EAPP

REASONS

A position paper seeks to persuade readers to have the same position on an issue as the writer does.

False authority

A type of false reasoning in which a person speaks as expert on something on which he/she has no expertise.

Decide what you are measuring

After you have determined the objectives of the study it is as important to identify what you are measuring Identifying what you are measuring will give you an idea as to what kind of questions should be asked.

THESIS

Also called the claim. A statement that expresses your stand or position on an issue.

ISSUE

An idea or question over which people are divided. It is also called a controversy. A topic is an issue if people have different points of view on the matter.

Decide what you are measuring.

As with determining the purpose, this should be based on the objectives of your educational program and the evaluation of its outcomes and impact.

Introduce the relevant literature.

Discuss findings or theorizing that is relevant to your question. This will be the longest section of the introduction. You should organize this section of your paper in such a way that you logically build to YOUR study.

Speech! Speech!

Do you plan to make an opening statement at your conference" A good position paper makes a great introductory speech During debate, a good position paper will also help you to stick to your country's policies.

As an antioxidant, coffee is an anti-cancer substance.

EXAMPLE OF "ARGUMENT FROM TRANSITIVITY "

Bulldogs are canine, canines are good guards; therefore, Bulldogs are good guards.

EXAMPLE OF "ARGUMENT FROM TRANSITIVITY "

Emotional Appeals

Emotion (also known as pathos or suffering in Greek) is one of the three modes of persuasion identified by Aristotle. The other two are logos or logic, and ethos or authority.

--

Emotional appeals are considered fallacies, or errors in reasoning, because they manipulate emotions in an audience but might become effective if done right especially in writing a position paper.

POSITION PAPER

Evaluate possible solutions and suggest courses of action.

POSITION PAPER

Examine the strengths and weaknesses of your position.

President X cannot be pro-education as he claims to be. He reduced the education budget by half.

Example of ARGUMENT FROM INCOMPATIBILITY

She is not interested in English class as she claims to be. She is always absent

Example of ARGUMENT FROM INCOMPATIBILITY

--

Example of ISSUE: Exercise is good for the health and smoking is bad

My father smoked four packs of cigarettes a day since age fourteen and lived until age sixty-nine Therefore, smoking really can't be that bad for you.

Example of the "ARGUMENT FROM GENERALIZATION"

Patrick is an unfaithful boyfriend. Therefore, all boys are unfaithful.

Example of the "ARGUMENT FROM GENERALIZATION"

Five of your teachers from SHS read for fun. Therefore, all the teachers in SHS read for fun.

Example of the ARGUMENT FROM EXAMPLE

Four out of five dentists recommend Happy Glossy Smiley toothpaste brand Therefore it must be great.

Example of the ARGUMENT FROM EXAMPLE

Student A passed the exam for he studied the entire night. Student B also had studied for the exam the entire night, so most probably he also passed the exam

Examples of the "ARGUMENT FROM COMPARISON"

The RH Law will lead to the legalization of abortion in the Philippines. This was the case in Vietnam which enacted a similar law many years ago.

Examples of the "ARGUMENT FROM COMPARISON"

Get organized

Give each separate idea or proposal its own paragraph. Make site each paragraph starts with a topic sentence.

Description of the respondents

Here you give a concise description of the characteristics of the population/sample population such as average age, nationality, gender, etc (any other description that is helpful in your study).

Description of the survey instrument

Here you provide a description of your survey instrument, may it be a survey questionnaire, mobile application app, etc.

Introduce the relevant literature.

In the next few paragraphs, discuss previous literature that can speak to your question. Conceptually define all your terms when you first introduce them.

Title the questionnaire.

Include a brief purpose of the study (one sentence or phrase).

Emotional Appeals

It is a method of persuasion that is designed to create an emotional response.

ARGUMENT

It is usually a generalization that is made on the basis of supporting evidence, such as facts, comparisons, examples, and the writer's experiences.

Read and read.

Leave time to edit your position paper. Ask yourself if the organization of the paper makes sense and double-check your spelling and grammar.

Name calling or "ad hominem"

Name calling uses labels with negative meanings to cast one's opponent in a bad light.

ARGUMENT FROM CAUSE

Posits that A is cause by B, which means that the presence of A (cause) will mean the presence of B (effect).

Determine the purpose.

Questionnaires are typically used for survey research, to determine the current status or "situation".

Appeal to common folk

The persuasion is done by pointing out that a person is no different from ordinary people, or, that a product or idea is something that ordinary people would purchase or support.

Introduce the present study.

The reader should have been able to predict you were going to examine the variables you discuss here from the reasoning you laid out in #2.

Choose measurement scale and scoring

The response option you choose, however, should always be based on the objectives of the question and survey.

Title the questionnaire

The title of the survey instrument will give an idea to the respondents what the questionnaire is all about.

Choose measurement scale and scoring

There are a wide variety of response options available to you.

OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS OR COUNTER

This are arguments that oppose the Your goal in presenting these is to refute or discredit them, so that any opposition in the reader's mind is dealt with.

SUPPORT

This are evidences or ideas to substantiate the reasons.

THESIS

This expresses how you feel about the issue: Are you in favor of or against it? Is your position somewhere in between?

Association

This is done by creating a link between one thing or idea and another one that people have a positive or negative feelings.

Title the questionnaire.

This will let the respondent know what it's about.

Keep it simple

To communicate strongly and effectively, avoid flowery wording and stick to uncomplicated language and sentence structure.

Let the bullet fly.

Try not to let your proposals become lost in a sea of formation. For speechmaking, create a bulleted list of your proposals along with your most important facts and statistics so that you will not lose time looking for them during debate.

POSITION PAPER

Use evidence to support your position, such as statistical evidence or dates and events.

Cite your sources.

Use footnotes or endnotes to show where you found your facts and statistics If von are unfamiliar with bibliographic form, look up the Modern Language Association (MIA) guidelines at your school's library.

Choose measurement scale

Use scales that provide the information needed and are appropriate for respondents. Some choices are: Fixed-response Yes-No True-False Multiple Choice

ARGUMENT FROM SIGN

Uses a sign or indicator X to arque for the existence of condition Y.

POSITION PAPER

Validate your position with authoritative references or primary source quotations.

Try to capture the readers' interest right away.

You might want to introduce your topic by posing an interesting question. In this opening paragraph, do NOT use jargon .

OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS OR COUNTER

You refute by showing weaknesses in the counterargument.

URVEY REPORT

a survey is a data collection method that involves asking a selected group of people questions. Thus, a survey report is an objective and systematic written presentation of the goals and findings of a survey.

INTRODUCTION

arouse the interest of the reader/target sponsor

INTRODUCTION

arouse the interest of the reader/target sponsor by showing your understanding of their mission. Identify your (organization's) mission and show how your mission dovetails with the reader's priorities.

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

describe the activities that your project will undertake

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

describe the activities that your project will undertake to address the problem/need. Point out the strengths of your approach. Discuss the general impact of your proposed project: What will be the outcome? Who will be affected?

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

discuss the general impact

METHODOLOGY/PROJECT DESIGN

enumerate the steps/ procedures to implement the project

METHODOLOGY/ PROJECT DESIGN

enumerate the steps/procedures to implement the project.

ARGUMENT

explains why a claim is correct and believable.

Facts

figures and the writer's own observations or reports from scholarly studies

PURPOSE

identify a problem or need of the reader that you wish to address

PURPOSE

identify a problem or need of the reader that you wish to address and justify the need for your proposed project.

INTRODUCTION

identify your mission

ARGUMENT FROM INCOMPATIBILITY

if A is something, it cannot be B; if it is B, it cannot be A; for A and B cannot be combined -they are incompatible.

Decide the appropriate population to be studied/questioned

in making survey instrument, it is important that you consider the group of people/subject that is going to be the participant of the study Also, you need to decide if you are going to do a census- treat the entire population as participants of your survey.

Determine the purpose

in making your questionnaire, put in mind the objective of your survey report so that you will not be overwhelmed with the range of questions that you can ask to your respondents.

Introduction

introduce your survey report by presenting the reason for conducting your survey and your objectives. Make sure to cite any information taken from the source.

Survey report it

is a kind of research that requires selecting a sample people/group to answer questions. Conclusion will then be drawn from the result of the survey.

POSITION PAPER

it also called an argumentative paper or a manifesto.

POSITION PAPER

it is a paper that shows people's views and sentiments.

POSITION PAPER

it is an essay that presents a person's or group's position or stand on a particular issue.

REASONS

it's important for the writer to state the reasons in order to explain to the reader why his or her position is logical, acceptable, and believable. Another term for reasons is arguments.

PROJECT NEEDS

make a list of materials, personnel, equipment and space that will be needed include a cost estimate

PROJECT NEEDS

make a list of materials, personnel, equipment, and space that will be needed to carry out the project. Include a cost estimate.

TIMETABLE

make an estimate of the time it will take for completion of the project

TIMETABLE

make an estimate of the time it will take for completion of the project.

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

point out the strengths of your approach

Examples

real-life demonstrations of an idea

INTRODUCTION

show how mission dovetails with the reader's priorities

Comparisons

similarities or differentiation between two ideas, concepts, or situations

OBJECTIVES

state the Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Time bound (SMART) objectives of the project.

OBJECTIVES

state the specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time bound objectives

PROJECT CONCEPT PAPER

summary of proposed project and writing representative of the funding agency

Strong Cause

the occurrence of the cause guarantees the existence of the effect.

Weak Cause

the occurrence of the cause is necessary for the effect to occur.

RESPONSE RATE

the proportion of completed interviews to the total number of eligible respondents, and it indicates how successful the researcher was in gaining cooperation of potential respondents in a sample.

ARGUMENT FROM COMPARISON

this argues that two situations will have the same outcome because of the similarities between these situations.

ARGUMENT FROM INCOMPATIBILITY

this argument presents two contradictory choices, such that the choice of one means the exclusion of the other.

ARGUMENT FROM RECIPROCITY

this argument says that individuals and situations that can be put together under the same category should be treated in the same way.

ARGUMENT FROM TRANSITIVITY

this involves three terms associated through the process of classification, in this type of argument, two classification statements serve as premises which then serve as the basis for the argument, presented in the form of a conclusion as in A is B; B is C; thus, A is C.

ARGUMENT FROM EXAMPLE

this is similar to argument from generalization in that conclusions are made about an entire population. The difference is that, instead of using only one member as basis, in this argument you use a group of examples-a sample-from that population to serve as your basis.

Implementing Mail Survey

this requires respondents to answer questions, then mail the questionnaire back to the researcher or agency Given that there is no direct interaction between the researcher and respondent

PROJECT CONCEPT PAPER

used to convince a sponsor that a project need

ARGUMENT FROM GENERALIZATION

we use one member of a population to make conclusions about the entire population.

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

what will be the outcome

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

who will be affected