Economics and Trade

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Efficient task assignment

Assigning tasks based on comparative advantage

Diminishing returns to input

At least one input is fixed

Opportunity cost

The cost of producing one good in terms of another

Cap and trade policy

Buying and selling rights to emit vehicle emissions

Shift in labor demand curve

Change in demand for firm's product

Preventing negative externalities

County government funding public schools

Currency depreciation

Desire for the dollar to decrease in value

Effect of wage cut on labor supply

Downward-sloping portion of supply curve

Emissions taxes and permits

Efficient methods of pollution reduction

Labor demand curve for programmers

Employers looking to hire programmers

Trade cost

Extra cost of buying or selling abroad

Domestic quantity supplied with trade

Greater than domestic quantity demanded

Climate comparative advantage

Hawaii's climate for tropical fruit cultivation

Bargaining costs of externality

High costs prevent negotiations

Factor and output markets

Hiring employees and painting houses

Income and substitution effects

Income effect dominates for reduced hours

Decline in telephone operators

Increase in automated answering services

Labor supply with wage increase

Increase in quantity supplied

Substitution effect of wage increase

Increase in work hours

Work and leisure

Inverse relationship

Economies of scale

Lower production costs with larger order volumes

Marginal revenue product

MPL times price

External benefits of garden supplies

Market prices below marginal social benefit

Externality definition

Not a price change

Negative externality example

Ornamental pond breeding mosquitoes

Consumption with trade

People consume more with international trade

Marginal social cost of pollution

Private cost plus external cost of pollution

Tariff or quota effect

Raise prices, decrease consumption of protected goods

Substitution effect definition

Response to change in relative prices

Job creation argument

Restricting imports leads to greater domestic production

Effect of tariff on lumber

Rise in price, fall in consumer surplus, rise in producer surplus

Solution to externality problem

Side payment

Source of comparative advantage

Specialized skills

South Korea's comparative advantage

Specialized skills in cellular technology

Pharmacist wages decrease

Supply curve shifts left

Income tax rate decrease

Uncertain effect on labor supply


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