Dr. Loes Management Ch. 12

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In applying reinforcement theory, one of the problems in punishing unacceptable behavior is that punishment may produce

undesirable long-term side effects.

What term describes a theory stating that the extent to which people are willing to contribute to an organization depends on their assessment of the fairness of the rewards they will receive in exchange?

Equity theory

Poor morale is most likely to cause

absenteeism

It is interesting that in certain industries, such as the hotel industry, service personnel

actually dislike increased empowerment.

Herzberg's two-factor theory proposes that

the absence of maintenance factors may dissatisfy workers

Which of the following characteristics relates to a compressed work week?

A four-day (or shorter) period in which an employee work 40 hours

What is meant by expectancy?

A person's expectation that effort will lead to high performance

What is flextime?

A work schedule that allows employees to choose their starting and ending times as long as they are at work during a specified time period

What is meant by behavior modification?

An application of reinforcement theory, which involves change in behavior and encouraging appropriate actions by relating the consequences of behavior to the behavior itself

Which of the following characteristics relates to motivation?

An inner drive that directs behavior toward goals

What term describes a group of theories that assume that workers are motivated by the desire to satisfy needs and that seek to identify what their needs are?

Content theories

The person primarily associated with the Hawthorne studies was

Elton Mayo

What term describes a theory that recognizes the importance of goals in improving employee performance?

Goal-setting theory

What name is given to the order in which people strive to satisfy the five basic needs as theorized by Maslow - physiological, security, social, esteem, and self-actualization?

Hierarchy of needs

Which of the following refers to a working arrangement whereby two employees do one job?

Job sharing

Which of the following refers to the sum total of employees' attitudes toward their jobs, employer, and colleagues?

Morale

Your company's work teams have won national awards for making the finest widgets ever seen. Your loyal and productive workers have never been more proud of their work. What important characteristic of motivation is probably at an all-time high at your company?

Morale

Which of the following refers to a set theories that try to determine "how" and "why" employees are motivated to perform?

Process theories

What term describes the act of weakening or eliminating an undesired behavior by providing negative consequences?

Punishment

What name is given to a process theory that assumes that behavior may be reinforced by relating to its consequences?

Reinforcement theory

What is the theory that states that employees learn not only through direct experience but also through observation and personal qualities?

Social learning theory

Which of the following characteristics relates to positive reinforcement?

The act of strengthening a desired behavior by rewarding it or providing other positive outcomes

What are maintenance factors?

Those aspects of a job that relate to the work setting, including adequate wages, comfortable working conditions, fair company policies, and job security

Frederick Taylor

analyzed jobs to improve efficiency

Motivational theories that assume that workers are motivated by the desire to satisfy needs, and then seek to identify what those needs are, are called

content theories

Motivational theories that assume workers are motivated by the desire to satisfy needs, and then seek to identify what those needs are, are called

content theories

The examination of input-output ratios, employee contributions, and the perception of fairness is most associated with

equity theory

In expectancy theory, if a person believes that extra effort will lead to high performance, such as a bonus or commission, we are talking about the person's

expectancy

When financial institutions such as J.P. Morgan reward employees with bonuses and other financial incentives for making risky decisions, they may find that their attempts to motivate employees

may sometimes have negative effects on the organization

To achieve organizational objectives, employees must have the ability, tools, and _______ to perform their jobs.

motivation

Sue wants to be warm, but she is not; she has a

need

An employee's confidence that he or she can perform a task or behavior successfully is called

self-efficacy

The birth of the human relations approach to motivation can be traced to

the Hawthorne studies


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