Edu. Psych. Exam 2 Ch. 9 & 10

Which one of the following is the best example of a social reinforcer?

Being told that you did a good job

When George attends the first day of an Advanced Placement class in biology, he thinks to himself, "This is going to be a really hard class. I don't know if I have what it takes to understand and remember all this stuff." George's misgivings can best be described as:

low self-efficacy for learning.

Which one of the following statements best illustrates the process of cueing acceptable behaviors?

"Students who are sitting quietly will be the first ones to be dismissed."

Which one of the following illustrates the self-imposed contingencies aspect of self-regulation?

Adele feels terrible when she inadvertently hurts a classmate's feelings.

Which one of the following is the best example of punishment as behaviorists define it?

After Norma spends a few minutes in the time-out room for hurting a classmate's feelings, she acts more compassionately toward that classmate in the future.

Considering what we know about the kinds of models people are likely to imitate, we can guess that female elementary students will be least likely to imitate:

Anita, a skillful auto mechanic.

From a social cognitive theory perspective, which one of the following children most clearly reflects a key ingredient of self-regulation as social cognitive theorists define it?

Bob is proud of the fact that he always keeps a promise.

John is caught cheating on a homework assignment. He suffers no consequences for doing so, even though cheating is in clear violation of school policy. From a social cognitive perspective, which one of the following predictions can we make about John's future behavior?

He will cheat more frequently.

Which one of the following is an example of reinforcing an incompatible behavior as a way of eliminating an undesirable behavior?

Melissa is very shy and socially withdrawn. Her teacher reinforces her with a smile whenever she interacts with classmates.

Ms. Jefferson promises her students special treats if they turn in their homework assignments the following day. However, Ms. Jefferson forgets to bring the treats she promised. Which of the following is MOST likely to happen the next time students have to turn in their homework assignments?

Most will probably turn them in, although they'll be wary of promises of rewards.

In three of the following situations, positive reinforcement is occurring. In which situation is positive reinforcement not occurring?

Mr. Salazar smiles at Ellen every time she acts appropriately toward her classmates, but Ellen's social behaviors don't improve.

Several students in Mr. Samber's class have trouble keeping themselves on task during independent seatwork assignments. Mr. Samber gives each of these students a piece of paper on which they are to make a check mark every time they find themselves doing something other than their assignment during seatwork time. Mr. Samber is using which one of the following techniques for changing behavior?

Providing a tool for self-monitoring

Three of the following teacher behaviors illustrate cueing as a way of dealing with inappropriate behavior. Which one does not illustrate cueing?

Putting a student in time-out after she's insulted a classmate

Which one of the following statements best describes positive reinforcement?

Reinforcement consists of getting something a learner wants.

Only one of the following consequences has been shown to be an effective and appropriate punishment for most students. Which one?

Scolding

In what way does self-efficacy differ from the term self-concept?

Self-efficacy varies depending on the specific task to be performed.

Mr. Johnson wants a hyperactive boy to be able to sit quietly for at least 15 minutes at a time. To do this, he begins praising the boy for sitting still for one minute, then for two minutes, and then only for four minutes, and so on. Mr. Johnson's strategy reflects which one of the following concepts?

Shaping

Three of the following statements are true with regard to students' self-efficacy. Which statement is false?

Students with low self-efficacy usually try harder at a task.

Imagine that you are a middle school teacher with three chronic misbehavers in one of your classes. You decide to help them improve their classroom behavior by reinforcing them for appropriate actions. If you wanted to make sure that you use reinforcers that are truly reinforcing for these students, which one of the following would you be least likely to do?

Use concrete reinforcers rather than social reinforcers.

Which one of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

When Edward complains about a classmate who is picking on him, his teacher allows him to come in from recess on a bitterly cold day.

Which one of the following strategies is most likely to promote self-regulation in students?

When assigning a lengthy research project, Mr. Barnett advises his students to divide the project into a number of smaller tasks and then to reinforce themselves after they complete each one.

When are classically conditioned responses most likely to decrease (i.e., undergo extinction)?

When the conditioned stimulus is continually experienced in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus

Jerome is a student in your classroom for whom the only effective reinforcer is something to eat, such as candy. You would like Jerome to find your praise reinforcing as well. From a behaviorist perspective, your best strategy would be which one of the following?

Whenever you give Jerome something to eat, give him praise as well.

Imagine you are a teacher at a junior high school. Below are four behaviors you might exhibit in your classroom. Considering the textbook's discussion of modeling, choose the behavior the students are least likely to imitate.

You show them how much you enjoy reading professional education journals.

Edward is severely beaten by his alcoholic father on several occasions. Before long, Edward begins to shake whenever his father approaches. In this situation, Edward's father is:

a conditioned stimulus.

Mark often comes to school wearing sandals instead of sneakers on days that he has physical education. He is getting angry with himself for continually forgetting the necessary footwear. His teacher suggests that he treat himself to an hour of television only on days when he has remembered to wear sneakers. Mark's teacher is suggesting that Mark use:

a self-imposed contingency.

On average, self-regulated learners tend to:

achieve at higher levels in the classroom.

Matthew once had a teacher who punished him severely whenever he did poorly on a mathematics test. Now he refuses to open a math book, saying that he is "too scared" to do so. He has learned to associate mathematics with the pain of punishment. Here, the painful punishment is:

an unconditioned stimulus.

Stacey dislikes physical education class because her classmates tease her about her lack of strength and coordination. One day Stacey unintentionally hits one of her classmates, and the teacher sends her to the principal's office for the remainder of the class session. Stacey becomes increasingly aggressive in class and so spends more and more time in the principal's office. From a behaviorist perspective, we can explain this situation by saying that Stacey is:

being negatively reinforced for her aggression.

During a vocabulary lesson, a teacher talks aloud about how she herself tries to remember the meanings of new vocabulary words. For example, she says, "One of our words this week is herald, which means 'to announce or give notice of.' How might I remember that? Oh, I know! I can think of the Boston Herald, a newspaper that my parents subscribed to when I was young. A newspaper announces what's happening in the world, so it makes sense that it's called the Herald." The teacher's statement is a good example of:

cognitive modeling.

As he writes a capital J on the board, Mr. Anson tells his kindergartners, "To write a capital J, you make a fishhook with a line across the top." The primary reason that Mr. Anson is a successful model for his students in this situation is that he is:

describing what he is doing as he demonstrates, using language students are likely to remember.

When students keep a written record of their own desirable and undesirable behaviors, then:

desirable behaviors increase and undesirable behaviors decrease.

A guest speaker is coming to your classroom, and you want your students to treat her with courtesy and respect. You decide to give your students 15 minutes of free time if they show appropriate behavior during the guest's visit. From the perspective of social cognitive theory, your reinforcement is likely to work only if your students:

expect that this consequence will follow their good behavior.

One common educational practice is to chart students' progress over time so that students can see their own improvement. These progress charts often lead to higher student achievement in the absence of other observable forms of reinforcement. The effectiveness of such charts in changing behavior illustrates the role of reinforcement as:

feedback.

Nick is extremely anxious whenever he takes a test. If we look at this situation from the perspective of classical conditioning, we can help Nick reduce his test anxiety by:

giving him a few easy tests while he is feeling relaxed.

Sharon knows that Kathy frequently completes her assignments long after they are due. She has noticed that their teacher willingly accepts Kathy's late assignments because Kathy always has a creative excuse for turning them in late. Sharon begins to do the same thing-she turns in assignments past the due date and makes up excuses for why she is late. Sharon's increase in excuse-making is due to:

modeling and vicarious reinforcement.

When Mr. Thompson yells at his students, they stop being so noisy. Mr. Thompson is receiving ________ for his yelling behavior.

negative reinforcement

If we want to apply a classical conditioning view of learning to our teaching behaviors, we should:

plan classroom activities that students find enjoyable.

Natalie is sometimes too impulsive when she answers multiple-choice questions on standardized achievement tests: She picks an answer before she has even read all the alternatives. Natalie knows she has a problem and would really like to change her behavior. The concept we can best apply in helping Natalie is:

self-instructions.

The term negative reinforcement can best be described as a situation in which:

something the learner doesn't want is taken away after a response.

One characteristic common to all behaviorist learning theories is an emphasis on:

the effect of the environment on learning.