psych chap 8

Research on the storage of memory indicates that

our brains distribute the components of a memory across a network of locations

Dating partners who fall in love tend to ________ how much they liked each other when they first met. Dating partners who break up tend to ________ how much they liked each other when they first met.

overestimate; underestimate

The importance of effortful processing for long-term retention of memories is best illustrated by

the testing effect

Passing an electric current through the brain during electroconvulsive therapy is most likely to disrupt

very recent memories

Faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned is called

source amnesia

Dramatic experiences that can trigger flashbulb memories are most likely to remain bright and clear in our conscious memories because they

are frequently rehearsed

Implicit memory is to explicit memory as ________ is to ________.

automatic processing; effortful processing

Which part of the brain plays a key role in forming and storing the implicit memories created by classical conditioning?

cerebellum

After learning that kicking would move a crib mobile, infants showed that they recalled this learning best if they were tested in the same crib. This best illustrates

context-dependent memory

Stress hormones promote stronger memories by

increasing availability of glucose

Encoding a written word semantically rather than on the basis of the word's written appearance illustrates a distinction between

deep and shallow processing

Craik and Tulving experimentally demonstrated that people effectively remember seeing a specific word after they decide whether that word fits into an incomplete sentence. This research highlighted the effectiveness of

deep processing

To remember the information presented in her psychology textbook, Susan often relates it to her own life experiences. Susan's strategy is an effective memory aid because it facilitates

deep processing

Experimental participants viewed symbols on a computer screen without knowing that these symbols had earlier been subliminally flashed on the screen. Based on information provided in the text, it can be expected that half the participants will report experiencing

deja vu

Proactive interference refers to the

disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.

Consciously repeating the name of a new classmate you want to remember illustrates

effortful processing

Encoding that requires attention and conscious awareness is called

effortful processing

Proactive interference can be considered

forward-acting

Sabrina went to the store for furniture polish, carrots, pencils, ham, sponges, celery, notebook paper, and salami. She remembered to buy all these items by reminding herself that she needed food products that included meats and vegetables and that she needed nonfood products that included school supplies and cleaning aids. Sabrina made effective use of

hierarchical organization

Which neural center in the limbic system helps process explicit memories for storage?

hippocampus

Visualizing an object and actually seeing that object both activate similar brain areas. This most clearly contributes to

imagination inflation

Following a brain injury from a brutal knife attack, Mike is unable to consciously recall or recognize what a knife is. But he still shows a conditioned fear response to the sight of a knife. His conditioned reaction best indicates that he retains a(n) ________ memory

implicit

Damage to the ________ is most likely to interfere with explicit memories of newly learned verbal information. Damage to the ________ is most likely to interfere with explicit memories of newly learned visual designs.

left hippocampus; right hippocampus

A flashbulb memory would typically be a(n)

long-term memory

The increase in synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation is known as

long-term potentiation

A good night's sleep is most likely to improve exam grades by supporting the process of

memory consolidation

Removing a rat's hippocampus 48 hours after it learns the location of some tasty food does not prevent it from forming a long-term memory of where the food is located. This best illustrates the importance of

memory consolidation

When asked how they felt 10 years ago regarding marijuana issues, people recalled attitudes closer to their current views than to those they actually reported a decade earlier. This best illustrates

memory construction

Long-term potentiation is believed to be

neural basis for learning and memory

The encoding of many aspects of a remembered event simultaneously best illustrates our brain's capacity for

parallel processing

Watching a TV soap opera involving marital conflict and divorce led Andrea to recall several instances in which her husband had mistreated her. The effect of the TV program on Andrea's recall provides an example of

priming

Arnold so easily remembers his old girlfriend's phone number that he finds it difficult to recall his new girlfriend's number. Arnold's difficulty best illustrates

proactive interference

Ebbinghaus discovered that the rate at which we forget newly learned information is initially

rapid and subsequently slows down

When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which measure of memory is being used?

recall

Which test of memory typically provides the fewest retrieval cues?

recall

Which memory test would most effectively reveal that Mr. Quintano, at age 55, still remembers many of his high school classmates?

recognition

Jeremy can accurately process and store new information, but when he is tested on what he has learned he becomes so anxious that he can't easily recall the new information. Jeremy most clearly demonstrates difficulty with

retrieval

Memory consolidation refers to the neural ________ of a long-term memory.

retrieval

Mood-congruent memory best illustrates that the emotions we experienced while learning something become

retrieval cues

An inability to retrieve information learned in the past is called

retrograde amnesia

The term working memory represents psychologists' newer understanding of

short-term memory

After attending group therapy sessions for adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse, Karen mistakenly remembered details from others' traumatic life stories as part of her own life history. This best illustrates the dangers of

source amnesia

Because her memory trace has faded, Dr. Jordan remembers much less about the organic chemistry that she once learned well as a medical student. Her memory loss best illustrates

storage decay

Scuba divers who heard a word list while underwater or sitting on the beach later recalled more of the words if their recall was tested in the same place. This best illustrates

the encoding specificity principle

Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory? how to ride a bike how to drive a car how to tie our shoes who the current president is

who the current president is

Which form of memory was NOT originally included in the Atkinson and Shiffrin three-stage model of memory?

working memory