dna and protein synthesis

the process of copying a dna molecule is called ____ ____

dna replication

shape dna is held in which is like a twist ladder

double helix

4 main types of chromosomal mutations

duplication, deletion, inversion, translocation

why is dna replication necessary

each new cell will have the appropriate amount of genetic material

where deos the mRNA transcript go after it exits the nucleus?

enters the cytoplasm and attaches to the ribosome

define gene

unit of inherited information, a section of dna that contains the instructions for making one polypeptide

dna shape was first described by ____ and _____

watson and crick

the 3 parts of the nucleotide

deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base

3 ways in which rna is different from dna

- ribose - CGAU - single strand

the result of dna replication is two new _____ molecules, each with one new strand from the original parent to the new strand

daughter

steps of transcription

1. dna strands separate 2. one side serves as templete 3. mRNA is transcribed from DNA template 4. mRNA transcript is spliced 5. mRNA exits nucleus

steps of translation

1. mRNA attaches to ribosome in the cytoplasm 2. tRNA pairs with MRNA codons 3. amino acids bond to form polypeptide bonds

base deletion

Mutation where one nitrogen base of the DNA is lost and shifts the reading frame. Many amino acids are incorrect.

briefly discuss the structure and function or ribosomes

a ribosome is composed of ribosomal RNA in the form of a large subunit and a small subunit (blue), it holds the mrna transcript and trna molecule

name the three types of rna described below a) transcribes the dna code b) primary component of ribosome c) carries an amino acid into position during translation

a) mRNA b) rRNA c) tRNA

a 3 based word on mRNA that codes for one amino acid is a ____

codon

what is the function of dna?

contains instructions for making proteins

which is worse: base substitution and base deletion

base deletion because it causes a frame shift

2 types of base mutations

base substitution and base deletion

base substitution

changes the base of a single DNA nucleotide

what does dna stand for?

deoxyribonucleic acid

4 nitrogenous bases in dna and how the pair up

guanine - cylosine (G-C) adenine - thymine (A-T)

nitrogen bases in dna are held together by ____ bonds

hydrogen

eukaryotic genes contain non-coding regions called _____ and coding regions called _____

introns and exons

any change in the DNA sequence

mutation

dna is a polymer made of ____ monomers

nucleotides

where does transcription take place? what is formed?

occurs in nucleus and forms mRNA

during dna replication the molecule unzips at ____ of _____ forming replication bubbles

origins of replication

your dna contains the instructions for making your _____ and these determine your _____

proteins; traits

rna ____ involves removing the introns and joining the exons together to form mRNA transcript

splicing

dna nucleotides are joined by covalent bonds between the ___ of one nucleotide and the ___ ___ of the next

sugar; phosphate group

list the 2 main steps of protein synthesis

transcription and translation

· 20 different ______ link together to form chains · a protein is composed of one or more of these ____ chains which are twisted and folded into a particular shape

· amino acids · polypeptide chains