ECPI - NUR164 - Exam 3
Abduction?
Movement away from the midline of the body
Adduction
Movement toward the midline of the body
Describe 3 typical concerns of the nurse advocate.
Nurse advocates preserve human dignity, promote patient equality, & provide freedom from suffering; nurse advocates are liaisons between patients & the doctors treating them
Spiritual practices, including religious beliefs, may dictate ceremonial washings and purifications, sometimes as a prelude to...
prayer or eating
Code of ethics
principles that reflect the primary goals, values, & obligations of the profession
Define value
important professional nursing principles of human dignity, integrity, altruism, & justice that serve as a framework for standards, professional practice, & evaluation
Autonomy
independence; self-determination; being independent & self-governing
Tented skin
indicates dehydration after skin turgor test
Pediculosis
lice infestation
Tonus
normal, partially steady state of muscle contraction; tension, muscle tone
Describe moral distress & ways to promote moral resilience.
- Moral distress occurs when you know the right thing to do but either personal or institutional factors make it difficult to follow the correct course of action. - Moral resilience is the developed capacity to respond well to morally distressing experiences & to emerge strong. - examples: cultivating good relationships, accepting change as a part of life, refusing to view crisis as insurmountable, nurturing a positive view of self & taking care of self, & keeping things in perspective.
Plaque
A deposit of fatty material on the inner lining of an arterial wall; A sticky film that coats teeth & contains bacteria; hardens & becomes difficult to remove; can damage a tooth & lead to tooth decay or tooth loss.
Cheilosis
A disorder of the lips characterized by crack-like sores at the corners of the mouth
Recognize ethical issues as they arise in nursing practice.
- Nursing ethics is a formal study ethical issues that arise in nursing & the analysis used by nurses to make & evaluate ethical judgements; subset of bioethics - Common issues include cost-containment issues that jeopardize patient welfare; beginning & end-of-life decisions; breaches of patient confidentiality; & incompetent, unethical, or illegal practices by colleagues.
Compare & contrast the principle-based & care-based approaches to bioethics
- The principles-based approach to ethics offers specific action guides such as autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, & justice. Other principles highly valued by nurses include fidelity, veracity, accountability, privacy, & confidentiality. - The care-based approach to ethics prioritizes the nurse-patient relationship & directs nurses to respond to the vulnerabilities of patients as well as cultivate virtues such as kindness, attentiveness, empathy, compassion, & reliability.
List the 6 factors affecting personal hygiene
- culture - socioeconomic class - spiritual practices - developmental level - health state - personal preferences
The role of the skeletal system in movement includes...
- supports the soft tissues of the body - protects crucial components of the body - furnishes surfaces for the attachment of muscles, tendons, & ligaments - provides storage areas for minerals & fat - produces blood cells
Altruism
A concern for others; generosity
What is the laissez-faire approach?
Low concern for both task & people, the only truly bad leadership style
Skin turgor
A reflection of the skin's elasticity, measured by monitoring the time it takes for the skin on he back of the hand to return to position after being lightly pinched. Normal turgor is a return to normal contour within a few seconds; if the skin remains elevated (tented) more than a few seconds, turgor is decreased.
Foot drop
A weakness of muscles in the feet & ankles that causes problems with the ability to flex the ankles & walk normally
Personal hygiene
Minimal level of cleanliness & grooming; promotes physical & psychological well-being
Spascity
Abnormal increase in muscle tone
Describe nursing practice that is consistent with the code of ethics for nursing.
Abortion & physician-assisted suicide are 2 examples
___________ is any exercise in which a person must exert force to complete a more
Active exercise
Isotonic exercise
Activity that combines muscle contraction with repeated movement
Passive exercise
Another person moves the client's extremities to keep muscles from atrophying or better the client's range of motion.
A nurse is measuring the apical pulse of a client. Where should she place the diaphragm of her stethoscope in this assessment?
Apical pulse is measured over the apex of the heart; between the 5th & 6th intercostal space on the left midclavicular line
Care-base approach
Approach to bioethics that directs attention to the specific situations of individual patients viewed within the context of their life narrative; taking a look at obligations within the nurse-patient relationship
What is the moralizing mode?
Being taught a complete value system by parents or an institution (church or school) that allows little opportunity for them to weigh different values
Orthopedics
Branch of medicine treating disorders of the skeletal system & tissues related to movement
List 5 common modes of value transmission
Modeling, moralizing, laissez-faire, rewarding & punishing, responsible choice
Caries
Cavities; tooth decay
Identify 4 functions of institutional ethics committees
Chief functions include education, policy making, case review & consultation, quality, & in some cases research; some committees focus on clinical ethics & some focus on organizational ethics
Contractures
Condition of shortening & hardening of muscles, tendons, or other tissue; often leading to deformity & rigidity of joints.
Footdrop
Coomplication resulting from extended plantar flexion; The foot falls down at the ankle; permanent plantar flexion
Flexion
Decreases the angle of a joint; bending a joint
Moral distress
Developed capacity to respond well to morally distressing experiences & to emerge strong
Moral resilience is...
Developed capacity to respond well to morally distressing experiences & to emerge strong
Nonmaleficence
Do no harm; principle of avoiding evil
Beneficence
Doing good
Beneficence
Doing good or causing good to be done; kindly action; principle of doing good
Cerumen
Ear wax
Name the hinge joints?
Elbow, knee, & ankle; also include interphalangeal fingers & toes
Define value system
Entire framework on which actions are based; an organization of values in which each is ranked along a continuum of importance, often leading to a personal code of conduct
_____________ is a situation in which a person has difficulty deciding which of 2 or more conflicting ethical principles to follow.
Ethical dilemma
Knowing the correct actin but being unable to perform it due to constraints is considered...
Ethical distress / aka Moral distress
Passive exercise
Exercise performed on a person by manual or mechanical means; no voluntary muscle contraction occurs; person is unable to move independently
Isometric exercise
Exercises that involve the tightening / contractions of a specific muscle or group of muscles
A nurse is providing care for a client with cancer. The client's spouse requests that the client not be told that the client is terminal. The nurse complies with this request. The nurse's action is a breach of which ethical principle?
Fidelity; loyalty, faithfulness
Tartar
Hard deposit on the teeth near the gum line formed by plaque buildup & dead bacteria; hardened plaque
Integrity
Honesty, high moral standards; an unimpaired condition, completeness, soundness
Autonomy
Independence
Stomatitis
Inflammation of the oral mucosa / mouth
Glossitis
Inflammation of the tongue
Periodontitis
Inflammatory disease of the supporting tissues of the teeth; inflammation of the gums
Use an ethical framework & decision-making process to resolve ethical problems.
Integrity is reflected in professional practice when the nurse is honest & provides care based on an ethical framework that is accepted wi thin the profession
Isokinetic exericise
Isokinetic = same speed Movement at a constant speed regardless of the amount of resistance applied
A client monitoring his BP at home notices that his BP is higher in 1 arm than the other. He calls his health care provider for guidance. What is the most appropriate information for the nurse to give this client?
It has been found that most people have differences in BP between arms & that he should use the arm that gives him the highest reading for accurate results.
Social justice
Justice in terms of the distribution of wealth, opportunities, & privileges within a society.
Fidelity
Keeping promises & commitments made to others
Morals
Like ethics, concerned with what constitutes right action; more informal & personal than the term ethics
Bones of the upper & lower extremities are called...
Long bones
What are the 4 types of bones?
Long bones, short bones, flat bones, & irregular bones
Use values clarification strategies in clinical practice
Nurses can use the process of values clarification to help themselves & patients come to understand their own values & value systems to guide their decision making. Values theorists most often describe the process of valuing as focusing on 3 main activities: 1. Choosing 2. Prizing / treasuring 3. Acting
How do you find the auscultatory gap?
Palpate the brachial or radial pulse while inflating the cuff. Inflate about 30mmHg above the number where palpable pulse disappears. In addition to detecting an auscultatory gap, palpation gives an initial estimate of systolic blood pressure & eliminates the need to inflate the cuff to high pressures in people with normal or low BP.
Paresis
Partial paralysis; weakness
How do you assess capillary refill?
Press nail bed & watch it turn from white back to pink within 2-3 seconds (norm time)
What is value clarification?
Process by which people come to understand their own values & value system; process of self evaluation, helps gain insight into individually held values
Advocacy
Protection & support of another's rights; taking action to influence others to address a health-related concern or to support a health-related belief
Conscientious objection
Refusal to participate in certain types of treatment & care based on the fact that these activities violate the nurse's personal & professional ethical beliefs & standards
Human dignity
Respect for the inherent worth & uniqueness of individuals & populations
Justice
Respecting the rights of others & giving them what is rightfully theirs; fairness, rightfulness
Bones of the wrists & ankles are called...
Short bones
Name the ball-in-socket joints?
Shoulder & hip
The bell of the stethoscope is used for...
Soft, low pitched sounds
Masceration
Softening through liquid; overhydration
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
Support, movement, protection, blood cell production, calcium storage & endocrine regulation
Paralysis
Temporary or permanent loss of motor control
Moral agency
The ability to behave in an ethical way; to do the ethically right thing because it is the right thing to do
Venous return
The amount of blood returned to the heart by the veins
Patient care ergonomics
The practice of designing equipment & work tasks to conform to the capability of the worker in relation to patient care
Ethics
The principles of right & wrong that guide an individual in making decisions
Ethics
The principles of right & wrong that guide an individual in making decisions; moral values
Range of motion
The range through which a joint can be moved; ROM
Ergonomics
The study of workplace equipment design or how to arrange & design devices, machines, or workspace so that people & things interact safely & most efficiently.
Supination
Turning the palm upward
Feminist ethics
Type of ethical approach that aims to critique existing patterns of oppression & domination in society, especially as these affect women & the poor; focuses on the inequality between people
Describe 3 steps in the valuing process
Value theorists most often describe the process of valuing as focusing on 3 main activities: - choosing - prizing / treasuring - acting
Atrophy
Wasting away of a body organ or tissue; any progressive decline or failure; to waste away, especially muscle tissue
Moral injury
an injury that occurs when there has been: - a betrayal of what is right - by someone who holds legitimate authority, or by oneself - in a high-stakes situation.
Halitosis
bad breath
The 1st step in having an ethical conscience is...
being aware of what is right & wrong
Flaccidity
decreased muscle tone; synonym for hypotonicity; limp
Fidelity
faithfulness; loyalty
Alopecia
hair loss
Gingivitis
red, swollen gum margins that bleed easily; inflammation of the gums
Ethical delimma
situation that arises when attempted adherence to basic ethical principles results in 2 conflicting courses of action
A person's _____________ class & __________ resources often define the hygiene options available to that person.
socioeconomic class & financial resources; a lack of funds to obtain toiletries or clean clothing may contribute to an inability to maintain personal hygiene needs
Edentulous
without teeth