Diverse Women in Pop Culture

Due to what is known as son preference, families in many countries value male children over female children. This often results in the purposeful killing, abandonment, and/or neglect of female infants. However, the ratio of males to females in these countries has remained surprisingly stable.

False

Gender norms refer to the process by which societal beliefs and expectations about gender are instilled in us.

False

Globally, reproductive health conditions are the third leading cause of death and illness among women of childbearing age.

False

Grassroots support organizations (GRSOs) are internationally based groups that work to develop and improve communities.

False

Heteronormativity may be described as the idea that sexual classifications are artificial, limiting, and inaccurate.

False

In some countries, bride kidnapping has developed as a way for poor men to avoid paying the bride price, which involves the groom giving money, goods, or livestock to the parents of the bride in return for her hand. However, even in countries where bride price is common, bride kidnapping is still extremely rare.

False

In the United States, most women newly diagnosed with AIDS are Caucasian.

False

Industrialized countries tend to be located in the southern hemisphere. As such, they are often referred to as southern countries or Global South.

False

MenCare is a global campaign to encourage and empower men as the primary wage-earners.

False

Most of the countries that practice female genital mutilation are developed nations in the Global North where many of the least developed countries are located.

False

Neocolonialism refers to the practice where the Global South countries continue using former colonies for raw materials, minerals, and cash crops.

False

The gendered division of labor in society is known as gender socialization.

False

The path to gender equality is ultimately the same regardless of one's culture.

False

The tendency to judge, feel superior, and to impose one's ways on other cultures is termed isolated supremacy.

False

Transgender individuals have chromosomal and anatomical features of both males and females.

False

Uterine prolapse is usually a condition suffered by older women.

False

Work in the formal labor sector includes trading and selling at markets, "under the table" and "off the books" employment, and work done on a contract basis in the home.

False

The extension of small loans to women in poverty for small-scale economic enterprises is referred to as _________

Microcredit

occurs when tissues between the vaginal wall and the bladder or rectum are torn during childbirth. This condition can result in ulceration, infections, and incontinence.

Obstetric fistula

Which of the following NGOs pointed out that those who challenge sexual and gender norms regularly experience discrimination related to housing, social security, and employment, such as when they are denied jobs because of their appearance or evicted from their homes because of their sexual orientation or gender identity?

OutRight Action International

A society that is structured in such a way that women are economically dependent on men is termed _________

Patriarchal

Honour killing is a tradition whereby a man is obliged to kill a close female blood relative if she does something to dishonour her family. Which of the following statements about honour killing is false?

Women are commonly targeted for honour killing when they neglect to wear makeup.

Which of the following statements about women who reside in developing nations is false?

Women who reside in the least-developed nations have a life expectancy of 23 years.

In a marriage, which type of attitude will result into housework being seen as the responsibility of both partners?

a gender-equal attitude

Identify a true statement about traditional development programs.

They focus on men's income generation capacity.

In the context of women in development (WID) projects, identify a true statement about income-generating projects for women.

They focus on traditional female skills such as sewing, knitting, embroidery, and handicrafts.

Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are the most widely used form of reversible birth control in the world. Identify a true statement about IUDs.

They have an array of possible negative side effects such as bleeding and infection.

As of 2012, all countries that allowed men to vote had granted women the same right.

True

Coercive antinatalism occurs when a government is concerned about overpopulation and enacts strict policies to discourage childbearing.

True

Contrary to what might be expected, mainstream feminism is often guilty of ignoring the issues of nonheterosexual women.

True

Ester Boserup's book, Women's Role in Economic Development, is considered the first major text in the area of women's development.

True

Even today, gender inequality is extensive with enormous implications for women and girls everywhere.

True

Gender norms refer to the process by which societal beliefs and expectations about gender are instilled in us.

True

In 2021, less than 10 percent of the world's countries had a woman heading their government as president or prime minister (Inter-parliamentary Union, 2021).

True

It is estimated that pimps control 80 to 95 percent of prostitution.

True

Many employed women work one shift in paid work and another unpaid second shift at home before or after paid work, in what is known as the second shift.

True

Many lesbian feminists take the position that compulsory heterosexuality and its embedding in social structures is motivated by a desire to protect patriarchy.

True

Muslim men can initiate divorce by simply saying, "I divorce you" three times.

True

Narrowing of the vaginal opening through the creation of a covering seal formed by cutting and stitching the labia minora or labia majora, with or without clitoridectomy, is known as infibulation.

True

Non-normative rape is rape that is both against a woman's will and in violation of social norms.

True

Sustainable development refers to the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability to meet needs in the future.

True

The United States has one of the worst maternity leave policies in the world because it grants only 12 weeks of unpaid leave to women (and only to those working in firms with more than 50 employees).

True

The gendered division of labor in society is known as gender socialization.

True

The tendency for nonheterosexual women to live quiet, hidden lives and for societies to ignore or deny their existence is called lesbian and bisexual invisibility.

True

The term "queer" has been accepted as an inclusive, unifying term for nonheterosexuals.

True

Time-use surveys are the preferred way to collect data on gender differences in labor.

True

While some lesbian feminists hope to obtain civil rights within existing patriarchal systems, others aspire to overthrow world patriarchy in order to liberate all women.

True

Women's rights as human rights perspective suggests that people are entitled to certain basic rights that should be protected by the government regardless of culture and gender.

True

The term "lesbian" can evoke a multitude of different responses from female homosexuals. These responses include all of the following, except

claiming that it is a label that promotes homosexual superiority over heterosexual relationships.

The idea that right and wrong are culturally determined is called _________blank.

cultural relativism

Care labor is perceived and valued as work in the same way as paid labor is.

false

One's deeply held sense of gender is known as

gender identity.

requires a gender analysis to make sure that gender equality concerns are taken into account in all developmental activities.

gender mainstreaming

The beliefs that exist in societies about the qualities of each gender are termed _________blank, whereas the social rules regarding what is appropriate for each gender are termed _________blank.

gender stereotypes; gender norms

In most countries around the world, women earn on average only 77 percent of men's wages, and the global average is women earn 23 percent of what men earn. This global difference is termed

gender wage gap.

The term "_________blank" refers to the various barriers that prevent qualified women from advancing into powerful decision-making positions in organizations. When these same women are forced to deal with both racism and sexism in organizations, it is referred to as a _________blank.

glass ceiling; concrete ceiling

The best way to respect cultural diversity and advocate for women's rights is to do all of the following, except

help women understand how they could be better off by living like women from more advanced countries.

While _________blank may be defined as the fear of homosexuals, _________blank is prejudice against homosexuals and bisexuals.

homophobia; heterosexism

suggests that women typically get paid less than men because they are less skilled, less educated, and less experienced.

human capital approach

The variety of beliefs and practices based on the core assumption that there is a connection between an erotic and/or emotional commitment to women and political resistance to patriarchal domination is known as _________

lesbian feminism

An individual who views the oppression of women as a social, historical, and alterable phenomenon is utilizing a(n) _________blank explanation.

materialist

Many cultures have a sexual double standard where women's sexuality is defined in terms of

passivity.

In the context of women and girls as objects and property, the best predictor of early marriage is

poverty.

emphasizes that the division of household labor reflects the comparative economic power of women and men.

relative resources perspective on unpaid care work

According to Boserup, Duley and Diduk, and Sen and Grown, colonizers

removed women from the political decision-making spheres.

According to the _________blank, we are less likely to assign people to professional positions that call for qualities associated with the other gender.

role congruity theory

Requiring sexual contact or sexual favors as a condition of employment or job rewards is referred to as _________

sexual coercion

The reduction of women to bodies existing for men's pleasure is termed

sexual objectification.

The sociocultural approach to gender inequality suggests that

there are biological differences between males and females, and they are important.

Social constructivist and sociocultural explanations for gender inequality stress that

there are important differences between sex and gender, gendered power relations are socially constructed, and gender is dynamic.

Cultural relativists and human rights activists often disagree on women's rights. The most radical cultural relativists argue that

there are no legitimate cross-cultural human rights standards.

According to social roles theory, people develop gender stereotypes when

they see men and women in different roles.

In the context of crimes against women, the recruitment, transportation, harboring, or receipt of people for the purposes of slavery, forced labor, and servitude is known as

trafficking.

Most countries do not provide for paternity leave; this reinforces the assumption that mothers are the primary parents.

true

The condition in women that occurs due to giving birth at a young age, difficult prolonged labor, frequent pregnancies, inadequate obstetric care, and lack of rest and engaging in strenuous work during and soon after pregnancy is termed

uterine prolapse.

Maternity protection measures help to ensure all of the following, except

women with newborn children will either be provided with company-sponsored daycare options or be permitted to bring their children to work.

refers to the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management.

Maternal mortality

consists of money or goods paid by a bride's family to the groom or his family, mostly in the countries of Southeast Asia.

A dowry

Identify a belief held by traditional patriarchal cultures.

A woman's virginity is to be guarded by her family and male relatives.

Countries with antinatalist policies tend to provide a large range of contraceptive options, but they emphasize those that are low in risk and high in effectiveness.

False

Despite the hard work of activists, less than 50 percent of all countries recognized by the UN have enacted domestic violence laws.

False

Despite women's activism, the number of countries outlawing abortion has increased dramatically in the last twenty years.

False

in the forests of Uttar Pradesh, India, is a famous example of a grassroots organization (GRO) that developed due to concerns about unsustainable development. Specifically, village women wrapped themselves around trees and refused to move until the contractors who had arrived to cut 2,500 trees left.

Chipko movement

Which of the following statements is not applicable to forced marriage?

Coercion and deception are often absent.

Which of the following countries from the Global South was never colonized by any country from the Global North?

Ethiopia

Which of the following statements about lesbian separatism is false?

From the 1990s until 2010, separatist communities flourished and their populations grew.

is a person's psychological sense of themselves as male or female.

Gender identity

in Kenya is a well-known example of the role of grassroots support organizations (GRSOs) in sustainable development involving women. This movement organized women to plant and manage trees for fuelwood and to guard against soil erosion.

Greenbelt movement

refers to the tendency for jobs mainly held by men to have substantially higher pay rates and status as compared to those mainly held by women.

Horizontal occupational segregation

Which of the following types of female genital mutilation (FGM) involves almost complete covering of the urethra and the vaginal opening?

Infibulation

In the context of the gender perspective on unpaid care work, identify a true statement about household labor.

It is a symbolic representation of gender relations.

Which of the following statements about the Roman Catholic Church is false?

It is officially opposed to all forms of birth control.

Which of the following reasons does not support the fact that the global study of women is rich and rewarding?

It offers an insight into the differential structure of the female brain.

Which of the following is a true statement in the context of homosexuality?

It was considered a mental disorder by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) until 1974.

The United Nations' Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) is an important human rights document. Which of the following statements about this document is false?

The United States has ratified this document.

When wives are murdered by their husbands or in-laws for dowry purposes, it is called dowry murder. Dowry murder usually occurs under all of these circumstances, except which of the following?

The husband realizes that he and his wife are not romantically compatible.

In the context of cultural sensitivity, what do African feminists remind the world about the prevalence of female genital mutilation in their countries?

The practice exists because parents love their daughters and want them to be socially accepted and have a good future.

In the context of the higher status of boys and men, polyandry is defined as the practice where

brothers share wives.

An individual who rejects the customs of other cultures, believing that their own culture's way of doing things is the only right way, is described as being _____

ethnocentric

In the context of the types of female genital mutilation, the partial or total removal of the clitoris and the labia minora, with or without removal of the labia majora, is known as

excision.

Countries with coercive pronatalist policies attempt to increase birth rates by reducing or banning contraception and abortion (and/or by providing government benefits based on family size). These policies are often enacted with the hope of

increasing the workforce

Women's experiences vary widely because of _________blank, which may be described as the relationship between different social categories (e.g., age and race). Their experiences are also influenced by the political, historical, and economic _________blank in which they are situated.

intersectionality; contexts