Ecology Test 2
Suppose you survey a population of the Asian lady beetle and find the frequency of the A allele to be 0.4 and S allele to be 0.6. Calculate the combined frequency of homozygous genotypes in this population.
0.52
Survivorship curves are plotted as the number of survivors per how many births?
1000
As a result of isolation in the populations of alpine fish in the genus Coregonus, approximately how many distinct populations are recognized?
19
When did Africanized honeybees first appear in the United States?
1990
Math the distribution pattern to it's description Random Regular Clumped Individuals occur at equally spaced intervals Individuals have a greater chance of being found at specific locations Individuals have equal chance of being found anywhere
1c, 2a, 3b
A condition where a plant cannot pollinate itself is considered to be Self-incompatible Hermaphroditic Self-compatible Asexual
A
According to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which condition could lead to a change in allele frequencies in a population? A small population that is mating at random No individuals are immigrating to the population No individuals are emigrating from the population A large population mating at random
A
An Allele is best described as A different version of a gene An exact copy of a gene A gene that is capable of skipping a generation A second gene located closely on a chromosome that determines the expression of a trait
A
An individual that receives two copies of the same allele would be considered Homozygous heterozygous Recessive Dominant
A
Brisson and Reynolds hypothesized that the distribution of creosote bushes would reflect _ overlap of roots from nearby individuals. Reduced Fundamental Increased realized
A
Endler used guppies from multiple populations To ensure that color variation was present in the experimental units so that he could test for natural selection So that he could artificially select for guppies with brighter colors To increase the sample size of the experiment so that he could test for difference among the groups To reduce the effect of inbreeding in the experimental population
A
Genetic variability in island populations compared to mainland populations is _ a) lower in mainland populations b) higher in mainland populations c) lower in island populations d) the same between island and mainland populations
A
How is a fecundity schedule tabulated? The tabulation of the birth rates for all the females in a population The tabulation of birth rate for the females in the middle age bracket in the population Subtracting the death rate from the birth rates within a population
A
If a female plant was able to control the fertilization process, this would clearly be an example of Nonrandom mating Random mating Intraspecific selection Neutral selection
A
In biology, fitness is best defined as the Number of offspring an individual contributes to future generations Ability to maintain a high level activity for a prolonged time period Ability to increase lifespan by remaining active
A
In studying the relationship between population density and body size, Damuth analyzed data from _. Herbivorous mammals Tropical lizards Marine mammals Predatory mammals
A
In what manner do subpopulations maintain an exchange of individuals? Through immigration and emigration Through immigration only Through emigration only
A
Natural Selection acts on _ among individuals in a population. Variations Similarities
A
Phenotypic plasticity is best described as The ability of an organism to alter is form and function as a result of changes in the environment The random loss of alleles in a population A random mutation that creates a different form of a gene The change in a population to become better suited to its environment
A
Phenotypic variation is the result of Genetic and environmental influence that affect the appearance of an individual Changes in the genetic makeup of an individual throughout its life Varying environmental factors that affect the outward appearance of an individual Variations in the genetics between individuals
A
Stabilizing selection in a population would work by selecting For an average body size in a population For only small or large body sizes in a population Against the average body size in a population Two or more body sizes in a population
A
Suppose you conduct a survey of Asian lady beetles and you find the frequency of the SS genotype to be 0.64, the frequency of the SA genotype to be 0.32, and the frequency of the AA genotype to be a 0.04. What is the frequency of the S allele? 0.8 0.16 0.02 0.64
A
The ligon's were able to follow individual Green woodhoopoes allowing them to study their social behavior because They roost in cavities and are easily captured and banded when exiting the cavity Each individual has unique identifying marks, much like a fingerprint and are easily identified in the field They lack fear of humans and are easily captured and banded by researchers They roost on the ground at night and easily captured with small nets and banded
A
What are the evolutionary benefits of related males forming coalitions? Cooperative behavior among related males would increase their inclusive fitness A larger coalition of related males would all have the same probability of reproducing They can provide more resources to the females of the pride
A
What happens to stream organisms during a spate? They get washed downstream They experience a high level of parasitism Their population increases
A
What information is gained by knowing the generation time of a population? The average age of reproduction The survival rate of a population The ratio of males to females
A
Which feature has contributed to the rapid expansion of Africanized honeybees through South and North America? High rate of colony formation Limited number of predators Availability of nesting site
A
Which feature is associated with temporal dynamics? Patterns of survival Influence of dispersal on distribution Mortality rate of the population
A
Which feature is associated with the spatial dynamics of populations? The influence of dispersal on distribution Reproductive patterns in populations The influence of patterns on survival
A
Which is a feature associated with temporal dynamics? Patterns of survival Mortality rate of the population Influence of dispersal on distribution
A
Which of the following best define the term birthrate? Number of young born per female in a period of time Number of young born per male in the population Number of young that survive until reproductive age
A
Which of the following is an example of directional selection? During a drought, finches with larger beaks have higher survivorship During a drought, finches with average size beaks have higher survivorship A population of finches declines during a drought. Because the population is small several alleles that code for plumage color are lost During a drought, finches with large or small beaks have higher survivorship
A
Which of the following populations would not be evolving? A large population that is not undergoing any change in allele frequencies A small population that is losing alleles due to genetic drift A population that is under very strong stabilizing selection A population where the genotypes have different levels of fitness
A
Which of the following would be an example of a limitation on a male ornamentation? A very brightly colored tail in male guppies that prevents escape from predators A katydid that looks less like a leaf compared to others in the population A leaf cutter ant that cannot carry a leaf
A
Which of the following would be an example of an evolutionary distinct unit? A population of alpine fish living in a headwater stream that is isolated from other populations and has a different number of fin-rays A widespread species comprising many populations. Gene flow exists between adjacent populations but not between distant populations A population where small and large individuals exhibit higher reproductive success and medium sized individuals are selected against A population of sticky cinquinfoil that is locally adapted to lowlands, but exhibits gene flow between mid-elevation populations.
A
Which of the following would lead to higher female evolutionary fitness? A larger male offering a large, dead arthropod that would increase the number of eggs laid A male offering saliva that would increase egg size and hatching rates A female acquiring a nutritious offering that would improve her ability to forage for longer times The female eating the male who presented himself as an offering
A
Which small mammal relationship is correct? An increase in food results in an increase in density An increase in food results in a decrease in density An increase in food results in an expansion of their range
A
Which small mammal relationship is correct? Increase in food results in an increase in density Increase in food results in an expansion of their range Increase in food results in an decrease in density
A
Which statement correctly described the mortality rate of various marine fish? The young have an extremely high rate of mortality Each age group has an equal rate of mortality The old have an extremely high rate of mortality
A
Which statement is correct about the butterfly and lesser kestrel population? The butterfly population is contracting while the kestrel is expanding Both populations are in a state of expansion The butterfly population is contraction while the kestrel population is staying stable The butterfly population is expanding while kestrel population is contracting
A
Which type of populations provide the best information about the dispersal aspects of populations? Expanding populations Endangered populations Declining populations
A
Why are social relationships important? They can have a direct impact on evolutionary fitness Social relationships influence the large-scale patterns of ecosystems across landscapes Social relationships can determine community structure Social relationships can influence nutrient and energy flow in an ecosystem
A
An example of genetic drift is A small group of birds lands on an ocean island. Within two generations, several alleles are lost due to random chance mating A population of prairie chickens was greatly reduced due to severe drought, the remaining individuals have lost at least four different alleles A small group of birds immigrates to a remote island, bringing new alleles to the population A large population that does not undergo any change in allele frequencies
A and B
Cooperation generally involves which of the following? Individuals exchanging resources Individuals assisting other for defense Individuals acting for the good of the species Two or more species living together where both benefit from the relationship
A and B
Identify the mechanisms that can produce numerical responses in predators Predator dispersal An increase in prey population An increase in habitat availability
A and B
What benefits does a male gain by offering larger nuptial gifts to females? The female is more likely to mate with him A larger nuptial gift may improve his fitness because the female is likely to lay more eggs The males are less likely to be eaten by the female as a nuptial gift similar to praying mantises
A and B
What factors may limit ornamentation in males under sexual selection? A reduced ability to hunt or forage The risk of predation with larger, showier feathers The access to female mates The females selecting for males with showy feathers
A and B
Why do female guppies choose males with ornamentation that does not directly increase survival? Ornamentation is likely to be inherited, so the female's offspring are likely to inherit the good traits Ornamentation indicates good health and nutritional state Ornamentation indicates that the male is ready to mate Scientists have not identified a plausible explanation as to why females prefer ornamented males
A and B
Why does kin selection work in lion prides? By working together they improve their inclusive fitness Lion prides are always close relatives They are unrelated individuals that improves genetic variations
A and B
The fitness of an individual has traditionally been defined as the number of offspring it produces. How does eusociality challenge this definition? Individuals help other or even sacrifice themselves without the opportunity to reproduce Individuals in eusocial societies produce some offspring, but fewer offspring than nonsocial animals Not every individual in a eusocial society has the opportunity to reproduce
A and C
What are the key factors that affect the evolution of eusociality? Kin selection Intrasexual selection Ecological constraints Intersexual selection
A and C
The presence of tiger beetles on southern mountain tops can be explained by climate change associated with _. Glacial retreat Comet impacts Ozone holes Global warming
A and D
What are the two major sources of reproductive success in Green Woodhoopoes? Spatial variation in the quality of roosting cavities Temporal variation in roosting cavities Spatial variation in food availability Temporal variation in seasonal rainfall
A and D
Which of the following are secondary sexual characteristics? Brightly colored tails in male guppies Striped patterns in school fish above a reef Cryptic appearance of stick bugs to resemble the branches they are on Brightly colored male birds where the females are typically drab
A and D
Evolution is best described as A heritable change in a population over time Physical changes to an individual that are inherited by its offspring The change in an individual to adapt to its environment The differential survival of individuals from one generation to the next
A heritable change in a population over time
Identify the groups of organisms with species that reproduce asexually Plants Bacteria Protozoans Mammals
A, B, and C
Large naked mole rats may defend a colony by doing what? Blocking the entrance with soil to wall off the entrance They will try to kill snakes entering the colony They will throw soil at a snake in attempt to turn it back They will sacrifice themselves for the good of the colony
A, B, and C
Peters and Wassenberg expanded upon Damuth's research on density and body size by looking at which of the following in addition to herbivorous mammals? Invertebrates Poikilothermic vertebrates Birds Herbs Deciduous trees
A, B, and C
Select the reasons why egg size in the Ural owl is under stabilizing selection Females that produced very large or very small eggs fledged fewer young throughout their life Females producing small or large eggs often had shorter reproductive lives Very large eggs and very small eggs were less likely to hatch Large and small eggs were more likely to be preyed upon in the nest
A, B, and C
The activities of leaf cutter ants are highly varied and include which of the following? Ants carrying leaves Ants guarding the trail of ants Ants guarding the ones carrying leaves from parasitoid flies Ant guarding the queen from males attempting forced copulations
A, B, and C
The rise of GMOs that are herbicide resistant has helped farmers in the short term by Helping to reduce soil erosion by not having to till fields Reduced production cost Reducing the need for mechanical control of weeds which saves time and money Increasing the diversity of pollinators in a field
A, B, and C
Which of the following are examples of a negative impact of inbreeding in a population? Florida panthers, which underwent a major reduction in population, had malformed sperm, which lowered reproductive success Female butterflies in isolated patches produced smaller juveniles, which were less likely to survive the winter Greater Prairie Chickens in relic prairie habitat in Illinois laid eggs with low hatch rates compared to other populations The larvae of silvery minnow in the Rio Grande experienced high mortality because they lost their nursery habitat
A, B, and C
Which of the following were reasons that Mendel used pea plants to study genetics? There were many varieties of plants that he could work with The pea plants had a short generation time so that he could follow traits from one generation to the next He could grow many individual pea plants to increase his sample size There were many types of pollinators to aid in the cross fertilizations of the pea plants
A, B, and C
Identify the following experimental condition used by Clausen to test for genetic differences among populations They used clones of populations from different elevations Each of the clones were grown in a common garden experiment at different elevations They grew the clones in three different elevations They grew clones from high elevation populations only at low elevations
A, B, and C.
Identify the conditions required for a population to remain in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The individuals with a population freely mate with each other The population is very large Individuals are free to immigrate and emigrate from the population No mutation occur that create new alleles
A, B, and D
Inbreeding and genetic drift can both lead to Loss of genetic variability in a population Higher probability of extinction Higher rates of mutation in a population Lower fecundity and higher juvenile mortality
A, B, and D
What are similarities in social organization between naked mole rats and ant colonies? Larger workers are used for defense Division of labor based on size Males and females are workers Reproduction is limited to a single queen
A, B, and D
What is the composition of drift? stream insects Fragments of leaves Inorganic solutes Pieces of algae
A, B, and D
When Johnsongrass was exposed to glyphosphate for several generations it was able to survive in fields even with high application of the herbicide. When Johnsongrass was moved from field with no exposure of herbicide to fields with moderate exposure, they all died. What do the results of this test indicate? Johnsongrass exposed to the herbicide were under directional selection and were able to adapt to the herbicide The genes that allowed Johnsongrass to adapt to the herbicide were heritable Johnsongrass exhibited an environmental response to the herbicide, which would remain effective for future use The herbicide would become ineffective at controlling johnsongrass
A, B, and D
Identify examples of behavior in different organisms Damselfish protecting its territory on a reef Fish swimming on a reef or a bird flying to the next tree Male prairie chickens conducting elaborate mating rituals Male bluehead wrasses defending their mating territories
A, C, and D
Which of the following are forms of cooperation in lion societies? females in a pride will defend their territory against encroaching females Males hunting together to provide resources to the females Females in a pride hunt together to obtain larger prey Female lions in a pride nurse each other's cubs
A, C, and D
Which of the following effects could habitat fragmentation have on population? A reduction in population size The immigration of new alleles A reduction in the amount of quality habitat A loss of genetic diversity in a population
A, C, and D
Which of the following is a benefit of philopatry to cavity-nesting birds like the woodhoopoes? They would have a lower rate of predation It is easier for them to find tree to excavate new nesting cavities They may eventually inherit the territory and its cavities They are familiar with the territory and have safe places to roost
A, C, and D
Which of the following types of animals are known cooperative breeders? African lions Scorpionflies Woodhoopoes Wolves
A, C, and D
Which predators were associated with the Korpimaki and Norrdahl vole study? Long-eared owls Grey wolves European kestrel Short-eared owl
A, C, and D
The tiger beetle Cicindela longilabris is most frequently found in more northerly locations; however, in southern locations it is found _.
At high elevations
According to numerical responses what type of change should occur in the predator population if the prey density increases? The predator population would go extinct The predator density would change The diversity of predators would decrease
B
Based on Hamilton's rule, when does selection favor diverting resources to kin? When Rg=O When C<RgB When RgB<C When C>RgB
B
Based on Marshall and Fuller's (1994) work, non-random mating in plants was supported by Greenhouse experiment using controlled mating, but not random mating under natural settings One pollen donor siring many more offspring than other donors in a controlled mating Each pollen donor siring the same number of offspring in a natural setting An artifact of greenhouse conditions
B
Connell used _ experiments to explain the difference in the lower limits to the distributions of Chthamalus and Balanus in the intertidal zone. Flower pot Transplant Mesocosm Laboratory
B
During the course of their growth, Phillips and McMahon found that the distribution pattern of creosote bushes _ time. Remained constant with Varied with Was independent of Fluctuated randomly with
B
How can natural selection decrease diversity in a population? By reducing the number of immigrants into a population Through stabilizing selection that will remove extreme phenotypes from the population By promoting extreme phenotypes through disruptive selection Through the random loss of alleles
B
In both the Arizona and Great Smoky Mountains, particular trees species occurred _ along the continuous environmental gradients from valleys to mountain tops. In a periodic pattern At specific locations Continuously Patchily
B
Marshall and Fuller (1994) point out that the harsh conditions in nature may have Less importance on the number and size of seeds produced than non-random mating More importance on the number and size of seeds produced than non-random mating A strong influence on the rate of non-random mating in plants A strong influence on sexual selection in plants
B
Of the 171 bird species known to have become extinct since 1600, _ are species restricted to islands. Some Most None few
B
Specifically, we can define evolution as a change in An organisms over time as it acclimates to a changing environment The allele frequencies of a population from one generation to the next A species over time The number of chromosomes in individuals in a population
B
The effects of genetic drift are best described as Any non-random process that leads to a loss of genetic variability A random process that leads to a loss of genetic variability Direction selection that leads to a loss of genetic variability Stabilizing direction that can impede changes in a population
B
The end of the Pleistocene was brought about by The movement of continental land masses that changed global circulation patterns Rising global temperatures An increase in volcanic activity that cause the Earth to cool The movement of coldwater fish into high elevations streams
B
The study on the glanville fritillary demonstrated that A heterozygosity was not a good indicator of extinction in the Glanville fritillary Populations with the highest levels of inbreeding were the most likely to go extinct Populations with the highest level of heterozygosity were most likely to go extinct Stabilizing selection can impede genetic diversity, thereby increasing the probability the population will go extinct
B
What climatic event caused the northward dispersal of many species 16,000 years ago? Beginning of an Ice Age Retreat of the glaciers Continental drift
B
What feature is necessary to call subpopulations a metapopulation? Competition for the same resources Exchange of individuals between subpopulations Overlapping ecological niches between the populations
B
What substances are used to measure the dispersal rate of plants? Carbon in roots systems Pollen sediments Tree rings
B
When Darwin published his theory of evolution by natural selection, the prevailing mechanism of inheritance was blended inheritance which posed a problem because it was believed that There were no sources of variation in a population Favorable traits that were rare would be blended out of the population and lost The responses of an individual to the environment could be passed to the next generation Favorable traits could not be passed to the next generation
B
Which age group, typically, has the lowest mortality among birds? The youngest They are all equal The oldest
B
Which feature contributed to the greater aggressiveness of Africanized honeybees? Larger bee population High diversity of nest predators Greater competition for resources
B
Which feature enables fish to maintain their position in a stream? Adhering to the stone Streamlined to swim against the current Flattened body plan to hide under rocks
B
Which feature is the most important when one studies population dynamics? Trophic level of the population Population distribution Number of predators
B
Which individuals in a population are more likely to disperse? Females Juveniles Adults
B
Which information is used to determine a static life table? The number of births in a given period of time The age of death of a large number of individuals The age at death of the dominant individual in a population
B
Which is a reason that butterflies will leave their population? The population size becomes very large The population size becomes very small The population experience an increase in predators
B
Which of the following is an example of a cohort? 1200 bumblebees born in the hive over the past 6 generations 624 sunfish born this spring 14 Chimpanzees born to a group over the past 25 years
B
Which of the following is an example of evolutionary fitness? An Anolis lizard in Florida changes its color from brown to green when moving onto a leaf A single laysan duck lays six eggs that all survive. After several generations her progeny number in the hundreds. A peregrine falcon learns to hunt bats leaving a cave in the evening A thompson's gazelle escapes a cheetah on the Serengeti
B
Which species of bird was not introduced into North America? House sparrows Turkey vultures Eurasian collared doves European starling
B
What information can be gained from the age distribution of a population? The type of predator that influence the mortality rate The patterns of survival The number of individuals in each age group
B and C
Which of the following effects could habitat fragmentation have on populations? A reduction in population size A reduction in the amount of quality habitat A loss of genetic diversity in a population The immigration of new alleles
B and C
Which of the following traits are used by Darwin's finches to choose mates? The time of year that the finches sing The type of the mating song The size and shape of the beak The type of seed eaten
B and C
Which of the following are an example of adaptation? Physical changes to an organism to help it survive in a changing environment An evolutionary process that changes the anatomy of a population A process that changes the behavior of an individual within their lifetime An evolutionary process that changes the physiology of a population
B and D
Which of the following is an example of artificial selection? Bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics used to treat illness Farmers selecting corn for sweet taste Johnsongrass that has become resistant to modern herbicides Soybeans selected by farmers to grow as free standing plants
B and D
How did environmental complexity improve the success of reintroduction of cod? They had higher genetic variability They responded more quickly to live prey They recovered more quickly from predator attacks They were quicker to join other wild cod
B, C, and D
Identify the conditions required for a population to remain in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium Individuals are free to immigrate and emigrate from the population The population is very large The individuals within a population freely mate with each other No mutations occur that create new alleles
B, C, and D
Managers wishing to restock lakes with indigenous populations of fish in the genus Coregonus would use which of the following information? Genetic analysis using ribosomal DNA Genetic analysis using microsatellite DNA Anatomical features such as fin-ray counts A combination of genetic and phenotypic data
B, C, and D
Which of the following are considered negative impacts of inbreeding? Higher rates of mutations Reduced fecundity Shortened lifespan Lower juvenile survival
B, C, and D
Which of the following are summarized as part of Darwin's theory of natural selection? The number of offspring produced by each generation matches the number of offspring that can be supported by the environment Survival and reproduction are not random; the best fit individuals are most likely to survive and reproduce in a population Organisms beget like organisms Within a population there is phenotypic variation between individuals
B, C, and D
Which of the following social interactions are important for sexual reproduction? A fish swimming in a large school in the open ocean are better able to find food and avoid predation Male spiders conducting the proper mating dance of their species to avoid being eaten by females A male praying mantis that sacrifices himself to the female while he is mating Birds migrate northward to warmer climates when food sources are more abundant
B, C, and D
Through which of the following factors may climate be indirectly influencing the distributions of kangaroo species? Urban encroachment Water supply Seasonality Food production Habitat
B, D, and E
Which of the following would be area where population biology would inform decision making? Landscape design Response to epidemics Economic policy Toxicology Wildlife management Pest control
B, E, and F
According to Tinbergen, there are four fundamental questions to understanding behavior. Which of the following is not considered one those fundamental questions? What are the causes of behavior? How does behavior contribute to reproductive success? How do females select males in intersexual selection? What is the evolutionary history of the behavior?
C
An animal that is considered philopatric would have a tendency to Cover vast expanses following specific resources Be migratory Stay in the same area throughout its life Acquire a new territory each season
C
An evolutionarily distinctive unit is best defined as A population that maintain high levels of gene flow with other populations An organism that is acclimating to its environment A population that is genetically diverging from other populations Several populations that are locally adapted, but maintain gene flow and are capable of interbreeding
C
Based on the results of Thornhill's experiments, male scorpionflies with the highest mating success Used saliva a nuptial gift Did not provide a nuptial gift Had the largest nuptial gift Used forced copulation on the females
C
For many organisms, there is a positive relationship between population size and range. This means that you would expect a small population to have a _ range as compared to a larger population. Larger Similar Smaller
C
Haplodiploidy has a few peculiarities. Which of the following would be true of a haplodiploid mating system? The males and the females are diploid for autosomes, but males lack a sex chromosome The queen cannot control sex ratios in the colony Males have no fathers or sons, but they can have grandfathers and grandsons The relatedness among workers (females) in the colony is 0.5
C
Heterozygosity is best defined as The proportion of individuals in a population that have only one allele for a given gene The number of alleles in a population for a given gene The proportion of individuals in a population that have two different alleles for a given gene The proportion of individuals in a population that have three or more different alleles for a given gene
C
How can dispersal influence the density of a population? It will only decrease a population while never increasing it It will only increase a population while never decreasing it It can increase and decrease the population
C
In leaf cutter ants, what factor would be the most important in determining if the individual is used for defense of the colony? Size of the head and jaws The sex of the individual The size of the individual The age of the individual
C
Leaf-cutter ants are quite large and complex and have: Multiple queens Only one male to fertilize the queen Only one queen No winged males
C
Male scorpionflies with no nuptial offerings achieved Similar mating success to all the other male scorpionflies Higher mating success than males that presented saliva, but lower than males with a medium a cricket The lowest percent of mating success Similar mating success to males that presented saliva
C
Natural selection is best defined as: The selective breeding of crops to increase yield and shelf life or to provide drought and pest resistance Random changes in the genetic variation in a population over time The different survival and reproduction of individuals leading to changes in populations over time. The change in a population over time to increase survivorship and reproduction in a changing environment
C
Perhaps one of the most important reasons why Mendel's experiments on pea plants worked was Each of the traits he chose were controlled by more than one gene The characters he studies were situated very close together on chromosomes The characteristics, such as flower color, are controlled by different gene on different chromosomes The traits he chose were all determined by the action of a single gene
C
Sociality, like many behaviors, has a wide range of complexity. Which of the following would not be considered a social behavior within a species? A colony of termites where various individuals perform different day-to-day tasks of the colony Mutual grooming among primates A group of vultures eating a carrion Ant protecting a nest from invaders
C
The evolution of sociality for some groups may have begun with Unrelated individuals that are solitary hunters A group of individuals that began to cooperate for the good of the species A group of related individuals defending a single food resource An individual defending territory to attract a mate
C
The introduction of new species of plants with different fruit sizes had what kind of effects on populations of soapberry bugs? Populations that switched to introduced plants changes their phenotype due to environmental effects Populations that switched to introduced plants were able to easily switch back to native plants Populations that switched to the introduced plants underwent directional selection to adapt to the new plant Populations on native plants easily acclimated to the introduced plants
C
The use of herbicides to control weeds probably has what effect on weeds? It would increase the heterozygosity of the population It places them under stabilizing selection, where any extreme or new trait is not selected for It places them under directional selection, where traits that improved resistance are selected for It places them under disruptive selection, where two or more traits are being selected for
C
What role did the mice and shrews play in the C. S. Holling study on numerical responses? They did not have a role in the study They were prey species They were predators
C
When population of endangered animals become critically low, they are often removed from the wild and bred in captivity to increase their number. What is a factor leading to the failure of reintroduction of captive-bred animals? Captive-breeding may have resulted in a loss of genetic diversity Captive-bred individuals are genetically different than individuals in the wild The captive-bred individuals have different behaviors than individuals in the wild Captive-bred individuals don't interbreed with individuals from the wild
C
When tabulating a fecundity schedule which parental demographic is studied? The senior females The juvenile males The adult females The adult males
C
Which age group, typically, has the lowest mortality among large mammals? They are all equal The oldest The youngest
C
Which of the following events occurs during the colonization cycle? Populations of organisms will disperse in a downstream direction Populations of organisms will disperse in an upstream direction Populations of organisms will disperse both upstream and downstream
C
Which of the following is an example of directional selection? During a drought, only finches with average size beaks have higher survivorship During a drought, finches with large or small size beaks have higher survivorship During a drought, finches with larger size beaks have higher survivorship A population of finches decline during a drought. Because the population is small, several alleles that code for plumage colors are lost.
C
Which species dispersed more rapidly? Elm Hemlock Maple
C
In addition to presenting dead arthropods to females, what are the other methods a male scorpionfly can use to attract a mate? If the males are significantly smaller, they can sneak a copulation while another nearby male is attempting to mate The males can hunt and kill additional arthropods to present to the females They can force a copulation The can secrete a mass of saliva
C and D
Like peregrine falcons, tiger had _ and _ but low population density, resulting in an increased risk of extinction. Low reproductive rates Encroachment by humans Broad habitat tolerance Extensive geographic range
C and D
Peregrine falcons had _ and _ but low population density, resulting in an increased risk of extinction. Low reproductive rates Encroachment by humans Broad habitat tolerance Extensive geographic range
C and D
Select the two main selective forces on egg size in the Ural owl identified in the study by Kontiainen and his colleagues. The age at first reproduction Clutch size Variation in hatching success The number of fledgling owls produced in a female's lifetime
C and D
Species distributions are different today than they were 12,000 years ago during the Pleistocene. Identify how certain species may have changed their distribution is response to the warming trend. Many high elevation areas became refugia for tropical species The Pleistocene ended over 12,000 years ago; therefore the event then would have little effect on the distribution of species Species adapted to warmer environments slowly spread northward as the temperature warmed Species adapted to colder environments, such as cold water fish, became trapped in high elevation refugia, such as headwater streams.
C and D
The primary focus of behavioral ecologists includes Understanding the factors that affect populations Understanding the relationships between different species in a community Determining the mechanisms driving the evolution of a particular social system Understanding how a particular social system works
C and D
Which features are leading to a decrease in the size of alpine meadows? Invasive plants Over browsing by herbivores Global warming Fire suppression
C and D
Regardless of species, Root's analysis of the Christmas Bird Count data shower that birds have _ distributions at continental scales.
Clumped
Root et al. found that over half the bird populations occurred in less than 25% of the site sampled. This would indicate that the birds had a _ distribution.
Clumped
Allozymes are best described as The location of a gene on the chromosome Enzymes that perform the same function but have different genes Various forms of a gene found in a population Various forms of an enzyme found in a population
D
Disruptive selection is best defined as Selection that favors an extreme phenotype over the average phenotype Selection that favors the average phenotype over the extreme phenotype Selection that randomly fixes alleles in a population Selection that favors two or more extreme phenotypes over the average phenotype
D
Endler's experiments in natural and controlled conditions both indicated that Predation increased the evolution of sexually selected traits Females did not select for male with additional spots in the presence of predators Predation had no effect on natural selection, including the number of spots on male guppies Natural selection limited the evolution of secually selected traits
D
If a population is evolving, then which of the following conditions are being met? The population is not acquiring new mutations The population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium The population is very large with random mating The allele frequencies are changing
D
Kin selection operates by increasing Evolutionary fitness Fertility Intersexual selection Inclusive fitness
D
Organisms living in a continental area can also be considered "island species" when they _. Migrate to islands for breeding or wintering Live in habitats similar to true island species Live on island in lakes or rivers Live in extremely restricted locations
D
The evolutionary origins of biological traits is often difficult to determine because Scientists lack the tools to determine the origins of evolutionary traits The origin of biological traits is not testable The origins of biological traits can be difficult to determine from observations The origins of many traits occurred in the past and cannot be directly observed
D
What was the mechanism identified by Thornhill that allowed males to successfully compete for dead arthropods? Smaller males were faster and more agile allowing them to more quickly find dead arthropods. The ability of larger males to successfully hunt and kill arthropods The differential ability of males to use chemical and visual clues to find dead arthropods Larger males were better at defending dead arthropods than smaller individuals
D
When swarms from different hives battled over a potential nest site, they engaged in _ combat. Ambush Mortal Group Ritualized
D
Which of the following animals is not considered a cooperative breeder? Ants Wolves Woodhoopoes Guppies
D
Which of the following is an example of disruptive evolution? In a small population of fish, a yellow spot on the tail fin was randomly lost, but the red and blue spots were not A population of fish where only large males are selected by females for breeding A population of fish where only the average sized males are selected by females for breeding A population of fish where two distinct sizes of males are maintained
D
Which of the following is not obtained from the information offered by the age distribution of a population? Period of high survival rates Whether the older individuals are replacing themselves Period of successful reproduction The type of predators that are causing a decline in the population
D
_ between individuals would produce a more clumped distribution. Competition Transposition Indifference Attraction
D
Identify the influence that current can have upon streams Size of stream organisms Shape of stream organisms Length of stream Amount of oxygen
D, B, and A
What benefits are provided to human society by an understanding of population ecology? Control of pest species Development of cures for diseases Prevention of species extinction Maintenance of economically important plants
D, C, and A
In general, population densities _ body size.
Decrease with
True or False: in their study, Whittaker and Neiring found Saguaro cacti growing in higher mountain locations.
False
The proportion of total phenotypic variation in a trait that is attributable to genetic variance is known as the _ of a trait.
Heritability
Organisms that have both male and female function in the same individual are known as _.
Hermaphrodites
The best studied group of eusocial insect are in the order _.
Hymenoptera
Small repeated segments of 10-100 base-pairs long in nuclear DNA is referred to as _ DNA.
Microsatellite
Research prior to Phillips and MacMahon indicated that creosote distribution was driven by _ .
Moisture
Passenger pigeons went extinct as a result of which one of Rabinowitz's risk factors?
Narrow habitat tolerance
The territory where an individual was raised is known as a _ territory.
Natal
What does D represent in the formula used to calculate population size?
Number of Deaths in the population
What value should you have for r when calculating per capita rate of increase if the population is growing?
Positive r for growing populations
The total number of offspring produced over a lifetime in known as lifetime _ _ .
Reproductive success
Identify the pieces of information that are used to calculate the net reproductive rate for an annual plant species
Seed production and survivorship
Unlike animals, plant population densities decrease as individual plants grow older. His process is known as _.
Self-thinning
Which of the following, non-demographic characteristic, would best describe the general characteristics of population presented in this chapter? Spatial Evolutionary Symbiotic Temporal
Spatial
This type of selection can act to impeded changes in a population is called _ selection.
Stabilizing
What type of growth potential could be expected from a population that has the majority of individuals in the youngest age class?
The population level is growing
What is desiccation?
The state or process of extreme drying
Explain the color variations among individuals of the asian lady beetle?
There are many alleles in a population, any individual could inherit and one of them
When studying the distribution patterns of bees, Hubbell and Johnson hypothesized that _ species would have regular patterns of nest distribution while _ species would be clumped or random.
aggressive ; nonaggressive
The difference between the realized and the fundamental niche is the additional requirement of _ factors as part of the definition of the _ niche.
biotic; realized
Individuals in a social group that engage in different activities are said to be in different _.
castes
Pheromones are _ produced by organisms to communicate with other members of their species.
chemical substances
The concentration of fish crows near coastal location is an example of a _ distribution.
clumped
The germination of seeds at "safe sites" was part of the reason for the _distribution of young creosote bushes.
clumped
The _ method compare multiple characteristics of different species in an attempt to isolate a particular characteristic.
comparative
A social system where helpers provide care for offspring but do not reproduce is known as _ _.
cooperative breeding
Connell found that the upper limits to the distributions of the intertidal barnacles are determined by susceptibility to _.
desiccation
Locally adapted and genetically distinct populations within a species are known as _.
ecotypes
Species that are confined to a particular geographic region are known as _ species.
endemic
Behavioral, physiological and anatomical characteristics interact with the _ to influence the geographical distribution of populations.
environment
When talking about the distribution of organisms, "large scale" versus "small scale" refers to _ change relative to the size of the organism.
environmental
Captive-bred individuals may improve their chances of successful reintroduction by increasing the complexity of their captive environment. This process is called _ _.
environmental enrichment
Very complex social behavior found in ants and termites is called _.
eusociality
True or false: the map of nest sites on the right most likely represents colonies that are more aggressive.
false
The change in distribution of creosote bushes from clumped to regular as they grow larger can also be thought of as a change in distribution reflecting the change from _ to _ niches.
fundamental; realized
Heritability increases with increased _ variance and decreases with increased environmental variance.
genetic
An organism where the genetic makeup has been altered by either introducing or deleting genes in known as a _ modified organism.
genetically
The three factors used for Rabinowitz's rarity classification system for species includes:
geographic range, local population size, habitat tolerance
The difference in pubescence between E. farinosa and E. frutescens results in _ by E frutescens in order to prevent overheating.
greater transpiration
To an ecologist, niche summarizes the environmental characteristics that influence the _, _, and _ of a species.
growth, survival, reproduction
The proportion of total phenotypic variation in a trait that is attributable to genetic variance is known as the _ of a trait.
heritability
Small populations are often subject to _, which is the mating of close relatives.
inbreeding
The reproduction of the individual plus the survival and reproduction of individuals it share genes with is known as _ fitness.
inclusive
A population is defined as
members of a species living in a defined area
The ultimate source of variation in a population is _.
mutation
Groups of related female lions are known as a _.
pride
Large creosote bushes appear to have a _ distribution.
regular
Some individuals reproduce at higher rate because they are better at securing mates. This is known as _ selection.
sexual
Schultz found that measurements of water loss, metabolic rate and temperature preferences were _between the populations of C. longilabris.
similar
Patterns of distribution are driven by a combination of _ and _ interactions.
social and environmental
The type of selection that can act to impeded changes in a population is called _ selection
stabilizing
What type of information does a life table provide a population biologist? _ and _.
survivorship and deaths
What information is gained from the geometric rate of increase?
the rate at which a population is growing
True or false: In Hutchinson's definition of niche, each environmental factor is an axis of an n-dimensional hypervolume.
true
Which type of survivorship curve is characterized by constant rate of survival throughout their life?
type 2
One of the criticisms of Root's analysis of bird distribution was that it only looked at data from a time when the birds were on their _ grounds.
wintering