that light is let into the camera in order to expose the film

Wide-Angle Lens

Lens that shrinks the object in front of it, by way of a shorter focal length

Telephoto Lenses

Lenses that magnify an image or make an object seem closer than it really is.

Pentaprism

Light passes through the lens and onto a mirror, which is located between the lens and the shutter. The mirror reflects the light upward to this five sided mirror.

Softboxes

Lighting devices that enclose the lighting source in a "box" with reflective back and side walls and a front diffusing material, where the light passes through

Night Mode

Makes taking pictures in low light situations easier. This mode uses a longer shutter speed to capture the image and uses a flash to light up items closer to the camera

automatic Mode

Means that your camera selects the aperture, shutter speed, white balance, and so on

Manual Mode

Mode in which the photographer makes all of the decisions about the aperture, shutter speed, white balance, ISO, and so on

Backlighting

Occurs when the light source is behind the subject. This can be used to create a silhouette effect.

Rule of Thirds

One of the best known composition guidelines that involves imagining that your photograph is split into thirds both horizontally and vertically. this produces nine squares in the photo and four points of intersection within the photograph. The grid helps identify four good places to position points of interest.

Autochrome Lumiere

One of the color processes patented in 1903 by French brothers Auguste and Louis Lumiere. Involved coating a glass with microscopic grains that had been dyed colors like green, violet, and orange

Frontlighting

One of the common terms used to identify the direction of the light on the subject. Occurs when the sun is in the back of the photographer

Pinhole Camera

One of the earliest cameras made. Do

Aperture

Refers to the lens opening that allows us to control the amount of lights that reaches the film or digital sensor

Shutter

Opens and closes between the film and the lens, letting light in only when you have told the camera to do so

Louis Daguerre

Partnership with Niepce. Used Niepce's notes to invent a process called daguerreotype in 1839. The french government bought the rights for the process

Representational landscape photographs

Photographs of landscapes as they appear in reality. Types of photographs that show mountains, rivers, waterfalls, beaches, and so on as they appear to the photographers when they take the picture.

Existing Light Photography

Photography that only uses light already present in the scene. this can include light from the sun, lamps, candles, or neon lights

Portraits

Pictures of individuals in which their face and expression are the primary focus

False

Pinhole Cameras use a conflex lens True or False

Depth of Field

Refers to the amount of your pictures that will be in focus. A large one means that most of your picture will be in focus, including both the objects closeThe amount to your camera and those further away from your camera

Impressionistic landscape photographs

Show an impression of the scene rather than an exact representation of the scene. The results are photographs that are more subtle and less "real" than representational landscapes

White Balance

Simply an adjustment that can be made to the color so that whites will appear white in the photograph, and not yellow or blue.

Color filters

Sometimes used to enhance certain colors in the photograph. The filter creates deeper, brighter colors. Some of these filters help to compensate for different types of light that might alter the color of the photograph

Collodion Process

Technique for creating photographs invented by Fredrick Scott Archer in 1851. Used wet plates, which were glass plates that had been covered with a mixture of chemicals before being places in the camera for the exposure

Calotype

Technique for taking photographs invented in 1841 by William Henry Fox Talbot. Used paper coated with silver iodine

Active Space

Technique when you have movement or when the subject is looking off into space

TIFF

The Tagged image File Format, a lossless file format that keeps all of the information in the picture, but it means a much larger file size than a compressed file

Shutter Speed

The amount of time that the shutter remains open or the amount of time that the digital sensor "sees" the image

Tonal Contrast

The difference between the highlights and dark tones

Kodak DCS 100

The first commercially available digital camera which entered the market in 1990. The images could be downloaded from the camera to a computer

Focal Length

The magnification of a lens is also known as which of the following: Focal Length Aperture Digital Zoom Shutter Speed

Focal Length

The magnification of a lens. The distance between the lens and the film, when the lens is focused at an infinite distance.

Lens

The optical element of a camera. A ground or molded piece of glass, plastic, or other transparent material with opposite surfaces, either or both which are curved, by means of which light rays are refracted so that they converge or diverge to form an image

Pixel

The smallest unit of the picture that can be controlled

composition

The visual arrangement or placement of the elements in a photograph. While some great photographs may happen accidentally, more often they are carefully planned and thought out.

False

True or False: A camera in manual mode means that the camera will make all of the adjustments for the photographer

True

True or False: An Iris Diaphragm is a set of overlapping metal plates that can expand out to allow more light to fold in on each other to reduce the amount of light

True

True or False: a lens can simply be a curved piece of glass

True

True or False: In a pinhole camera, the image seen in the camera will be inverted

True

True or False: The white balance of an image can be affected by the particular lighting at the photograph site

False

True or false: Digital zoom tends to have no effect on the quality of the image

False

True or false: Generally, each pixel in an image creates 25 bytes of data

James Clerck Maxwell

Used filters to create three monochrome images (one photograph in red, blue, and green). When projected together with three different lanterns, the image would return to a more natural color

Macro filters

Used to create close-uo images, even with regular or telephoto lenses. They are almost like another lens that you put on the camera to be able to focus at closer distances.

Landscape Mode

Uses a small aperture to keep the photograph as in focus as possible. This means that even items further away will often be in focus

A shutter

What opens between the lens and the film in order to create the photograph

JPEG

Which popular file format loses some of the information from the image

Optical Zoom

Works like a telephoto lens; the image quality remains the same as the image is magnified

Sports Mode

Your camera will automatically choose a faster shutter speed. Specifically designed to capture moving objects and keep them in focus.

Portrait Mode

Your camera will automatically use a large aperture. This will make the background slightly out of focus, putting the emphasis on the person you are photographing

filter

camera accessory that is mounted on the optical path of the lens. May correct color, protect the lens, or add special effects to the photograph, such as reducing or increasing contrast

Macro photography

close-up photography, involves projecting an image on the digital sensor (or film) that is as close to real sized as possible. Involves taking close-up pictures of small things

Neutral Density filters

help change the exposure time for a photograph. Specifically, they decrease the amount of light that enters the camera, allowing for a larger aperture for a longer period of time.

Royalty-free images

images that the user pays a one-time fee for the image, Under this license, users can use the image for as long as they like after they pay the license fee.

Richard Maddox

in 1871 he developed a way to use gelatin instead of glass for the negatives. This allowed photographers to develop a dry plate technique rather that the wet plates of the collodion process

JPEG

joint Photo Experts Group which is the default file format in many digital cameras on the market today

Flash Lights

second main type of studio lights that only emit light when you tell them to. also known as strobe lighting

True

true or False: Digital Cameras use an electronic image sensor to digitally record an image

False

true or false: TIFF is the default file format for most digital cameras