edus 305 quiz #2 ch. 4-6

Second grade teacher Ms. Berger has just taught her class a lesson about​ animals, and she is now conducting an exercise to assess what students currently understand about animals. Each student is given a toy figure to place into one of two​ boxes; one is labeled​ "Animal" and the other is labeled​ "Not an​ animal." After all children have placed their toys into a​ box, she pulls out the toys one at a time to discuss whether each one has been put in the right box. In the​ "Not an​ animal" box, she finds the following incorrectly placed​ figures: a​ whale, a​ goldfish, a​ canary, and a person. What should she do​ next? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. As she pulls out a figure that has been incorrectly​ placed, she should say that it belongs in the animal box and ask the children to explain why. B. She should give her students a written definition of the concept animal and then give them a matching worksheet for more practice. C. She should identify those children who incorrectly placed their figures and ask them to defend their choices to the rest of the class. D. She should ask all students to memorize the list of items that belong in the animal box and give students time to work in pairs to practice the list.​

A. As she pulls out a figure that has been incorrectly​ placed, she should say that it belongs in the animal box and ask the children to explain why.

Why must elementary and secondary school students be selective about what they focus on and study at​ school? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Because the human memory system​ isn't equipped to handle all the information people encounter at any given moment B. Because most of the stimuli in the environment are detrimental​ to, rather than helpful​ for, academic learning C. Because most people​ aren't neurologically capable of constructing meaningful understandings until they reach age 16 or 17 at the earliest D. Because students can typically remember no more than 15 to 20 separate pieces of information in any one school day

A. Because the human memory system​ isn't equipped to handle all the information people encounter at any given moment

Despite the fact that the​ three-component model of human memory oversimplifies the nature of​ memory, it can help teachers do one of the following. Which​ one? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Create lessons that take into account the importance of keeping​ students' attention and helping students make connections between new material and their prior knowledge and experiences. B. Teach in such a way that students can initially store all new information in an inactive state and then activate certain pieces of it as their present activities and circumstances require. C. Understand​ why, from a motivational​ standpoint, some students strive to achieve at high​ levels, whereas other students act as if they​ couldn't care less about whether or not they get good grades. D. Assess​ students' academic achievement in ways that can help teachers determine which parts of their knowledge are in​ short-term memory and which parts are in​ long-term-memory.

A. Create lessons that take into account the importance of keeping​ students' attention and helping students make connections between new material and their prior knowledge and experiences.

Ms. Gonz​ález is a middle school teacher. Based on what you know about gender differences in middle school​ students, Ms. Gonz​ález should not do which of the following to support her​ students' development of healthy gender​ schemas? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Encourage students to compare their current achievements and map their future goals with a famous role model of their same gender. This is the correct answer. B. Incorporate materials into the curriculum that show both males and females in a positive​ light, and in​ particular, competently engaging in​ counter-stereotypical behavior. C. Show the male students that it is appropriate on certain occasions for them to show emotion and vulnerability. Your answer is not correct. D. Monitor herself and her students for gender biases and hold discussions about the implications of these biases if they are discovered.

A. Encourage students to compare their current achievements and map their future goals with a famous role model of their same gender. This is the correct answer.

Which one of the following statements best describes the roles that heredity and environment play in​ intelligence? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Intelligence is likely a complicated interaction between genetics and environment. B. Genetics cannot be overruled by environment. C. Environment is the most powerful factor in intelligence. D. Inborn intelligence plays a greater role before age​ 10, and environment plays a greater role thereafter.

A. Intelligence is likely a complicated interaction between genetics and environment.

Martin has just been given a new password for his school computer​ login: ​BEAR-4579-HATS. He repeats the password to himself until he can log into his computer. After logging into the​ network, he forgets the​ password; he​ doesn't even remember the words​ "bear" and​ "hats." From the perspective of an information processing model of​ memory, how far does the password get into​ Martin's memory?​ Question content area bottom Part 1 A. It gets only as far as his working memory. B. It gets into his​ long-term memory. C. It never gets into his memory at all. D. It gets only as far as his sensory register.

A. It gets only as far as his working memory.

Which one of the following alternatives best illustrates distributed​ intelligence? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Jonah can solve math problems more quickly and accurately when he can use a calculator to multiply and divide numbers. B. Jeremy seems to be a​ "natural" in almost any domain he​ studies, whether it is​ math, science, social​ studies, music, or art. C. Judith​ isn't very good at math or​ science, but she is very​ "people ​smart"—that ​is, she is quite adept at interacting with teachers and​ classmates, making her one of the most popular girls at school. D. Jesse tends to perceive new stimuli and tasks as​ integrated, indivisible​ wholes; he has a hard time breaking a stimulus down into its component parts.

A. Jonah can solve math problems more quickly and accurately when he can use a calculator to multiply and divide numbers.

​Fourteen-year-old Mike, who is in your math​ class, has been identified as​ at-risk for dropping out. After speaking with​ him, the counselor reports that he feels as though the content—and his grades—are unlikely to help him succeed in life. He reports that his cousin will hire him to work in his retail store regardless of whether he finishes high school. What might be an effective strategy to help Mike stay in​ school? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Make the content relevant for​ Mike, perhaps through activities demonstrating how math would be used in a retail business. B. Create a​ warm, supportive atmosphere in your classroom. C. Encourage Mike to join an​ after-school organization, like Young Entrepreneurs or Math Club. D. Create a community of​ learners, in which Mike must work collaboratively to increase​ everyone's understanding.

A. Make the content relevant for​ Mike, perhaps through activities demonstrating how math would be used in a retail business.

Which of the following teachers seems to use the most effective approach in dealing with cultural diversity in the​ classroom? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Mr. Goff tries to learn about​ students' home lives and cultures in order to scaffold learning to meet their needs. B. Mr. Wilhoit does not address cultural differences in his classroom because he does not want them to interfere with student learning. C. Ms. Martinez puts her students in work groups based on their shared cultural background because she recognizes that they have similar needs and expectations. D. Ms. Tine believes that her job is to help melt away cultural differences so that all students can become typical American students.

A. Mr. Goff tries to learn about​ students' home lives and cultures in order to scaffold learning to meet their needs.

Myrna has just obtained a score of 110 on an intelligence test. Which one of the following is the most accurate interpretation of her​ score? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Myrna performed better on the test than more than half of her​ age-mates. B. Myrna scored at about the 40th percentile on the test. C. ​Myrna's score would qualify her for the gifted program in most school districts. D. Myrna got all of the answers right for her age group and answered bonus questions that placed her 10 percentage points higher than average.

A. Myrna performed better on the test than more than half of her​ age-mates.

Three of the following strategies can be helpful in working with students from​ low-socioeconomic backgrounds. Which strategy is​ least​ likely to be​ helpful? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Set​ lower, more realistic expectations for students from​ lower-SES backgrounds, and help them make enough progress to advance to the next grade. B. Promote the values of hard work and goal setting for the children from​ low-SES backgrounds and all learners. C. Identify the​ real-world strengths that students may have gained by being given more responsibilities than their more advantaged peers. D. Take a personal interest in​ students' lives outside of the classroom and help their families apply for free or​ reduced-cost meals.

A. Set​ lower, more realistic expectations for students from​ lower-SES backgrounds, and help them make enough progress to advance to the next grade.

Jenna's favorite fantasy book series is about a family of dinosaurs that lives next door to a family of​ cave-dwelling early humans. Because she enjoys these books so​ much, she often rereads one of them.​ Meanwhile, her fourth grade class is studying the prehistoric eras in which dinosaurs lived. When Jenna draws a picture of a Tyrannosaurus rex as part of a homework​ assignment, she accurately captures many features of this​ species, but she places a girl on its back. How can her teacher best respond to​ Jenna's misconception that dinosaurs and early humans​ coexisted? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. While praising Jenna for her accurate portrayal of a T.​ rex, the teacher should also remind Jenna that people​ weren't actually around at that time. B. The teacher should give Jenna feedback only about the inappropriateness of including a human in the drawing. C. The teacher should discourage Jenna from reading fantasy books and suggest that reading nonfiction books would be more productive. D. The teacher should ignore the​ misconception, because mentioning it is likely to stifle​ Jenna's artistic creativity.

A. While praising Jenna for her accurate portrayal of a T.​ rex, the teacher should also remind Jenna that people​ weren't actually around at that time.

Ling is a Chinese American student. Her parents value their Chinese heritage and want Ling to do the same. At home Ling and her siblings help one another with​ homework, chores, and school projects. At​ school, the teacher recently reprimanded Ling for helping a peer complete an individual math assignment. In this​ example, Ling experienced Question content area bottom Part 1 A. cultural mismatch. B. acculturation. C. cultural lens. D. culturally responsive teaching.

A. cultural mismatch.

To be identified as having an intellectual​ disability, children must show not only significant​ below-average general​ intelligence, but also deficits ​in adaptive behavior. Which one of the following children most clearly shows a deficit in adaptive​ behavior? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. ​Fourteen-year-old Marylou finds the​ "bathroom humor" of first graders​ (e.g., jokes about going​ "number one" and​ "number two") quite funny and tells them to her eighth grade classmates. B. ​Ten-year-old Meghan has unusually poor physical stamina. When asked to​ run, she tires very quickly and must sit down for an extended period afterward. C. ​Seven-year-old Mustafa is a social recluse. He seems disinterested in interacting with his classmates and occasionally asks to stay inside by himself during recess. D. ​Eight-year-old Marcus jumps very quickly to conclusions based on very little​ information, and once he makes up his mind about an​ issue, it's almost impossible to persuade him otherwise.

A. ​Fourteen-year-old Marylou finds the​ "bathroom humor" of first graders​ (e.g., jokes about going​ "number one" and​ "number two") quite funny and tells them to her eighth grade classmates.

Which of the following students is using the strategy of maintenance​ rehearsal? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Paul blocks the sound of noisy construction by using a white noise machine while he finishes his assigned reading. B. After the guidance counselor gives Suzanne her locker​ combination, she repeats it to herself as she walks to her locker. C. When practicing how to divide​ fractions, Phillip remembers the new procedure by reminding himself about the differences between fractions and whole numbers. D. Every once in a​ while, Lisa attempts a cartwheel just to see if she can still do one.

After the guidance counselor gives Suzanne her locker​ combination, she repeats it to herself as she walks to her locker.

Two months​ ago, a school psychologist tested​ Ronaldo's IQ and he scored a​ 125, well above average.​ However, he consistently earns poor grades in all of his classes. What might explain his low​ achievement? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Ronaldo may have had an IQ of 125 at the time he took the​ test, but he has lost some intelligence since then. B. An environmental​ factor, such as​ Ronaldo's motivation or the average amount of sleep that he gets each​ night, may be impacting his performance in the classroom. C. The test that Ronaldo took was​ inaccurate; his IQ is likely lower. D. IQ and academic achievement are entirely​ unrelated, so no one would expect Ronaldo to achieve highly in school based on his IQ score.

An environmental​ factor, such as​ Ronaldo's motivation or the average amount of sleep that he gets each​ night, may be impacting his performance in the classroom.

A colleague shares with you concerns about some of her 10th grade students. Which of the following would you consider to be most​ at-risk of dropping​ out? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. A boy with a history of prior substance​ abuse, but who is now involved in a sober living counseling program. B. A boy with low​ self-esteem who has struggled extensively with​ reading, having repeated a grade and still reading on a 6th grade level. C. A girl who transferred from an urban district three weeks​ ago, and who has yet to make friends. D. A girl who has become totally absorbed in her soccer​ team, to the point that her grades have slipped from Bs to Ds.

B. A boy with low​ self-esteem who has struggled extensively with​ reading, having repeated a grade and still reading on a 6th grade level.

Which one of the following students seems to be most likely to stay in school and​ graduate? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. A European American boy with a behavior disorder who attends a rural high school B. An African American girl who feels that she is overcommitted in two​ after-school clubs at a suburban school C. An Asian American boy who hangs out with a group of​ low-achieving boys in an urban high school D. A Hispanic girl who has a history of failing grades and no attachment to her urban high school

B. An African American girl who feels that she is overcommitted in two​ after-school clubs at a suburban school

Ms. Moretti describes a student this​ way: "Reiko never misses the forest for the trees. She is good at seeing the big​ picture, and she makes connections between all of her learning in different classes as well as outside of​ school." What aspect of​ Reiko's cognition is Ms. Moretti talking​ about? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Critical thinking B. Holistic processing C. Analytical thinking D. ​Open-mindedness

B. Holistic processing

In terms of genetic differences between boys and girls that could impact their learning in various​ subjects, which of the following is most accurate according to​ research? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Boys are innately superior in math but are innately inferior in reading. B. Innate differences between boys and girls are very small. C. Girls are innately superior in most subjects. D. Girls are innately superior in elementary school but fall behind later.

B. Innate differences between boys and girls are very small.

On​ Monday, Julie's second grade teacher asks her to bring a favorite object from home the following day so that she can write a short story about it. As soon as she gets home from​ school, Julie tells her mother about the​ teacher's request, but then she forgets to bring the object when she returns to school on Tuesday morning. From the perspective of an information processing model of​ memory, how far in​ Julie's memory has the information​ gotten? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. It has gotten only as far as her sensory register. B. It has reached her​ long-term memory. C. It has never really gotten into her memory at all. D. It has gotten only as far as her​ short-term memory.

B. It has reached her​ long-term memory.

Ms. De Luca teaches seventh grade in a culturally and economically diverse school. Her students represent the range from low to high socioeconomic status​ (SES) and include several ethnic groups.​ Statistically, which of the following students is most likely to face significant challenges in achieving academic​ success? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Marla is African American and lives in a​ middle-class neighborhood with her​ stay-at-home mom, successful​ stepdad, and several siblings. B. Jeanelle lives with her unemployed single mom and two siblings in a​ low-SES neighborhood. C. Davarko is a​ second-generation American and lives in an affluent neighborhood with parents who both have demanding professional jobs and spend very little time with him. D. Academic achievement is not related to SES or ethnicity. We​ don't know which of these students is most likely to have low academic achievement.

B. Jeanelle lives with her unemployed single mom and two siblings in a​ low-SES neighborhood.

Ms. Verona teaches U.S. History. She has been frustrated to discover that many students have a very simplistic and​ naïve view of American history and​ can't acknowledge that the United States has sometimes made poor decisions. In their​ minds, the United States has always been the​ "good guy," and whichever individuals and nations have disagreed with U.S. actions have been​ "bad guys." How should Ms. Verona address the​ students' misconception? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Ms. Verona should broaden the list of required readings to include intentionally biased newspaper accounts of events that were published either while or soon after these events unfolded. B. Ms. Verona should build on​ students' correct understandings of historical​ events, while also introducing and expanding on the idea that all nations—like all people—​don't always make the best or most noble decisions. C. Ms. Verona should let students know in advance that there will be penalties for any inaccurate​ understandings; thus, students will be especially careful to focus on actual facts as they read and study. D. Ms. Verona​ shouldn't try to dissuade students from their​ good-guy-bad-guy view; she should focus only on the​ good-guy aspects of U.S. history so that students​ won't be emotionally resistant to her explanations of various events.

B. Ms. Verona should build on​ students' correct understandings of historical​ events, while also introducing and expanding on the idea that all nations—like all people—​don't always make the best or most noble decisions.

Three of the following explanations are possible reasons that the boys in Ms.​ Stewart's class are participating more than the girls. Which alternative contradicts research findings on gender​ differences? A. On​ average, boys are more physically active in their classes. B. On​ average, boys are more motivated to get good grades. C. On​ average, boys tend to be more confident about their abilities. D. On​ average, boys are more likely to speak up without waiting to be called on.

B. On​ average, boys are more motivated to get good grades.

Patty is a tenth grader who is taking an introductory class in Japanese. She has been doing her homework​ assignments, but​ she's having trouble paying attention in class. The Japanese words all sound like nonsense to her. She​ says, "I​ don't know where to put all these words and what they mean. I think my brain is​ full!" From the perspective of cognitive​ psychology, which one of the following is the most likely explanation of​ Patty's difficulty in learning and remembering Japanese vocabulary​ words? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Patty​ isn't holding the information long enough in her sensory register.​ B. Patty is having trouble encoding the information in a way that enables her to effectively store it in her​ long-term memory. C. ​Patty's teacher​ hasn't been sufficiently praising her for the words she has learned. D. Patty has apparently reached the upper limits of her​ long-term memory's​ capacity; for the time​ being, it​ isn't possible for her to store additional information in there.

B. Patty is having trouble encoding the information in a way that enables her to effectively store it in her​ long-term memory.

Which the following characteristics are ​you least​ likely to see in a child who is​ gifted? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. High personal standards for achievement B. Poor social skills C. Flexible approaches to learning D. High motivation to achieve challenging tasks

B. Poor social skills

Some students with emotional and behavioral disorders exhibit one or more of the following behaviors. Which one is an internalizing​ behavior? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Hitting and biting peers B. Refusing to interact with classmates C. Stealing other​ students' possessions D. Setting fires

B. Refusing to interact with classmates

Three of the following are common challenges for students who live in poverty. Which alternative is​ least​ likely to be a challenge that these students​ face? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Greater exposure to​ lead, which can cause brain damage B. Remaining in the same home and same school for an extended period C. Greater exposure to neighborhood violence D. ​Low-quality schools with poor equipment

B. Remaining in the same home and same school for an extended period

Which one of the following best represents the notion of cultural competence among​ teachers? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. When Ms.​ Alberty's community experiences a rapid increase in immigrants from​ Sudan, she plans a class party on Eid​ al-Adha. B. When Ms.​ Alberty's community experiences a rapid increase in immigrants from​ Sudan, she adds books by Sudanese authors to her classroom​ library, watches several documentaries to learn about the country and​ culture, and begins learning key phrases for communicating with parents. C. When Ms.​ Alberty's community experiences a rapid increase in immigrants from​ Sudan, she plans a unit on American traditions to help the students learn about their new country. D. When Ms.​ Alberty's community experiences a rapid increase in immigrants from​ Sudan, she plans a unit on African traditions to help the students make connections to their previous home.

B. When Ms.​ Alberty's community experiences a rapid increase in immigrants from​ Sudan, she adds books by Sudanese authors to her classroom​ library, watches several documentaries to learn about the country and​ culture, and begins learning key phrases for communicating with parents.

Which one of the following teacher statements is the best example of a teacher drawing an inference about cognitive processes after observing one or more​ students' behaviors? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. ​"Marcus can't seem to sit still for more than a minute or two. Maybe I should in some way reward him every time he can stay on task for at least five​ minutes." B. ​"Regina does really well on my weekly science​ quizzes, which always ask students to apply what​ they've learned to new situations. My guess is that Regina tries to think about applications when she studies for my​ class." C. ​"I have three students who have been doing especially poorly in my high school history class. When I ask to look at their​ notebooks, I see very few​ notes; mostly​ they've just been doodling and drawing silly pictures. One of them is actually a very good​ artist." D. ​"When I teach students new vocabulary​ words, I ask them to repeat each definition aloud several times in a row.​ I'm hoping that the words will stick with them if they do​ that."

B. ​"Regina does really well on my weekly science​ quizzes, which always ask students to apply what​ they've learned to new situations. My guess is that Regina tries to think about applications when she studies for my​ class."

Which of the following is true about Robert​ Sternberg's theory of​ intelligence? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. ​Sternberg's theory is the same as​ Spearman's theory of g. B. ​Sternberg's theory emphasizes the interaction between​ analytical, creative, and practical intelligence to respond to a particular situation or problem. C. The three domains that are part of​ Sternberg's theory are​ fluid, crystallized, and general. D. ​Sternberg's theory emphasizes the superiority of analytical processes to other cognitive processes such as creative thinking or application of ideas.

B. ​Sternberg's theory emphasizes the interaction between​ analytical, creative, and practical intelligence to respond to a particular situation or problem.

Thirteen-year-old Jewel presents quite a challenge to her junior high school teachers.​ She's frequently​ absent, and on the days that she attends​ school, she's usually late. When in​ class, she can be rude and​ defiant, and she often refuses to do assigned work.​ Yet, her English​ teacher, Mr.​ Bartoli, is determined to find the​ "good" in Jewel. He encourages her to meet with him after school twice a week to work on her writing​ skills, and he occasionally treats her to a burger and fries at the​ McDonald's across the street. Before​ long, the two have a​ friendship, and Jewel often confides in him about troubles at home and violence in her neighborhood. Is Mr.​ Bartoli's relationship with Jewel apt to be​ beneficial? Why or why​ not? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. ​Yes, because Mr. Bartoli is communicating that​ Jewel's classroom behaviors are acceptable. This acceptance enhances her​ self-esteem. B. ​Yes, because Mr.​ Bartoli's caring behaviors can help foster her resilience to challenging circumstances on the home front. C. ​No, because Mr. Bartoli is giving Jewel more​ one-on-one time than​ he's giving to other students. D. ​No, because Mr. Bartoli is setting himself up for accusations of sexual improprieties.

B. ​Yes, because Mr.​ Bartoli's caring behaviors can help foster her resilience to challenging circumstances on the home front.

Which of the following best illustrates a developmental view of​ intelligence? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Based in part on natural endowments and in part on environmental​ factors, individuals are born with potential that is honed by​ experience, practice, and​ guidance, and they can eventually gain considerable expertise. B. Individuals are born with all of the intelligence that they will ever​ have; it does not develop or change. C. There is no such thing as​ intelligence, only cultural competency. D. Individuals are born with no intelligence and acquire it as long as they stay actively engaged in​ learning; everyone can reach a very high IQ score.

Based in part on natural endowments and in part on environmental​ factors, individuals are born with potential that is honed by​ experience, practice, and​ guidance, and they can eventually gain considerable expertise.

Which of the following is an example of stereotype​ threat? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. ​Genji, who is Asian​ American, is a good listener in class but is reluctant to express her opinions. B. Sixth graders tend to outperform second graders on tests of reading​ abilities, including​ vocabulary, grammar, and comprehension skills. C. After being told that boys usually do better than girls on a particular math​ test, Janelle only gets about half of the problems correct. D. When the gender of her opponent is​ masked, Christine does just as well in a chess match as her brother does.

C. After being told that boys usually do better than girls on a particular math​ test, Janelle only gets about half of the problems correct.

Ms. Dodd is teaching a unit on soil erosion. This topic includes a number of concepts that are interrelated and closely connected with the topic of landforms​, which will be the focus of the subsequent unit. Which one of the following instructional methods is most likely to help students learn about soil erosion in a way that will enable them to apply what​ they're learning to an understanding of various landforms​ (e.g., mountains,​ plains, plateaus, and​ canyons)? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Suggesting the use of one or more mnemonics to facilitate memory for details B. Having students look at several Internet websites that explain what erosion is C. Assigning a​ concept-mapping activity Your answer is correct. D. Giving students a short quiz to assess their knowledge about soil erosion

C. Assigning a​ concept-mapping activity

Which one of the following is not a good description of cognitive psychology​? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. By observing how people execute various tasks and behave in various​ situations, theorists make inferences about how people​ perceive, interpret and mentally manipulate the information that they encounter. B. It focuses on how people think about and interpret their experiences C. Because thinking cannot be directly​ observed, the primary focus is on​ individuals' behaviors. D. The primary concern is what goes on inside​ learners, rather than the influence of the environment on learning.

C. Because thinking cannot be directly​ observed, the primary focus is on​ individuals' behaviors.

If you wanted students to remember the concept of gravity over the long​ run, especially when they need that concept to help them understand a new situation or solve a new​ problem, which one of the following instructional strategies would be most​ beneficial? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Have students memorize a definition of gravity and three good examples of it. B. Design a​ single, in-depth lesson about​ gravity, with a particular focus on how Sir Isaac Newton developed his universal law of gravitation. C. Help students associate gravity with a wide variety of situations over a period of time. D. Encourage students to keep an open mind about​ gravity, pointing out​ that, "You never know when this idea might help you explain​ something."

C. Help students associate gravity with a wide variety of situations over a period of time.

Three of the following learning activities involve procedural knowledge. Which one involves declarative knowledge​? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. In​ math, Rebecca taps her fingers to learn to count to ten. B. In gym​ class, Vincent learns how to shoot a​ 3-pointer in basketball. C. In​ science, Patricia learns that caterpillars morph into butterflies. This is the correct answer. D. In Language​ Arts, Carlos is told to write a​ three-paragraph essay and immediately outlines each major​ section: introduction,​ body, conclusion.

C. In​ science, Patricia learns that caterpillars morph into butterflies. This is the correct answer.

Which one of the following alternatives best describes cognitive psychology​? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. It focuses on how​ people's immediate environmental circumstances shape their behaviors. B. It focuses on how​ people's cultures mold their thinking and behaviors. C. It focuses on how people think about and interpret their experiences. D. It focuses on how people acquire new behaviors by observing what other individuals do.

C. It focuses on how people think about and interpret their experiences.

​Maria, whose family is​ Mexican-American, is embarrassed and hurt when her teacher reprimands her for helping a classmate with an assignment. What might be true about her cultural influences that would be good for​ Maria's teacher to​ know? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. ​Maria's family values completing tasks as quickly as possible. B. ​Maria's family values individual relationships over classroom rules. C. Maria comes from a family that values cooperation over individual achievement. D. ​Maria's family values a reputation of intelligence.

C. Maria comes from a family that values cooperation over individual achievement.

All of the following students exhibit positive cognitive dispositions. Which one most clearly shows a​ need for cognition​? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Nathan can break down complex issues into their component parts. B. Sofia enjoys making new friends and goes out of her way to make outsiders feel like part of the group. C. Martin likes learning new things and is always reading to understand in greater depth. D. Katherine looks at multiple sources and works hard to be able to see all sides of an issue.

C. Martin likes learning new things and is always reading to understand in greater depth.

Students who do well on intelligence tests tend to do well on a variety of these types of tests. According to​ Spearman, this is because they are high in a general factor of​ intelligence, ​or g. According to contemporary psychologists who agree with​ Spearman, which one of the following student examples illustrates g​? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Juanita is bilingual and has gone to school in two very different cultures. Her cultural understanding of academics is the basis of her higher intelligence. B. Franz has genetic superiority and scores high on vocabulary​ tests, but not on tests of verbal abilities. C. Mattie has an ability to process information quickly and to control her thinking. D. Colin has traveled with his family all over the world and gained environmental and cultural knowledge that makes him more intelligent than most of his peers.

C. Mattie has an ability to process information quickly and to control her thinking.

Which one of the following teachers is not likely to engage his or her students in meaningful learning​? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. After answering a​ question, Ms. Holdridge asks her students to explain their rationale. B. Every​ Friday, Mr. Reyes asks his students to use what they learned that week to solve a problem. C. Mr. Kowalski emphasizes the importance of knowing information because it is likely to appear on future tests. D. After introducing a new​ concept, Ms. Herrera asks her students to explain how the new information fits in with what they have studied previously.

C. Mr. Kowalski emphasizes the importance of knowing information because it is likely to appear on future tests.

Students of the same intelligence level think about classroom topics differently. Which of the following teachers understands what research says about how to encourage productive dispositions in the​ classroom? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Ms. Mason teaches​ art, so she sticks with​ right-brained learning activities such as creating and exploring. She does not focus on​ left-brained learning activities such as analyzing or logical thinking. B. Ms. Siler gives students a learning styles inventory the first week of school to determine which students are​ visual, auditory, or kinesthetic learners.​ Then, she can be sure to match her teaching style to these​ hard-wired differences. C. Mr. Tang tries to create an atmosphere of learning that encourages students to interact with each other and the content in challenging ways. He encourages students to look at all sides of an issue and to evaluate information to determine whether or not it is accurate. D. Mr. Esposito focuses on academic content in his class. He makes certain that students take detailed notes during his lectures and quizzes and gives them frequent quizzes that require extensive memorization.

C. Mr. Tang tries to create an atmosphere of learning that encourages students to interact with each other and the content in challenging ways. He encourages students to look at all sides of an issue and to evaluate information to determine whether or not it is accurate.

Which of the following​ teachers best understands gifted students in a typical​ classroom? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Ms. Harris raises the bar for all of the other students in the class by making public examples of the superior work of gifted students. B. Ms. Foote believes that gifted students have enough of their own inner resources and do not require additional help from her. C. Mr. Walton encourages gifted students to do more intensive versions of typical class assignments so that they can be challenged. D. Mr. Dominguez never gives a gifted student a low report card grade because he knows how important external success is to them.

C. Mr. Walton encourages gifted students to do more intensive versions of typical class assignments so that they can be challenged.

Which of the following teachers is likely to enhance​ students' intelligence? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Mr. Fleharty uses a variety of tests and quizzes that he finds on the Internet to test different components of​ students' IQs throughout the​ year, and designs classroom assignments based on​ students' results. B. Ms. Emmons puts her students into groups with others who have similar IQ scores. C. Ms. Hall allows her students to use tools and symbolic​ systems, as well as work together on challenging​ tasks, D. Mr. Sanders spends a few minutes each day teaching students how to answer the kind of questions that typically appear on an IQ test.

C. Ms. Hall allows her students to use tools and symbolic​ systems, as well as work together on challenging​ tasks

Of the​ following, which is the best strategy to help students with​ ADHD? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Do not draw attention to them by providing them with extra assistance B. Combine tasks and set longer time limits for these bigger tasks C. Provide outlets for physical exercise D. Give them frequent assessments to keep them on task

C. Provide outlets for physical exercise

Historically, the performance of students from different ethnic groups on intelligence tests has varied. Experts attribute these differences to a number of possible causes. How should teachers respond to such differences and nurture intelligence in their​ students? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Recognize that IQ tests are designed to measure intelligence across cultures and use the results to pinpoint weaknesses of diverse cultural and ethnic groups. B. Recognize intelligence tests as accurate measures of intelligence and engage students in comprehensive preparation for testing. C. Recognize IQ tests as imperfect measures of intelligence and focus on developing intelligence in students rather than measuring it. Your answer is correct. D. Disregard IQ test scores and focus on teaching skills that help students succeed on standardized tests of achievement.

C. Recognize IQ tests as imperfect measures of intelligence and focus on developing intelligence in students rather than measuring it. Your answer is correct.

Why is Howard​ Gardner's notion of multiple intelligences not included among other prominent theories of​ intelligence? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Gardner has not been able to show any evidence that multiple intelligences exist. B. ​Gardner's theory was disproven by​ Sternberg's triarchic​ theory, C. There is limited research evidence to support​ it, and educational psychologists disagree on whether​ Gardner's theory refers to intelligence or​ talents, ability,​ and/or preferences. D. ​Gardner's theory is essentially the same as the​ Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory.

C. There is limited research evidence to support​ it, and educational psychologists disagree on whether​ Gardner's theory refers to intelligence or​ talents, ability,​ and/or preferences.

Lateia is in preschool and has become increasingly aware of the differences between her and the boys in her class. She has constructed ideas about what girls do that are specifically​ "girl" activities and what boys do that are specifically​ "boy" activities. These ideas have become part of her sense of self. This set of ideas has become​ Lateia's Question content area bottom Part 1 A. method of accommodating gender differences. B. culturally unbiased perspective. C. gender schema. D. cultural mismatch.

C. gender schema.

Shane has been diagnosed with high functioning autism. Given this​ information, you would expect that Shane probably Question content area bottom Part 1 A. speaks rarely or not at all. B. is unusually curious about new and exciting places and events. C. has poor social skills. D. has​ below-average scores on intelligence tests.

C. has poor social skills.

Which one of the following statements is the best example of a worldview as psychologists use the​ term? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. ​"I wish my parents would let me date.​ I'm 17 years old—almost an​ adult!" B. ​"I really love to travel to new and interesting​ places." C. ​"God never gives you a bigger burden than you can​ carry." D. ​"In my entire​ life, I've never left the state of​ Colorado."

C. ​"God never gives you a bigger burden than you can​ carry."

Which one of the following teacher statements most clearly reflects ​a cultural lens​ through which he or she views​ events? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. ​"That's an excellent way to solve this​ problem, Morris. Can someone else think of ​a different​ way to solve​ it? Morris's solution is not the only​ one." B. ​"Hitting one of your classmates is​ unacceptable, Fern. Students in this classroom can learn only if they know they are safe from harm​ here." C. ​"Javier doesn't finish his schoolwork.​ He's lazy just like his mom and others in that part of town who are raising their children on​ welfare." D. ​"People in different cultures celebrate a bountiful fall harvest in different ways.​ Let's look at some of the traditions in countries around the​ world."

C. ​"Javier doesn't finish his schoolwork.​ He's lazy just like his mom and others in that part of town who are raising their children on​ welfare."

Which one of the following student comments best illustrates construction in​ learning? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. ​"I can't go to the movies tonight because I need to study for a big history test tomorrow.​ I'm really nervous about it because I​ haven't been keeping up with the reading​ assignments." B. ​"I was out sick all last week. What do I need to do to catch up on the​ work? Are there any homework assignments I need to​ do?" C. ​"My teacher said that a chameleon can change its color to match its​ background, but the bell rang before he could explain why.​ Oh, now I get​ it! It's like hiding in plain​ sight!" D. ​"Geez, you​ guys, can't you just leave me​ alone? I'm so sick of you making fun of me every time you walk by me in the​ hall."

C. ​"My teacher said that a chameleon can change its color to match its​ background, but the bell rang before he could explain why.​ Oh, now I get​ it! It's like hiding in plain​ sight!"

Which of the following children would most likely be identified as​ gifted? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. ​Kenneth, who at age 10 often seems bored in class and says the work is too easy but struggles with basic math and reading when tests are given B. ​Breanne, who at age 8 has an IQ of 130 and performs better than her friends on most tests C. ​Marlon, who at age 3 is reading chapter books and who shows an advanced understanding of painting and drawing techniques D. ​Amy, who at age 15 participates in​ choir, the school drama​ club, and academic senate

C. ​Marlon, who at age 3 is reading chapter books and who shows an advanced understanding of painting and drawing techniques

Ms. Reynolds is concerned that one of her 9th grade​ students, Jamie, has run away from home. What should Ms. Reynolds do in this​ situation? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Contact a professional in her school​ building, such as the school counselor or social worker. B. Wait to act until she finds stronger evidence that Jamie has run away. C. Offer Jamie a temporary room in her own home. D. Give Jamie a clipboard so that she can do her homework no matter where she is staying.

Contact a professional in her school​ building, such as the school counselor or social worker.

Some students in Mr.​ Castillo's science class are quite eager to learn scientifically accurate explanations of the phenomena they observe around them.​ However, other students actively reject any explanations that are inconsistent with their current understandings. For​ example, a student named Emily adamantly refuses to accept any ideas that conflict with her belief that major meteorological and geophysical events​ (e.g., hurricanes and volcanic​ eruptions) are the result of​ God's happiness or unhappiness with how human beings have been behaving lately. Which one of the following concepts best captures​ Emily's cognitive processing​ here? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Visual imagery B. Situated learning C. Conditional knowledge D. Confirmation bias

D. Confirmation bias

Lucas is a middle school student with advanced cognitive development. In recent​ years, he sometimes surprised and intimidated teachers with his quick processing and creative analogies. His advanced cognitive skills are evident in all of his academic​ work, from creative writing and social studies to math and science. He seems to remember everything he reads and hears. Ms. Delgado is energized by the opportunity to adapt instruction in her language arts class to meet​ Lucas's needs. Three of the following strategies are recommended. Which of the following strategies should Ms. Delgado avoid​? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Set up an independent study in an area of interest to Lucas and allow him to help develop the learning​ outcomes, set​ goals, and suggest resources. B. Invite an expert in the community such as a creative writer to meet with Lucas and serve as his mentor on writing projects they contrive together. C. Provide extended learning activities for Lucas and a small study group of classmates who have similar interests and abilities. D. Develop assignments that are not specific to any content area but are designed to enhance​ Lucas's creativity and critical thinking.

D. Develop assignments that are not specific to any content area but are designed to enhance​ Lucas's creativity and critical thinking.

Which one of the following students is most likely to engage in meaningful learning in studying classroom​ material? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Elsa believes that effective learning involves finding the​ "right answer" to any given question. B. Emil believes that effective learning involves memorizing as many facts as possible. C. Edena believes that effective learning involves​ "soaking up" the words in the textbook. D. Earl believes that effective learning requires active interpretation and organization of material.

D. Earl believes that effective learning requires active interpretation and organization of material.

Research suggests that there are differences between boys and girls in the classroom. What implications does this have for classroom​ teachers? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Educators should promote​ single-sex education. B. Educators should anticipate that boys will be​ rule-breakers and girls will be cooperative. C. Educators should not expect boys to do​ "girl" activities, such as lengthy​ readings, or girls to do​ "boy" activities, such as competitive math games. D. Educators should design a variety of activities that will address some of the possible gender differences in the classroom.

D. Educators should design a variety of activities that will address some of the possible gender differences in the classroom.

Research suggests that there are differences between boys and girls in their approach to​ technology, where boys tend to report more positive feelings about and greater confidence in using technology than girls. What are the implications of this for​ teachers? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Educators should insist that all girls in their classrooms use technology daily. Your answer is not correct. B. Educators should not insist that girls use technology in the​ classroom, because they will likely come to associate class activities with their distaste of technology. C. Educators should anticipate that boys will only willingly complete classroom tasks and assignments if they can use technology to do so. D. Educators should design a variety of activities that will address some of the possible gender differences in the classroom.

D. Educators should design a variety of activities that will address some of the possible gender differences in the classroom.

High school chemistry teacher Ms. Castell says to her​ students, "Now that we know the properties of​ acids, what things might acids help us​ do? Any​ guesses?" In asking this​ question, which one of the following cognitive processes is Ms. Castell probably trying to​ promote? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Visual imagery B. Construction of a new script C. Acquisition of procedural knowledge D. Elaboration

D. Elaboration

Three of the following learning activities involve declarative knowledge. Which one involves procedural knowledge​? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Mario uses the mnemonic​ "Elvis's Guitar Broke Down​ Friday" to help him remember the five notes on the lines of the treble clef​ (EGBDF). B. In his efforts to master all the multiplication facts involving​ single-digit numbers​ (e.g., 2 x 3​ = 6, 8 x 7​ = 56), Layton occasionally tests himself to see how quickly and accurately he can write them all down. C. To get ready for a class field trip to a historic​ battlefield, Cassie looks at Wikipedia and several other websites to learn as much as she can about the battle that took place there. D. Emma practices playing the​ C-major and​ G-major scales on her violin.

D. Emma practices playing the​ C-major and​ G-major scales on her violin.

Ms. Ramirez is a middle school teacher. Based on what you know about gender differences in middle school​ students, Ms. Ramirez should not do which of the​ following? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Encourage both male and female students to participate in extracurricular sports such as soccer and basketball. B. Look for opportunities and appropriate contexts to help students develop good grooming and social skills. C. Show the male students that it is appropriate on certain occasions for them to show emotion and vulnerability. D. Encourage students to gain skills in academic areas that are stereotypically associated with their gender.

D. Encourage students to gain skills in academic areas that are stereotypically associated with their gender.

Mr. Cabrera teaches elementary school in a district serving​ low-income families. Several of his students live in extreme poverty. He attended a workshop during the summer and learned that resilient students believe that success comes with hard work and a good education. He wants to help his students become resilient. Based on factors that researchers have found to foster​ resilience, which of the following suggestions would you make to Mr.​ Cabrera? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Give these students the same level of academic support that he gives to other students and encourage them to lean on other students. B. Avoid taking personal interest in these students and encourage them to develop a strong sense of independence. C. Avoid close relationships that encourage these students to depend on him for emotional support. D. Find out what basic essential resources the children are lacking and find ways to help families acquire these resources.

D. Find out what basic essential resources the children are lacking and find ways to help families acquire these resources.

Which one of the following strategies ​is unlikely​ to be effective in working with students who are at risk for academic​ failure? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Communicate optimism about their​ long-term chances for success and offer support. B. Create peer support groups in which students can exchange ideas about study strategies. C. Provide opportunities for students to showcase their strengths. D. Give them extensive drill and practice with worksheets that are designed to help them learn basic skills.

D. Give them extensive drill and practice with worksheets that are designed to help them learn basic skills.

Timothy is trying to remember information in his textbook. His eyes are focused on the words in front of​ him, but​ he's thinking about the fishing trip he has planned for the upcoming weekend. From the perspective of an information processing model of​ memory, how far in​ Tim's memory does the material​ get? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. It never gets into his memory at all. B. It gets only as far as his working memory. C. It gets into his​ long-term memory. D. It gets only as far as his sensory register.

D. It gets only as far as his sensory register.

Three of the following students show warning signs for being at risk of dropping out of school. Which student ​is least​ likely to be at​ risk? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Andrea is absent from school about 2 days out of every 5. B. Bill is still in sixth​ grade, even though he is almost 14 years old. C. Connie has been getting low grades since elementary​ school, and her reading comprehension skills are poor. D. John has spent so much time in lengthy​ after-school practices for the football and basketball teams that his grades have dropped considerably.

D. John has spent so much time in lengthy​ after-school practices for the football and basketball teams that his grades have dropped considerably.

Just before a geography​ quiz, Fionna looks one more time at her list of five basic kinds of​ mountains: folded,​ fault-block, volcanic,​ dome, and plateau. She mentally repeats the list to herself over and over until she receives her copy of the​ quiz, at which point she quickly writes the list in the margin so she​ won't forget it. Which one of the following concepts best explains what Fionna is​ doing? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Elaboration B. Internal organization C. Automaticity D. Maintenance rehearsal

D. Maintenance rehearsal

Which of the following teachers is using a recommended strategy to accommodate for gender differences in the​ classroom? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Ms. Stockwell is an elementary school teacher. She​ doesn't worry about gender stereotypes in books and other class​ materials, because she knows that her students have a long time to process complicated gender schemas. B. Ms. Thompson is a kindergarten teacher who understands gender differences. She requires the boys to be classroom helpers and girls to be group leaders. She believes this practice accommodates for​ boys' tendency to be competitive and​ girls' tendency to shy away from leadership positions. C. Mr. Becnel is a high school English teacher. He recognizes that boys struggle to share​ emotions, so he allows boys to write a research paper rather than a collection of personal poems for their semester final. Your answer is not correct. D. Mr. Driscoll is a middle school science teacher. He makes a point to highlight the contributions of female scientists in each content unit throughout the year.

D. Mr. Driscoll is a middle school science teacher. He makes a point to highlight the contributions of female scientists in each content unit throughout the year.

Which of the following teachers is using the best strategy to accommodate for gender differences in the​ classroom? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Mr. Steinberg is a high school algebra teacher. He recognizes that boys excel in math at this​ level, and girls often feel intimidated by math. He avoids calling on the girls in order to keep from embarrassing them. B. Ms. Silva is a kindergarten teacher who understands gender differences. She requires the boys to sit still longer and line up after the girls for each activity. She believes this practice accommodates for their tendency to be more active than girls. C. Ms. Lopez is an elementary school teacher. She calls on the girls twice as often as she calls on boys to answer questions in order to compensate for the general tendency of teachers to call on boys more than girls. D. Mr. Torgorsen is a middle school science teacher. He uses examples of both male and female pilots to illustrate points about​ real-world applications of specific information in their unit.

D. Mr. Torgorsen is a middle school science teacher. He uses examples of both male and female pilots to illustrate points about​ real-world applications of specific information in their unit.

Which of the following represents a culturally competent approach to the IRE​ (initiate, respond,​ evaluate) questioning cycle typical in many Western​ classrooms? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Ms. Talley assumes that anyone who​ doesn't immediately raise a hand after she asks a question either​ wasn't listening or​ doesn't know the answer. B. Ms. Talley only calls on White students to answer questions in the IRE​ cycle, so as not to punish students from other cultures and ethnic backgrounds who may not understand the routine. C. Ms. Talley forgoes using the IRE cycle in her classroom. D. Ms. Talley announces that she is going to ask a question to see if her students know the​ answer, and pauses after asking it before calling on a student.

D. Ms. Talley announces that she is going to ask a question to see if her students know the​ answer, and pauses after asking it before calling on a student.

Which of the following does not contribute to​ low-quality schools that are sometimes found in​ low-SES neighborhoods? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Teacher turnover rates are higher B. Limited funding and fewer resources available C. Teachers have lower expectations for​ success, providing​ lower-level work and fewer opportunities to develop advanced thinking skills D. Parents who do not care about education

D. Parents who do not care about education

What does not represent a benefit of multicultural​ education? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. ​Biases, misconceptions, and misrepresentations can be addressed. B. Students whose cultures are represented in the curriculum are more likely to be motivated to do well in school when they can connect with the content. C. Exposure to another culture is associated with fewer behavior problems and better social skills among students in the majority culture. D. Students from minority groups can become more quickly acculturated to the​ majority's norms.

D. Students from minority groups can become more quickly acculturated to the​ majority's norms.

Research suggests that teacher behaviors can contribute to​ students' decisions to drop out of school. Which​ behaviors, in​ particular, are associated with this​ phenomenon? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Teachers directly tell some students who are struggling academically to drop out. B. Teachers are less intelligent than students who drop out. C. Teachers put excessive pressure on students to succeed. D. Teachers communicate low expectations for success and do not have​ warm, supportive relationships with students at risk for dropping out.

D. Teachers communicate low expectations for success and do not have​ warm, supportive relationships with students at risk for dropping out.

Mr. Hale wants to design his next poetry unit with a variety of activities available so that students with various learning styles can achieve at high levels. He asks for your thoughts on his plan—what would you say to​ him? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. In addition to learning​ styles, Mr. Hale should also design​ left- and​ right-brain activities, too. B. Be sure to include activities for​ visual, auditory, and kinetic learners. C. Though there is virtually no evidence to support the idea of learning​ styles, it's so popular among educators that he might as well go forward with his plan. D. There is no evidence that learning styles​ exist, and in​ fact, teaching in this way could be detrimental to​ students' learning.

D. There is no evidence that learning styles​ exist, and in​ fact, teaching in this way could be detrimental to​ students' learning.

Which of the following most closely represents the evidence of research regarding genetic differences between boys and girls in learning and​ achievement? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Though there is great overlap in the learning and achievement of boys and girls in elementary​ school, by high school boys are far ahead. B. Girls tend to do better in most subjects across all ages. C. There are no real differences between boys and girls in learning and achievement. Your answer is not correct. D. There is often great overlap in the performance of girls and boys. Any differences found are relatively​ small, and likely the result of socialization.

D. There is often great overlap in the performance of girls and boys. Any differences found are relatively​ small, and likely the result of socialization.

Three of the following mnemonics should help students acquire declarative knowledge. Which one should help them acquire procedural​ knowledge? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. ​"Rhythm helps your two hips​ move" for remembering the correct spelling of the word rhythm​ (use the first letter of each word in the​ sentence) B. ​"How I wish I could calculate pi​" as a phrase for remembering the first seven digits in the value of pi​: 3.141592​ (the number of letters in each word indicates the particular digit in each​ spot) C. ​"ROY G.​ BIV" for remembering the colors in the spectrum​ (red, orange,​ yellow, green,​ blue, indigo,​ violet) D. ​"Righty tighty, lefty​ loosey" for remembering which way to turn a screw to either tighten or loosen it

D. ​"Righty tighty, lefty​ loosey" for remembering which way to turn a screw to either tighten or loosen it

Which of the following is not a characteristic of resilient​ students? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Positive sense of self B. A belief that success comes with hard work and a good education C. Ambitious goals D. ​Above-average IQ

D. ​Above-average IQ

Cattall found evidence for two distinct types of​ intelligence: fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence. Which of the following students provides an example of fluid​ intelligence? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Domanique uses her knowledge of Spanish to learn Latin prefixes and suffixes. B. ​Harper's IQ score increased from 95 to 105 between the ages of 7 and 17. C. Leah loves to​ read, and regularly looks up words that she​ doesn't know in the dictionary. She earned a​ 100% on her most recent vocabulary quiz. D. Kia is an extraordinarily accomplished​ musician; she was invited to play with a major orchestra at the age of 10.

Domanique uses her knowledge of Spanish to learn Latin prefixes and suffixes.

Your​ student, Gretchen, has a high aptitude for​ math, and you recently recommended her for the gifted program at your school. After agreeing to place her in the gifted​ program, Gretchen's parents request a meeting to plan for an Individualized Education Plan​ (IEP). What would you tell​ them? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. The Jacob K. Javits Gifted and Talent Student Education Act only requires that the school offer gifted programming to students like​ Gretchen; it does not require an IEP. B. Gifted education is not covered under​ IDEA, which is the federal law that governs special education.​ Therefore, Gretchen will not have a formal​ IEP, but​ you're still happy to meet with them. C. Because gifted education is covered under​ IDEA, which is the federal law that governs special​ education, Gretchen will need an​ IEP, so​ you'll arrange a meeting as soon as possible. D. Gretchen will only need an IEP if she struggles in her gifted​ classes, so the meeting should be scheduled in a few weeks.

Gifted education is not covered under​ IDEA, which is the federal law that governs special education.​ Therefore, Gretchen will not have a formal​ IEP, but​ you're still happy to meet with them.

All​ week, Harris studied for a test by reviewing his notes and​ re-reading the​ textbook, but when it comes time to take the​ test, he cannot remember even basic facts. How might the information processing theory model of human memory explain​ this? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Harris never paid attention to the information at all. B. Harris did not meaningfully encode the material to store in his​ long-term memory. C. Harris might have an executive functioning disorder. D. The information never got past his sensory register.

Harris did not meaningfully encode the material to store in his​ long-term memory.

Your​ colleague, Mr.​ Willman, asks you for help designing an IQ test that he can administer in class on the first day of school to determine his​ students' intelligence. How would you respond to Mr.​ Willman? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Mr. Willman should give students math logic problems to determine their intelligence. B. There is no such thing as​ intelligence, so it​ can't be measured on a test. C. Intelligence is really a measure of prior​ learning, so he could give students a test on material that they learned the year before. D. Intelligence is a complex construct that can​ change, and involves coordination between prior knowledge and many mental processes.​ Further, it is​ culture-specific and adaptive. For this​ reason, Mr. Willman is likely to have difficulty constructing a quality IQ test for classroom use.

Intelligence is a complex construct that can​ change, and involves coordination between prior knowledge and many mental processes.​ Further, it is​ culture-specific and adaptive. For this​ reason, Mr. Willman is likely to have difficulty constructing a quality IQ test for classroom use.

Why is the debunked notion of learning styles detrimental to​ students' learning? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. ​Students' preferences are not important in the classroom. B. Learning styles are not detrimental to​ students' learning. C. Teachers may not know how to effectively plan activities for each of the different kinds of learning styles. D. It can prevent students from engaging in​ meaningful, authentic tasks that would help them deeply understand new material.

It can prevent students from engaging in​ meaningful, authentic tasks that would help them deeply understand new material.

All of the following students exhibit positive cognitive dispositions. Which one most clearly shows critical thinking​? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Hattie participates in debate​ club, and especially enjoys the challenge of preparing arguments for both sides of every topic. B. Mason enjoys exploring every learning​ center, and sometimes finds new ways to complete the table activities. C. Franklin regularly asks his teacher for additional assignments at increasing levels of challenge. D. Michael researches complex issues using credible​ resources, and always consults more than one source to verify the information that he finds.

Michael researches complex issues using credible​ resources, and always consults more than one source to verify the information that he finds.

Ghada is a fourth grader with a speech and communication disorder. She is embarrassed to speak out and ask questions or join class​ discussions, but she occasionally tries. Mr. Hester wants to adapt instruction to support​ Ghada's work with the speech therapist. Three of the following strategies are recommended. Which of the following strategies should Mr. Hester avoid​? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Mr. Hester should ask Ghada to clarify if he​ doesn't understand a question she asks. B. Mr. Hester should avoid calling on Ghada to answer questions during class discussions. C. Mr. Hester should listen patiently when Ghada tries to speak rather than trying to finish her sentences for her. D. Mr. Hester should encourage Ghada to take part in​ small-group discussions and to ask questions when she​ doesn't understand.

Mr. Hester should avoid calling on Ghada to answer questions during class discussions.

Wendy is a tenth grader with hearing loss. To best facilitate her​ learning, which of the following strategies should Mr. Phillips avoid​? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Mr. Phillips should give Wendy auditory information supplemented with visual​ presentations; if she has hearing​ loss, he should make information as concrete as possible. B. Mr. Phillips should sit Wendy near the air conditioner and​ radiator; if she has hearing​ loss, she is unlikely to be bothered by the sounds. C. Mr. Phillips should pronounce words distinctly but otherwise speak typically. D. Mr. Phillips should identify objects​ clearly, not using generic words.

Mr. Phillips should sit Wendy near the air conditioner and​ radiator; if she has hearing​ loss, she is unlikely to be bothered by the sounds.

Which the following characteristics are you likely to see in a child who is​ gifted? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Negative​ self-concept B. Perfectionism C. Rigid approaches to learning and new ideas D. Poor social skills

Perfectionism

Mr.​ Carson, a fifth grade​ teacher, has learned that this year a gifted student named Skye will be in his class. Skye has been identified as gifted in several​ areas, including​ reading, writing, and science. Mr. Carson is not particularly strong in​ science, but looks forward to the challenge of teaching Skye and adapting instruction for her as needed. With Skye in his​ classroom, which of these approaches should Mr. Carson avoid​? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Giving Skye tasks that require complex thinking skills within the context of the science units in the curriculum B. Assigning​ higher-level readings in science and other subjects to Skye and regular readings to the rest of the class C. Connecting Skye with a high school mentor in science to cultivate a cognitive apprenticeship D. Placing Skye in a peer group with students who have diverse interests and abilities

Placing Skye in a peer group with students who have diverse interests and abilities

Tarik, age​ 14, is an extraordinarily gifted student in your biology class. It quickly becomes clear that his content knowledge is beyond your own expertise. How can you support Tarik in your​ class? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Allow him to finish his homework for other classes or read a book if he finishes the work in your class quickly. B. Ask Tarik to teach the class once a​ week, so that you can learn from​ him, too. C. Provide Tarik with an opportunity to complete an independent enrichment project. D. Give Tarik​ on-grade level​ work; it is better for him to stay with the rest of the​ class, rather than accelerate ahead.

Provide Tarik with an opportunity to complete an independent enrichment project.

Ms. Fuentes teaches second grade in a district serving primarily​ low-income families. One of her​ students, Miguel, is​ homeless, and even his most basic needs are not met. He lives in a shelter with his​ mother, who wants to help him​ succeed, but Miguel has missed a lot of school. Ms. Fuentes can support​ Miguel's academic and social success at school by three of the following actions. Which of the following actions should Ms. Fuentes avoid​ taking? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Solicit help from volunteers to tutor Miguel in academic skills. B. Give Miguel a clipboard or lapboard to use as a desk at the shelter. C. Meet with​ Miguel's mother at the shelter rather than meeting with her at school. D. Recognize the​ mother's embarrassment about being homeless and avoid contacting her directly.

Recognize the​ mother's embarrassment about being homeless and avoid contacting her directly.

Child maltreatment is the cause of emotional and behavioral disorders in some cases. What should you do if you have reasons to suspect that a student is the victim of​ maltreatment? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Contact the​ child's parents and set up an appointment to discuss the​ student's well being. B. Report your suspicions to the principal or to child protective services. C. Discuss the matter with adults you trust and get suggestions about helping the student to escape the maltreatment. D. Talk to peers about this​ student's behavior toward them and ask about their impressions of this​ student's behavior.

Report your suspicions to the principal or to child protective services.

Which of the following activities would promote analytic thinking among​ students? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Students construct a model of a human skin​ cell, and write short paragraphs explaining the jobs of each organelle. B. In their daily​ warm-up journal, students are challenged to explain what a fish and a bird have in common. C. Some students are asked to draw pictures of​ nouns, while others are asked to write the definition of a noun and provide examples in sentences. D. Introduce the concept of civic engagement and allow students read about it​ independently, listen to a podcast about the​ topic, or choreograph an interpretive dance to demonstrate their understanding.

Students construct a model of a human skin​ cell, and write short paragraphs explaining the jobs of each organelle.

Ms. Fleming is teaching a unit on climatology. She gives her students a​ pre-assessment to see what they already know. She is surprised to find that most of her students believe that the earth is warmer in summer because it is closer to the​ sun, and colder in winter because it is further from the sun. Which of the following is most likely not a reason that students have this​ misconception? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Students simply​ haven't thought very critically about the concepts. B. ​Students' thinking was influenced by a popular fairy tale or movie. C. Students acquired erroneous information from their siblings or peers. D. Students have constructed their own understanding of summer and winter temperatures based on their experiences.

Students simply​ haven't thought very critically about the concepts.

Which of the following best categorizes the sensory​ register, according to cognitive​ psychologists? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. The component of the memory that holds information that we have paid attention​ to, for at least a short period of time while we try to make sense of it. It has a very limited​ capacity, and information stored here​ doesn't last very long—5 to 20 seconds at most. B. The component of the model that refers to the process of directing sensory receptors and the mind toward specific information inputs that must be learned and remembered. C. The component of the memory that holds the information that you​ receive, more or less in its​ original, unencoded form. It has a large capacity and lasts only a few​ seconds, at most. D. The component of the memory that stores general​ knowledge, beliefs about the​ world, recollections of​ events, and knowledge about how to perform various actions.

The component of the memory that holds the information that you​ receive, more or less in its​ original, unencoded form. It has a large capacity and lasts only a few​ seconds, at most.

Ms. Middleton teaches her fourth grade students about light​ waves, and explains why the sky is blue. She also corrects the common misconception that the sky is blue because it is reflecting the color of the ocean. The next​ day, she asks her students to share what they remember about why the sky appears blue. Josie raises her hand and​ says, "Because the light waves hit the ocean and bounce back to the​ sky!" How would a cognitive psychologist explain​ Josie's misunderstanding? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. This represents the role of​ maturation: Josie simply does not yet have the ability to engage in sophisticated cognitive processes necessary to organize and integrate information. B. This represents the role of​ selectivity: Josie was bombarded with too many sensory inputs and chose to tune out Ms.​ Middleton's lesson. C. This represents​ constructivism: learners take many​ numerous, separate pieces of information and use them to create a general​ understanding, interpretation, or recollection of some aspect of the world. In​ Josie's case, she constructed a misunderstanding based on the new information and a common misconception. D. This represents the role of cognitive​ processing: Josie likely did not think about Ms.​ Middleton's question long enough to answer it correctly.

This represents​ constructivism: learners take many​ numerous, separate pieces of information and use them to create a general​ understanding, interpretation, or recollection of some aspect of the world. In​ Josie's case, she constructed a misunderstanding based on the new information and a common misconception.

How would a cognitive psychologist define learning​? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. The gradual process of internalizing thinking strategies for personal use. B. Changes in behavior sustained over​ time, observable by others. C. Using mental processes to construct understanding and meaning based on​ numerous, separate pieces of information. D. Environmental​ stimuli, behavior, and cognition working​ together; people often learn through modeling.

Using mental processes to construct understanding and meaning based on​ numerous, separate pieces of information.

As seventh grade Language Arts teacher Ms. Abbott reads a​ poem, she tells the students to close their eyes and picture a bird soaring through the sky on a sunny day. This is an example of​ using: Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Schemas B. Acquisition of declarative knowledge C. Visual imagery D. Elaboration

Visual imagery

Three of the following mnemonics represent procedural knowledge. Which one represents declarative​ knowledge? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Creed invents the mnemonic Hippos Eat All Crunchy Cookies to help him remember the steps of completing a science lab in Ms.​ McCreary's classroom:​ hypothesize, experiment,​ analyze, conclude, communicate B. ​"Righty tighty, lefty​ loosey" for remembering which way to turn a screw to either tighten or loosen it C. ​"Every Good Boy Does​ Fine" for remembering the notes of the treble clef D. Ms. Reilly teaches her students the acronym​ "PEMDAS" to help them remember the order of mathematical operations when solving algebraic​ equations: parentheses,​ exponents, multiplication,​ division, addition, subtraction

​"Every Good Boy Does​ Fine" for remembering the notes of the treble clef

Which one of the following students ​is most​ likely to be identified as having a learning​ disability? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Conrad cannot hear well and does not participate in class discussions. B. Arianna emigrated from Brazil last year and only speaks Portuguese at home. She has not been achieving proficient scores on her reading tests. C. Genevieve began having trouble in all of her classes after her parents divorced. D. ​Kenneth's test scores qualify him for a gifted math​ program, but he has significant problems reading and writing.

​Kenneth's test scores qualify him for a gifted math​ program, but he has significant problems reading and writing.