DRAWING

CROWFOOT

A V-shaped mark the apex of which is a reference point

HIGHLIGHT

A brilliantly lighted area of a molded drawing appearing as a luminous spot.

DOTTED LINE

A broken line consisting of a series of closely spaced dots, sometimes used in place of a dashed line.

BREAK LINE

A broken line consisting of relatively long segments joined by short zigzag strokes, used to cut off a portion of a drawing

CENTERLINE

A broken line consisting of relatively long segments separated by single dashes or dots uses to represent the axis of a symmetrical element or composition.

PHANTOM LINE

A broken line consisting of relatively long segments separated by two short dashes or dots used to represent a property line, an alternative position of a part of an object, or the relative position of a phantom line.

DASHED LINE

A broken line consisting of short, closely spaced strokes used esp. to represent object lines that are hidden or removed from view.

SECTION LINE

A centerline terminating in a perpendicular segment with an arrow, used to indiccate where a section is cut in a plan or elevation view and the direction in which the section is to be viewed

SHADOW

A dark figure cast upon a surface by an opaque body intercepting the rays from a theoretical light source.

STUDY

A drawing exectued as an educational exercise, produced as a preliminary to a final work, or made to record observations. Sometimes referred to as a REERENTIAL DRAWING.

CONCEPTION

A drawing of something that does not yet exist

CUTAWAY

A drawing or model having an outer section removed to display the interior.

TROMPE L'OEIL

A drawing or painting in which objects are rendered in extremely fine detail to emphasize the illusion of tacile and spatial qualities

VIGNETTE

A drawing that is shaded off gradually into the surrounding paper so as to leave no definite line at the border .

EXPLODED VIEW

A drawing that shows the individual parts of a structure or construction separately but indicates their proper relationships to each other and to whole. Also called EXPANDED VIEW.

RENDERING

A drawing, esp. a perspective of a building or interior space artistically delineating the materials, shades and shadows usually one for the purposes of presentation and persuasion.

CARTOON

A full-scale drawing of a motif or design to be transferred in preparation for a fresco, mosaic or tapestry

EPURE

A full-scale, detailed drawing done on a wall, floor or other large surface, from which are traced the patterns for various building elements.

GRAPHIC SCALE

A graduated line or bar indicating the proportion between a representation and that which it represents.

NORTH ARROW

A graphic symbol used on plans and maps to indicate the direction of north.

OUTLINE

A line describing the outer boundary of a figure or object.

REGULATING LINE

A line drawn to measure or express alignment, scale or proportion

EXTENSION LINE

A line extending from an edge or feature of an object, to which a dimension line is drawn.

TRACE

A line lightly drawn to record alignment or measurement.

DIMENSION LINE

A line terminated by arrows, short slashes or dots indicating the extent or magnitude of a part or the whole, and along which measurements are scaled and indicated.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

A method of projection in which a three-dimensional object is represented by projecting lines perpendicular to a picture plane. Also called ORTHOGONAL PROEJCTION.

OBLIQUE PROJECTION

A method of projection in which a three-dimensional object, having one principal face parallel to the picture plane, is represented by projecting parallel lines at some angle other than 90 degrees to the picture plane.

TECHNIQUE

A method or procedure for accomplishing a desired aim or task, as that employed by an artist showing a high degree of skill or command of fundamentals.

GESTURE

A movement of the hand, arm, head, face or body that expresses an idea, opinion or emotion.

AXONOMETRIC

A paraline drawing of an axonometric projection, having all lines parallel to the three principal axes drawn to scale but diagonal and curved lines distorted.

ISOMETRIC

A paraline drawing of an isometric projection, having all lines parallel to the prinicpal axes drawn to true length at the same scale.

OBLIQUE

A paraline drawing of an oblique projecting having all lines and faces parallel to the picture plane drawn to exact scale and all receding lines perpendicular to the picture plane shown at any convenient angle other than 90 degrees, sometimes at a reduced scale to offset the appearance of distortion.

CABINET DRAWING

A paraline drawing of an oblique projection, having all lines parallel to the picture plane drawn to exact scale, and the receding lines perpendicular to the picture plane reduced to half scale.

CAVALIER DRAWING

A paraline drawing of an oblique projection, having the receding lines perpendicular to the picture plane drawn to the same scale as the lines parallel to the picture plane.

PHANTOM

A part of drawing that is made transparent to permit representation of details otherwise hidden from view.

REFLECTED PLAN

A plan of a room as seen from above but having its ceiling surfaces and elements projected downward upon it so that would appear to the right when seen from below appears on the plan to the left. Also called REFLECTED CEILING PLAN.

FLOOR PLAN

A plan of a room, suite or entire floor of a building as seen from above after a horizontal section is cut and the upper portion removed, typically showing the form and arrangement of interior spaces and their enclosing walls, windows and doors.

SITE PLAN

A plan showing the form, location and orientation of a building or group of buildings on a site, usually including the dimensions, contours, landscaping, and other significant features of the plot. Also called PLOT PLAN.

FRAMING PLAN

A plan showing the pattern, elements and connections of the structural frame for a floor or roof of a building, using a system of symbols and drafting linework.

AREA PLAN

A plan showing the principal elements of a design project in the wider context of its surrounding environment.

GRADING PLAN

A plan showing the proposed finish contours and elevations of the ground surface of a construction site.

ROOF PLAN

A plan sowing the top view of a building esp. The form of its roof.

DRAFT

A preliminary sketch of a design or plan, esp. one subject to revision.

SCALE

A proportion determining the relationship of a representation to that which it represents.

GRID

A rectangular system of lines and coordinates serving as a reference for locating and regulating the elements of a plan.

IMAGE

A representation of the form or appearance of something, made visible in a sculpture, photograph or drawing.

LEADER

A short line leading the eye from a note or dimension to a reference point, line or area

SKETCH

A simply or hastily executed drawing or painting representing essential features of an object or scene without the details, often made as a preliminary study.

ESQUISSE

A sketch showing the general features of a design or plan.

OBJECT LINE

A solid line representing a contour of an object.

AERIAL PERSPECTIVE

A technique for rendering depth or distance by muting the hue, tne and distinctness of objects perceived as receding from the picture plane. Also called ATMOSPHERIC PERSPECTIVE.

LINE

A thin,continuous mark made on a surface with a pencil, pen or bursh as distinguished from shading or color.

MASS

A unified area of light, shade or color that defines shape or form in general outline rather than in detail.

RELIEF

An apparent projection from a flat background due to contrast, creating the illusion of three dimensions .

PASSAGE

An area, section or detail of a work, esp. with respect to its qualities of execution.

ISOMETRIC PROJECTION

An axonometric projection of a three dimensional object having its principal faces equally inclined to the picture planes so that its three principal axes are equally shortened.

TRIMETRIC PROJECTION

An axonometric projection of a three-dimensional object inclined to the picture plane in such a way that all three principal axes are foreshortened at a different rate.

DIMETRIC PROJECTION

An axonometric projection of a three-dimensional object inclined to the picture plane in such a way that two of its principal axes are equally foreshortened and the third appears longer or shorter than the other two.

ANALYTIQUE

An elevation drawing of facade surround by a decorative arrangement of drawings of important details sometimes a plan or section of the facade.

SEAL

An embossing stamp uses by a licensed architect, engineer or other design professional on contract drawings and specifications to show evidence of registration in the state where the work is to be performed.

CONTOUR LINE

An imaginary line joining points of equal elevation on a surface, or its representation on a topographic plan or map.

LONGITUDINAL SECTION

An orthographic projection of a section made by cutting through the longest axis of an object.

CROSS SECTION

An orthographic projection of a section made by cutting transversely esp. at right angles to the long axis of an object. Also called TRANSVERSE SECTION.

OBLIQUE SECTION

An orthographic projection of a section made by cutting with a plane that is neither parallel nor perpendicular to the long axis of a subject.

SECTION

An orthographic projection of an object or structure as it would appear if cut through by an intersecting plane to show its internal configuration, usually drawn to scale.

ELEVATION

An orthographic projection of an object or structure on a vertical picture plane parallel to one if its sides, usually drawn to scale.

PLAN

An orthographic projection of the top section of an object or structure on a horizontal plane usually drawn to scale. Also called PLAN VIEW.

PROFILE

An outline of a form or structure seen or represented from the side.

DESIGN DRAWING

Any of the drawings made to aid the visualization, exploration, evaluation and communication of a concept in the design process.

PARALINE DRAWING

Any of various single-view drawings characterized by parallel lines in remaining parallel to each other rather than converging as in linear perspective.

PERSPECTIVE

Any of various techniques for representing three dimensional objects and spatial relationships on a two-dimensional surface as they might appear to the eye.

PRESENTATION DRAWING

Any set of design drawings made to articulate and communicate a design concept or proposal, as for exhibition, review or publication.

DRAFTING

Drawing done with the aid of such instruments such as T-squares, triangles, compasses and scales esp. For the systematic representation an dimensional specification of architectural and engineering structures. Also called MECHANICAL DRAWING.

LOW-KEY

Having chiefly dark tones with little contrast

HIGH-KEY

Having chiefly light tones with little contrast.

GRISAILLE

Monochromatic painting in shades of gray to produce a three-dimensional effect.

SCRIBBLING

Shading by means of a network of random, multidirectional lines.

STIPPLING

Shading by means of dots, small spots or short strokes.

HATCHING

Shading composed of fine lines drawn in close proximity.

CROSSHATCHING

Shading composed of two or more series of intersecting parallel lines.

FREEHAND DRAWING

The art, process or technique of drawing by hand without the aid of drafting instruments or mechanical devices esp. For the representation of perceptions or the visualization of ideas.

DRAWING

The art, process or technique of representing an object, scene or idea by means of lines on a surface.

SHADE AND SHADOWS

The casting and rendering of shade and shadows esp. in orthographic views to convey light, surface, form and depth.

CONTOUR INTERVAL

The difference in elevation represented by each contour line on a topographic plan or map.

KEY

The dominant tonal value of a drawing or painting.

ANALYTICAL DRAWING

The drawing of lines to represent the three- dimensional; structure and geometry of a form, proceeding generally from the whole to the constituent parts.

MOVEMENT

The effect or illusion of motion conveyed by the relationship of structural elements in a design or composition.

LOCAL COLOR

The natural color of a particular object as it would appear in white light .

AXONOMETRIC PROJECTION

The orthographic projection of a three-dimensional object inclined to the picture plane in such a way that its three principal exes are foreshortened.

CONTOUR

The outline of a two-dimensional shape or bounding edges of a three-dimensional form

SHADE

The parts of a solid that receive no light because they are tangent to or turned away from a theoretical light source.

CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS

The portion of the contract documents showing an accurate graphic or pictorial form of the design, location, dimension, and relationships of the elements of a project. Also called CONTRACT DRAWINGS, WORKING DRAWINGS.

PROJECTION

The process or technique of representing a three dimensional object by projecting all its points by straight lines, either parallel or converging, to a picture plane.

SHADING

The rendering of light and dark values in a drawing to create illusion of three-dimensionality, represent light and shadow, or give the effect of color.

GESTURE DRAWING

The technique of drawing a single or multiple lines freely and quickly as a subject is scanned and perceptions of volume, mass, movement and significant details are projected onto the drawing surface. In contrast to contour drawing, gesture drawing generally proceeds from the whole to the parts.

CROSS- CONTOUR DRAWING

The technique of drawing lines to represent a series of cuts across the surface of a form rather than its edges.

CONTOUR DRAWING

The technique of drawing lines to represent the contours of a subject without shading or modeling of form

MODELING

The technique of rendering the illusion of volume, depth, or solidity on a two-dimensional surface by shading.

DESCRIPTIVE GEOMETRY

The theory of making projections of three-dimensional objects on a plane surface in order to deduce their geometric properties and relationships.

POCHE

The walls, columns and other solids of a buildings that are cut in a floor plan or section drawing, indicated usually in black or hatching.