eed

39. What illegal substance used by pregnant women produces an intense restriction of the arteries, causing a significant reduction in the flow of blood and oxygen to the fetus, thereby increasing the risks of fetal death and a number of birth defects and disabilities? a. cocaine b. marijuana c. AZT d. amphetamines

A) cocaine

35. By ____ months of age, the fetus swallows and urinates, arms and hands develop, and fingers develop nails. a. 3 b. 5 c. 6 d. 7

a) 3

37. If mothers who carry the AIDS virus are treated with antiviral drugs, such as AZT during pregnancy, less than _____ of infants are born with AIDS. a. 5% b. 10% c. 25% d. 50%

a) 5%

70. The "visual cliff" study indicates that most infants in the age range of _________ months cannot be coaxed to cross the "cliff." a. 6 to 14 b. 5 to 12 c. 12 to 14 d. 8 to 14

a) 6 to 14

48. All of the following may cause preterm births EXCEPT a. a mother working during pregnancy. b. a father's age. c. the immaturity of the mother's reproductive system. d. the mother carrying twins.

a) a mother working during pregnancy

49. The use of _______ has contributed to a sharp increase in ______. a. fetal monitoring; cesarean deliveries b. cesarean deliveries; fetal monitoring c. cesarean deliveries; infant mortality d. fetal monitoring; postmature infants

a) fetal monitoring; cesarean deliveries

74. Piaget believed that the exact timing of a stage reflects an interaction between the infant's ________ and __________ a. level of physical maturation; and the experience of the environment. b. level of physical maturation; the genetic predisposition of the child. c. level of cognitive development; the environment in which the child is raised. d. level of physical maturation; cognitive development of the child.

a) level of physical maturation; and the experience of the environment

69. It's time for Margaret to give her baby his bath. The water is warm and she adds bubble bath to the water. When she puts her baby in the water, the baby splashes around and plays with the bubbles. He genuinely appears to enjoy himself because his _________ is/are being stimulated. a. sense organs b. brain c. curiosity d. socialization skills

a) sense organs

73. Baby Alexander makes minor changes in his schemes each time his environment provides him with a new experience. This is the process of a. accommodation. b. simple reflexes. c. assimilation. d. secondary circular reactions.

a)accommodation

62. What does the American Academy of Pediatrics suggest to prevent SIDS? a. babies sleeping on their backs b. autostimulation c. no blankets or toys in the crib d. frequent naps

a)babies sleeping on their backs

57. What is the principle that states that growth follows a pattern that begins with the head and upper body parts and then proceeds down to the rest of the body? a. cephalocaudal b. principle of hierarchical integration c. principle of the independence of systems d. proximodistal

a)cephalocaudal

11. Erikson argued that each of his stages presents a(n) ________ that the individual must resolve. a. crisis b. fixation c. dilemma d. interaction

a)crisis

Development that occurs in distinct steps or stages, with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitively different from behavior at early stages is called __________ change. a)discontinuous b)continuous c)critical d)natural

a)discontinuous

31. What is the process by which a sperm and an ovum join to form a single new cell? a. fertilization b. sex c. germinal stage d. prenatal period

a)fertilization

14. Ralph watches the other kindergarten students receive stickers and other rewards from the teacher for sitting at their desks and completing their work. Soon, Ralph begins to behave like the other kindergarten students. This is what type of learning? a. modeling b. reinforcement c. extinction d. imitation

a)modeling

12. Behavior modification depends upon what principle? a. operant conditioning b. social-cognitive conditioning c. classical conditioning d. stimulus conditioning

a)operant conditioning

6. Advocates of the __________ perspective believe that much of behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts of which a person has little awareness or control. a. psychodynamic b. psychosocial c. behavioral d. psychosexual

a)pschodynamic

16. What theory contends that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives? a. psychoanalytic b. behavioral c. humanistic d. social-cognitive learning theory

a)psychoanalytic

86. Eight-month-old Elisha's crib is located near a large mirror on her dresser, yet Elisha barely ever stops to look at herself in the mirror. On the other hand, her 18-month-old sister, Amanda, stops regularly to gaze at herself as she crawls around on the floor near the full-length bathroom mirror. What is the likely reason that Amanda looks at the mirror but Elisha does not? a. Amanda has developed self-awareness, or knowledge of herself. b. Amanda's self-awareness has begun to develop into narcissism. c. Elisha has developed self-awareness but is too interested in other things to look at herself. d. Amanda's mother has given her more attention than Elisha.

a. Amanda has developed self-awareness, or knowledge of herself.

123. In preschool one day, 5 children decided to help each other build a fort with the items that were available to them. Each child took it upon him/herself to find objects in the classroom that could be put together to build a fort. This is an example of a. associative play. b. parallel play. c. functional play. d. onlooker play.

a. associative play.

129. Five-year-old Benjamin and his younger sister were playing together in the living room, and his sister grabbed at the toy that Benjamin was playing with. He lashed out at his sister and punched her in the arm and took back the toy, making her cry. Benjamin's mother immediately took Benjamin aside and, rather than punishing him, tried to explain how his choice of behavior made his sister cry, and that he needs to learn to share his toys. This is an example of what type of parenting style? a. authoritative b. permissive c. authoritarian d. uninvolved

a. authoritative

124. Three children in the preschool class are working to complete puzzles, and they all take turns fitting in the pieces. This is an example of a. cooperative play. b. associative play. c. parallel play. d. functional play.

a. cooperative play.

92. All of the following are examples of temperament in babies EXCEPT a. how well-attached the baby is to its mother. b. the baby's activity level. c. the quality of the baby's mood (e.g., pleasant or irritable). d. rhythmicity.

a. how well-attached the baby is to its mother.

125. Play may assist the brain a. in increasing self-control and promoting brain development. b. in the ability to interact and increase self-esteem. c. to increase the levels of testosterone. d. in allowing genders to self-identify.

a. in increasing self-control and promoting brain development.

115. When 4-year-old Allison is allowed to decide what to wear from several choices her mother presents to her, she is likely to develop a. initiative. b. autonomy. c. self-concept. d. individualistic orientation.

a. initiative.

112. How much TV does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend that children under 2 years old be allowed to watch? a. none b. 30 minutes c. 45 minutes d. 60 minutes

a. none

122. Melissa is sitting at her preschool table playing with a toy car, while Alex is sitting next to her playing with a toy car and making quiet engine sounds. These two children never interact together. What type of play are these two children engaged in? a. parallel b. onlooker c. functional d. associative

a. parallel

128. Billy is a 5-year-old child who does not have a regular bedtime, is permitted to neglect personal hygiene such as brushing his teeth, and doesn't usually participate in any simple chores, such as picking up his toys in his room. It would appear that Billy parents' style of parenting is a. permissive. b. authoritarian. c. involved. d. authoritative.

a. permissive.

135. In the playground, Amanda calls Janey names, refuses to include her in the game of hopscotch, and makes fun of her. This is an example of a. relational aggression. b. emotional aggression. c. regulated aggression. d. instrumental aggression.

a. relational aggression.

98. The left hemisphere of the brain becomes more specialized during the preschool years in all of the following areas EXCEPT a. spatial relationships. b. speaking. c. reading. d. thinking/reasoning.

a. spatial relationships.

120. Raul and Raymond are 3-years-old, and the main benefit they get out of being friends is a. the enjoyment of carrying out shared activities. b. trust, support, and shared interests. c. the give-and-take of competing with each other in games. d. the intellectual stimulation of conversation and learning activities.

a. the enjoyment of carrying out shared activities.

100. The Wilson family went to their family reunion picnic, and their two children were allowed to participate in different games. Which of the following is a game that the 4-year-old would likely have enough fine motor skills to play? a. throwing a ball b. tossing a ring around a peg c. bike races d. potato sack race

a. throwing a ball

96. Before they are 10 years old, children are _______ as likely to die from a(n) ________ than from a(n) ________ a. twice; injury; illness. b. three times; illness; injury. c. two times; illness; injury. d. four times; injury; illness.

a. twice; injury; illness.

67. Infants are able to pick up small objects like marbles off the ground at a. 8 months. b. 11 months. c. 12 months. d. 14 months.

b) 11 months

66. At approximately what age is a baby able to prominently open its hand and grasp a rattle? a. 1 month b. 3 months c. 6 months d. 9 months

b) 3 months

43. The American Academy of Pediatrics and the U.S. Congress agree that women should stay in the hospital no less than ___ hours after giving birth. a. 24 b. 48 c. 72 d. 96

b) 48

80. If a baby is making speech-like, but meaningless, sounds, this is a universal phenomenon called a. cooing. b. babbling. c. gurgling. d. murmuring.

b) babbling

56. When does the greatest increase in height and weight occur? a. in the womb during gestation b. during the first year of life c. during toddlerhood d. during adolescence

b) during the first year of life

79. Climbing stairs, riding a bike, eating breakfast are all examples of what type of memory? a. long term b. implicit c. explicit d. short term

b) implicit

In its study of growth, change and stability, lifespan development takes a(n) _________ approach. a) intuitive b)scientific c)social d)envirnmental

b) scientific

41. __________ reduces the oxygen content and increases the carbon monoxide of the mother's blood. This quickly reduces the oxygen available for the fetus. Further, the nicotine and other toxins in cigarettes slow the respiration rate of the fetus and speed up its heart. a. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) b. Smoking cigarettes c. AIDS d. Using cocaine

b) smoking cigarettes

44. Preterm infants are at a high risk of illness and death because a. they usually have to be born by Cesarean section. b. they have not had time to fully develop as fetuses. c. their mothers used anesthesia during childbirth. d. they have a chromosomal disorder.

b) they have not had time to fully develop as fetuses

24. Rod-shaped chromosomes, portions of DNA, are organized in ____ pairs. a. 52 b. 23 c. 46 d. 54

b)23

46. By age six, approximately ____ of preterm infants have mild problems, such as learning disabilities or behavior disorders. a. 25% b. 38% c. 50% d. 65%

b)38%

What issue has dominated much work in lifespan development? a)Which area(s) of lifespan development is/are the most important? b)How much of peoples behavior is due to their genetically-determined nature and how much is due to nurture? c)What are the historical roots of developmentalist and lifespan development? d)How are developmental research studies developed?

b)How much of peoples behavior is due to their genetically-determined nature and how much is due to nurture

In ______________, development is _______________, with achievements at one level building on those of previous levels. a)discontinuous change; distinct b)continuous change; gradual c)discontinuous change; gradual d)continuous change gradual

b)continuous change; gradual

34. In which stage of development does the developing child undergo astoundingly rapid change, increasing in length some 20 times with dramatic changes in proportion? a. embryonic b. fetal c. germinal d. birth

b)fetal

21. In an experiment where researchers manipulate the ______, the variable that the researchers measure to see if it changes is the ______. a. dependent variable; independent variable b. independent variable; dependent variable c. control group; treatment group d. treatment group; control group

b)independent variable; dependent variable

38. What illegal drug, when used during pregnancy, can restrict the oxygen that reaches the fetus and lead to infants who are irritable, nervous, and easily disturbed? a. cocaine b. marijuana c. "crack" d. amphetamines

b)marijuana

7. Freud believed that the goal of the pleasure principle was to a. reduce satisfaction and maximize tension. b. maximize satisfaction and reduce tension. c. reduce inhibition and maximize unconscious awareness. d. increase inhibition and reduce unconscious awareness.

b)maximize satisfaction and reduce tension

36. It is the job of the _______ to keep teratogens from reaching the fetus. a. umbilical cord b. mother's placenta c. amniotic fluid d. prenatal development

b)mothers placenta

10. Suri identifies with her mother as a role model. She has passed through Freud's _______ stage of psychosexual development. a. anal b. oral c. phallic d. latent

b)oral

22. Which type of research study is a compromise technique that essentially examines a number of different age groups at several points in time, and permits developmental researchers to tease out the consequences of age change versus age difference? a. longitudinal b. sequential c. cross-sectional d)experimental

b)sequential

27. What is the process in which high-frequency sound waves scan the mother's womb to produce an image of the unborn baby, whose size and shape can then be assessed? a. first-trimester screen b. ultrasound sonography c. amniocentesis d. chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

b)ultrasound sonography

90. Mary is planning to take a year-and-a-half leave from her job because she wants to stay home and care for the needs of her newborn child. Mary believes that during the first 18 months of a child's life, it is critical that she make herself available to her child to meet his needs and give him the attention he deserves. Erikson would say that Mary's decision comes at a good time to address what stage of her child's development? a. Erikson's theory of psychosocial development stage b. Erikson's trust-versus-mistrust stage c. Erikson's autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage d. Erikson's temperament behavior stage

b. Erikson's trust-versus-mistrust stage

102. Which of the following is the best description of Piaget's symbolic function? a. a child is able to understand that symbols on a page (letters or numbers) mean something b. a child is able to use a mental symbol, a word, or an object to stand for or represent something that is not physically present c. a child is able to use organized, formal, logical mental processes d. a child is able to use his/her imagination

b. a child is able to use a mental symbol, a word, or an object to stand for or represent something that is not physically present

127. Meredith's 5-year-old friends at the playground run around from the rides to the slides, but Meredith's mother told her she had to stay on the swings and not move to another place in the playground. When Meredith complained that the other children were allowed to play where they wanted, Meredith's mother told her to stay on the swings "because I said so." This is an example of a. involved parenting. b. authoritarian parenting. c. permissive parenting. d. authoritative parenting.

b. authoritarian parenting.

104. Johnny is a 4-year-old who is having lunch with his mother and sister. When his mother pours the milk that is left in the carton into the children's glasses, she finds that there is not enough to fill both glasses; so she carefully pours half of the milk in the shorter, fatter glass in front of Johnny and half into a thin, taller glass in front of Johnny's sister. Immediately, Johnny complains that his sister got more milk than he did, and even when his mother tries to explain that they both got the same amount, Johnny insists he is right. In this example, Johnny is demonstrating a lack of development in the area of a. centration. b. conservation. c. concrete operational thought. d. preoperational thought.

b. conservation.

93. What is the term that Thomas and Chess used to describe babies who have a positive disposition, whose body functions operate regularly, and who are adaptable? a. difficult babies b. easy babies c. slow-to-warm babies d. low-intensity babies

b. easy babies

106. On Christmas morning, 3-year-old Billy opens one of his gifts from his mother and finds a new sweater. Disappointed that it is not a toy, Billy frowns and throws the sweater aside in front of his mother with no regard for her feelings. In this example, Billy is demonstrating a. centration. b. egocentric thought. c. conservation. d. intuitive thought.

b. egocentric thought.

107. Three-year-old Wendy is playing hide-and-seek with some older children. However, instead of running to find a hiding place away from the other children, Wendy simply covers her eyes. In this example, Wendy is demonstrating a. intuitive thought. b. egocentric thought. c. centration. d. conservation.

b. egocentric thought.

87. When a child experiences pleasure with a person, or experiences comfort from that person when in distress, it is said that the child has a. made a friend. b. formed an attachment. c. found a parental figure. d. learned not to be lonely.

b. formed an attachment.

94. What is the term that relates to one's sense of being male or female? a. social perceptions b. gender c. sex d. gender roles

b. gender

118. When a preschool-age child is developing a gender schema, he/she is a. developing his/her own sexual identity based on inborn expectations. b. increasing his/her own cognitive abilities to develop "rules" about what is right and wrong for males and females. c. developing his/her own ideas about how males and females are biologically different. d. developing his/her behaviors solely around what he/she sees from parents' behavior(s).

b. increasing his/her own cognitive abilities to develop "rules" about what is right and wrong for males and females.

33. According to developmental research, what contributes to the decline of aggression in preschool children? a. more access to better child care b. personality and social development of the child c. more authoritarian parenting d. more authoritative parenting

b. personality and social development of the child

111. When a young child begins to learn how to take turns in conversation, stay on topic, and give appropriate responses such as "please" and "thank you," the child is demonstrating knowledge of a. egocentric speech. b. pragmatics. c. social speech. d. fast mapping.

b. pragmatics.

97. Which of the following most likely contributes to the high level of accidents in the preschool age group? a. parent neglect, parent working full time; lack of supervision b. preschooler's high level of physical activity, curiosity, lack of judgment c. dangerous furniture, unsafe living conditions, poor lighting d. lack of quality day care, lack of supervision, poorly trained day care workers

b. preschooler's high level of physical activity, curiosity, lack of judgment

85. Baby Lilly is watching her other siblings as she plays in her playpen. Her siblings begin to squabble and shove each other on the floor. Baby Lilly looks to her mother and notices that her mother is smiling as she watches the other siblings, so Baby Lilly begins to smile too. This is an example of a. nonverbal decoding. b. social referencing. c. nonverbal encoding. d. social smile.

b. social referencing

91. Patterns of arousal and emotionality that are consistent and enduring characteristics of an individual are called a. personality. b. temperament. c. genetic predisposition. d. inherited characteristics.

b. temperament.

42. ____________ is the close physical and emotional contact between parent and child. a. Conditioning b. Emotional acceptance c. Bonding d. Stimulation

c) bonding

5. According to the textbook, which statement best reflects how many researchers view the nature-nurture question? a. nature is clearly dominant in most cases b. nurture is clearly dominant in most cases c. both sides should be considered because most behaviors fall somewhere in between d. neither side should be considered because most behaviors are not explained by either fa

c) both sides should be considered because most behaviors fall somewhere in between

40. What is the disorder caused by the pregnant mother consuming substantial quantities of alcohol during pregnancy, potentially resulting in mental retardation and delayed growth in the child? a. "crack" babies b. autoimmune deficiency c. fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) d. AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

c) fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

23. What is the basic unit of genetic information? a. zygote b. sperm c. gene d. gametes

c) gene

52. Because a neonate's liver does not work effectively at first, almost half of all newborns develop a yellowish tinge to their bodies and eyes called a. meconium. b. amniotic fluid. c. neonatal jaundice. d. pigmentation.

c) neonatal jaundice

58. The basic nerve cell of the nervous system is called a. synapse. b. dendrite. c. neuron. d. myelin.

c) neuron

47. What factor can classify an infant as meeting the criteria of very-low-birthweight? a. an infant who loses weight and remains for an extended stay in the hospital b. an infant who weights 90% or less of a normal infant's weight c. regardless of weight, an infant who was in the womb less than 30 weeks d. an infant born prior to 38 weeks after conception

c) regardless of weight, an infant who was in the womb less than 30 weeks

54. Research shows that which of the following senses are not only well developed but reasonably sophisticated at birth? a. sense of pleasure b. sense of hearing c. sense of touch, taste, and smell d. sense of vision

c) sense of touch, taste, and smell

84. Baby Sally's mother is dropping her off at preschool for the first time, and Sally's behavior changes from a calm, happy baby, to a crying, cranky youngster who will not let go of her mother. Baby Sally is likely to be demonstrating a. nonverbal encoding. b. stranger anxiety. c. separation anxiety. d. nonverbal decoding.

c) separation anxiety

83. Baby Polly is usually a calm, happy baby when she is around her parents and siblings. When her parents take her to a family reunion, though, her behavior changes. Her face crinkles up in a frown and she stares at strangers with suspicion. Baby Polly is demonstrating a. distress. b. nonverbal encoding. c. stranger anxiety. d. emotion.

c) stranger anxiety

63. Many of the reflexes that infants are born with have ________ value. a. limited b. no c. survival d. fleeting

c) survival

29. Patterns of arousal and emotionality that represent consistent and enduring characteristics in an individual are called a. genetics. b. genotype. c. temperament. d. phenotype.

c) temperament

15. Piaget's two basic principles of growth in children's understanding of the world are a. reward and punishment. b. schemas and assessment. c. assimilation and accommodation. d. cognitive and behavior.

c)assimilation and accommodation

19. William is participating along with a group of adolescents trying to lose weight. One of his assignments is to keep a diary of his food intake and the times that he eats daily. This can be considered an example of what type of research? a. experimental b. ethnography c. case study d. survey research

c)case study

33. One of the highlights of the _______ stage is the development of the major organs and basic anatomy. a. placenta b. germinal c. embryonic d. fetal

c)embryonic

25. Any differences in future development of monozygotic twins can be attributed only to _________ factors. a. genetic b. chromosome c. environmental d. DNA

c)environmental

26. Multiple births have _________ in the last 25 years due to fertility drugs and the rising average age of mothers giving birth. a. decreased b. remained the same c. increased d. varied up and down

c)increased

9. Adults demonstrating excessive activities such as eating, talking, or chewing gum may be experiencing a(n) __________ fixation. a. anal b. oral c. phallic d. psychosexual

c)phallic

51. Following the birth of her baby, Kerry experienced a period of deep depression, triggered by swings in hormone production. Kerry was experiencing a. false labor. b. bonding c. postpartum depression d. hypnobirthing.

c)postpartum depression

13. Susan learned at a young age that developing good study habits, such as doing her homework, brought about good grades, and made her want to work harder in school. This type of behavior is called a. learning theory. b. classical conditioning. c. reinforcement. d. social-cognitive.

c)reinforcement

17. Who was one of the first to recognize, acknowledge the importance of, and help us understand the importance of culture's influence on development? a. Rogers b. Bandura c. Vygotsky d. Bronfenbrenner

c)vygotsky

78. Infantile amnesia is defined as the lack of memory for experience that occurred prior to a. 6 months of age. b. 12 months of age. c. 3 years of age. d. 2 years of age.

c. 3 years of age.

108. What is the term for a memory of particular events from one's own life? a. picture memory b. visual memory c. autobiographical memory d. biographical memory

c. autobiographical memory

121. When 4-year-old Anna uses Legos to build a playhouse, or puts a puzzle together, this is an example of a. functional play. b. parallel play. c. constructive play. d. associative play.

c. constructive play.

109. Vygotsky called the actual physical items that a child uses to learn (pencils, books, computers, etc.) as well as the intellectual and conceptual framework that the child uses to learn (language, alphabet, number/math systems, religious systems, etc.) a. memory aids. b. definition aids. c. cultural tools. d. learning aids.

c. cultural tools.

113. Developmental psychologists have found that children can benefit from involvement in some form of ___________ before they enroll in formal schooling, which takes place at ages 5 or 6 in the United States. a. quality television watching b. quality child care c. educational activity d. socialization with peers

c. educational activity

119. Five-year-old Amy is getting dressed to go to preschool, and her mother has bought her brand new jeans to wear. However, Amy refuses and insists that girls wear only dresses. This may be an example of a. gender constancy. b. autonomy. c. gender schema. d. gender identity.

c. gender schema.

116. Robbie is a 4-year-old boy in the United States who is encouraged to stand out from the rest and make his needs known. Sean is a 4-year-old boy in Japan who is encouraged to blend in and refrain from making himself distinct. Robbie is growing up with a(n) _________, and Sean is growing up with _______ a. self-concept; no self-concept. b. self-concept; a collectivistic orientation. c. individualistic orientation; a collectivistic orientation. d. individualistic orientation; no self-concept.

c. individualistic orientation; a collectivistic orientation.

76. Baby Luke is playing with a bouncing ball in his playpen, and accidentally the ball bounces out of the playpen and rolls under a nearby chair. Luke tries to get his mother to retrieve his ball by pointing in the direction of where the ball went under the chair. Piaget would say this is an example of a. mental manipulation. b. attention. c. mental representation. d. scheme.

c. mental representation.

82. Infants display a wide range of emotional expressions. Research studies conducted with mothers of 1-month-old infants indicate a. they observed little emotional expression in infants younger than 6 months old. b. only joy was observed. c. most mothers felt their child had expressed interest and joy. d. most infants had no recognizable emotions during the first 2 months.

c. most mothers felt their child had expressed interest and joy.

131. Five-year-old Amanda is walking through the grocery store with her mother, and Amanda accidentally knocks over a display. Her mother is furious with her, calls Amanda names, and tells her daughter a she is clumsy and stupid for causing a mess. This is an example of a. cycle of violence hypothesis. b. child abuse. c. psychological maltreatment. d. authoritarian parenting style.

c. psychological maltreatment.

114. According to Erikson, what is the term for development that encompasses changes both in the understanding individuals have of themselves as members of society and in their comprehension of the meaning of others' behavior(s)? a. initiative-versus-guilt stage b. self-concept c. psychosocial development d. individualistic orientation

c. psychosocial development

132. What is the term for the ability to overcome circumstances that place a child at high risk for psychological or physical change? a. psychological maltreatment b. cycle of violence hypothesis c. resilience d. character

c. resilience

88. When a child demonstrates the kind of attachment where the mother is used as a "home base" and the child is at ease when she is present, but the child gets upset when she leaves, and then the child goes to the mother as soon as she returns, this is called a. Bowlby safety and security pattern. b. Ainsworth safety and security pattern. c. secure attachment pattern. d. strange situation pattern.

c. secure attachment pattern.

89. What is considered the hallmark of children who are securely attached to their mothers? a. the child never cries and is secure enough to not demand face-to-face interactions with the mother b. the mother responds to the child constantly to the point of being overly responsive c. the mother is sensitive to the child's needs, is aware of the child's moods, can discriminate the infant's signals, and is responsive, warm, and affectionate d. the child has no fear of strangers and demonstrates that he/she is equally comfortable with unfamiliar adults and the mother

c. the mother is sensitive to the child's needs, is aware of the child's moods, can discriminate the infant's signals, and is responsive, warm, and affectionate

99. The right hemisphere of the brain becomes more specialized during the preschool years in all of the following areas EXCEPT a. comprehension of spatial relationships. b. recognition of patterns and drawings. c. thinking and reasoning. d. music and emotional expression.

c. thinking and reasoning.

126. Children with autism find it particularly difficult to relate to others, in part, because they find it difficult to a. listen to others. b. pay attention. c. understand what others are thinking. d. use visualization.

c. understand what others are thinking.

65. Babies are typically able to walk independently around _______ months of age. a. 8 b. 9 c. 11 d. 12

d) 12

61. Bart and Muriel put their infant to bed for her regular afternoon nap. When they go to check on her several hours later, the baby is unresponsive and never wakes up. What is the term for this? a. REM b. autostimulation c. sleep decline d. SIDS

d) SIDS

68. Child-care authorities agree that for the first 12 months of life there is no better food for an infant than a. bottle formula. b. cow's milk. c. solid food. d. a mother's breast milk.

d) a brothers breast milk

71. Piaget argued that infants acquire knowledge through a. sensation. b. perception. c. facts communicated by others. d. action.

d) action

64. Baby Janice is just over 8 months of age. It is likely that she is just beginning to a. walk while supporting herself on furniture. b. walk by herself. c. sit without support. d. crawl.

d) crawl

8. If a child develops into a person who integrates into society and maintains a good awareness of safety, Freud may say that person has a well-developed a. id. b. superego. c. consciousness. d. ego.

d) ego

55. A newborn who shows interest and surprise at first seeing a novel toy but may not show interest after seeing the same toy several times is demonstrating what type of learning? a. operant conditioning b. classical conditioning c. modeling d. habituation

d) habituation

53. A neonate enters the world with all of the following abilities EXCEPT a. breathing automatically despite no longer being attached to the umbilical cord that provided oxygen in the womb. b. rooting reflex which involves turning in the direction of the source of stimulation. c. highly developed sense of smell and taste. d. perfect hearing.

d) perfect hearing

60. Waking, eating, sleeping, and elimination are important parts of a baby's a. patterns. b. cycles c. training d. rhythms.

d) rhythms

50. Other countries do significantly better than the U.S. in preventing infant mortality by providing services listed below EXCEPT a. social programs of low-cost and free prenatal care b. social programs of paid maternity leave for pregnant mothers c. social programs of extended maternity leave for mothers to interact with their infants d. social programs for birth control

d) social programs for birth control

20. In order to learn about children's toy preferences, researchers interview children at a local preschool and base their inferences on the children's responses. This is an example of _______ research. a. experimental b. ethnography c. case study d. survey

d) survey

45. The extent of danger faced by preterm babies largely depends upon a. the mother's age. b. whether the baby has suffered loss of oxygen (anoxia). c. the baby's ability to regulate his/her body temperature. d. the baby's birthweight.

d) the babys birthweight

28. Which test is carried out 15 to 20 weeks into the pregnancy and allows the analysis of fetal cells that can identify a variety of genetic defects with nearly 100% accuracy? a. chorionic villus sampling (CVS) b. ultrasound sonography c. first-trimester screen d. amniocentesis

d)amniocentesis

30. Along with schizophrenia, all of the psychological disorders below have been shown to be related, at least in part, to genetic factors. Which of the following disorders is least likely to have a genetic factor, according to the text? a. depression b. autism c. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder d. anxiety

d)anxiety

72. Four-year-old Alex and his mother visited the zoo. While they were there, Alex's mother took him to see the squirrel exhibit. Alex saw many different types of squirrels, but when he saw a flying squirrel glide from one branch to the next he pointed and said, "A bird." Considering Piaget's work, Alex is demonstrating an example of a. scheme. b. accommodation. c. object permanence. d. assimilation.

d)assimilation

18. Researchers who are interested in the relationship between televised aggression and subsequent behavior have found that children who watch a good deal of televised aggression (murders, crime shows, shootings, etc.) tend to be more aggressive than those who watch little of this type of television programming. This is an example of a(n) ____________ study. a. scientific b. experimental c. theoretical d. correlational

d)correlational

32. An adult male typically produces several _____ sperm a day. a. thousand b. hundred thousand c. million d. hundred million

d)hundred million

59. _________ is the degree to which a developing structure or behavior is modifiable due to experience. a. Synaptic pruning b. Principle of Independence of Systems c. Myelination d. Plasticity

d)plasticity

110. By age 6, the average child has a vocabulary of around ___________ words. a. 8,000 b. 10,000 c. 12,000 d. 14,000

d. 14,000

75. Baby Nicholas watches as his mother leaves the room, but he does not cry because he understands that his mother still exists even though he cannot see her. This is an example of which reaction concept? a. Substage 1: Simple reflexes b. Substage 2: First habits and primary circular reactions c. Substage 3: Secondary circular reactions d. Substage 4: object permanence

d. Substage 4: object permanence

103. Madeline is working to teach her 4-year-old daughter, Eliza, how to count. She places 10 buttons in one row with very little space between the buttons, and 8 buttons in another row with more space between the buttons; therefore, the second row is longer than the first. Then Madeline asks her daughter which row has more buttons. Inevitably, Eliza chooses the second row, even though she knows that 10 is more than 8. What is this an example of? a. symbolic functioning b. concrete operations c. preoperational functioning d. centration

d. centration

81. Baby Allison is in her high chair while her father prepares her dinner. Baby Allison tries to get her father's attention by saying "eat" and "cookie," and this would be an example of a a. semantic. b. phoneme. c. morpheme. d. holophrase.

d. holophrase.

134. Two boys, ages 3 and 4, are playing with cars, and both boys want the bigger red car. As one boy reaches for the red car, the other strikes him, knocking it out of his hand and taking the red car for himself. This is an example of a. relational aggression. b. emotional aggression. c. regulated aggression. d. instrumental aggression.

d. instrumental aggression.

77. What is the term for the process by which information is initially recorded, stored, and retrieved? a. encoding b. automatization c. categorization d. memory

d. memory

117. Gender, the sense of being male or female, is well-established by the time children are a. adolescent age. b. around 8 years old. c. infants. d. preschool age.

d. preschool age.

105. Preschooler's thoughts focus on all of the following EXCEPT a. the superficial. b. observable objects. c. external elements. d. the ability to consider all available information.

d. the ability to consider all available information.

130. While spanking may produce immediate compliance of children, the long-term side effects may include all of the following EXCEPT a. poorer mental health for both child and parent. b. higher levels of delinquency and anti-social behavior. c. that children are taught that violence is an acceptable solution to problems. d. the child will develop a greater sense of independence and autonomy and will adhere to social and cultural norms.

d. the child will develop a greater sense of independence and autonomy and will adhere to social and cultural norms.

95. All of the following may be a factor in how much a preschooler weighs and how tall he/she is EXCEPT a. gender; boys tend to gain more weight and height than girls. b. global economics; children in developing countries like Bangladesh do not gain weight and height as quickly as children living in Sweden. c. poverty; U.S. children living in families whose income falls below the poverty level are likely to be shorter than children from affluent homes. d. the quality of preschool; children who attend quality preschool programs receive better snacks and lunches.

d. the quality of preschool; children who attend quality preschool programs receive better snacks and lunches.

101. All of the following are fine motor skills that a 3-year-old preschooler can perform EXCEPT a. undoing his clothes to go to the bathroom. b. putting together a jigsaw puzzle. c. fitting shaped blocks into matching shaped holes. d. throwing a ball to a friend so a friend can catch it.

d. throwing a ball to a friend so a friend can catch it.