EHST Ch. 16

__________________ through beds of sand, crushed anthracite coal, or diatomaceous earth further reduces the concentration of remaining suspended solids, including many bacteria and protozoans

filtration

what is done to sludge to reduce odor and the presence of pathogenic organisms

first its thickened through coagulant chemicals or dissolved air flotation, then stabilized through an anaerobic process

what are the leading cause of death in most developing countries

gastrointestinal infections when the pathogen is ingested

___________________________ "blue baby disease" occurs when bacteria in the babies intestinal track converts nitrates to toxic nitrites which bind with hemoglobin, displacing oxygen and producing a bluish discoloration of the skin

methemoglobinema

in developing countries, the main issue is ____________ ____________ of waterways from human waste that causes health problems

microbial contamination

under the safe drinking water act, EPA in 2009 established __________ ________________ __________ for 91 biological, chemical and radioactive pollutants

maximum contaminants levels

what regulations has the EPA set against sludge

maximum loading rates on soils for biosolids containing these contaminants

__________ _________ consist of several mechanical processes designated to remove larger suspended solids through screening and sedimentation

primary treatment

what has been done to reduce the incidence of epidemic diseases and to upgrade public health standards?

provision of adequate methods of sewage treatment, along with chlorination of drinking water

___________ _________ __________ act is a federal program to protect drinking water quality in the US

safe drinking water act

_______________ _______________ goal is to achieve a certain degree of effluent quality by using a sewage treatment plant with physical separation to remove settle able solids and a biological process to remove dissolved and suspended organic compounds

secondary treatment

contaminated _________ entering nearby streams or lakes may damage aquatic life

sediment

___________________ is when incoming raw water is detain in a quiet pond or tank for at least 24 hours to allow heavy suspended particles to settle out

sedimentation

what does biosolids management consist of

sludge treatment

______ is the single most absorbent of farmland runoff

soil

__________ and ___________ are the most notorious bacterial enteric diseases and responsible for millions of human deaths and illnesses worldwide

typhoid fever and cholera

In the Us, what is the most occurring problem associated with contaminated drinking water

unregulated private wells (approximately 17 million rely on private household wells for their water supply)

what does sludge mean

untreated biosolids

how long does the sludge process take

up to 60 days to complete

_______ _______ is the leading source pollutants impairing US bays and estuaries and the third most important contributor to degradation of water quality in lakes

urban runoff

_____ _______ ________ in many cities total pollutants exceeds that from industrial discharge

urban street runoff

chlorine is less than likely to kill __________ and _________, many which survive this treatment

viruses and parasites

why is lead an issue in drinking water

water because of lead service pipes leading from the water main to the house or within the home plumbing system as a result of corrosion when water passes through lead pipes or through pipes soldered with lead

what is point source of water pollution

when pollutants enter waterways at well defined locations -ex: through a pipe, ditch, sewer outfall, factories, sewage treatment plants and storm sewer outfalls

what is primary treatment for municipal sewage

where the water supply of a community comes in from separate storm and sanitary sewers (flows from homes and institutions into the municipal sewer)

why was the federal water pollution control act ineffective (5)

- designation of desire stream use were frequently modified to retain or attract industrial development - insufficient information was available on how pollutant discharges were affecting water quality -blame for violation was difficult, if not impossible, to assess when more than one source was discharging into a waterway - little attention was paid to the effects of pollution on the aquatic environment as a whole -only contaminants entering a waterway through pipe discharges were given much attention

what are contaminants commonly found in urban street runoff (7)

- road salt - sand -dirt -oil -grease/ heavy metal particles -fertilizers from lawns -bird and animal droppings

what does land application help prevent?

- stream pollution by keeping nutrients out of the water - it utilizes the same nutrients as fertilized for plants

What are most of the worlds water drainage basins pollutants (6)

- toxic chemicals - human and animal excrement - heavy metals - pesticides - salt - fertilizers

airborne particles include hazardous chemicals such as:

-PCB -mercury -lead -asbestos -fluoride -pesticides

what are septic system problems (6)

-Solids discharged into the absorption field could result in clogging and ponding -Accumulation of particles in the drainfield can lead to clogging and ponding -Septic tank may be too small for the householder's needs -Excessive household water use Insufficient of size of the absorption field -Soil to impervious to receive effluent -Tree roots clogging the effluent distribution lines

what are problems associated with indirect discharge

-Structural damage to sewer system and treatment plant -Interference with biological treatment processes -Biosolids Contamination

what is needed for pretreatment of indirect discharges according to the EPA

-Wastewater treatment facilities in communities that treat five million gallons of wastewater or more on a daily basis are required to have a pretreatment program -large industry to establish pretreatment programs at the facilities to ensure effluent is treated before it goes to the sewer

after the earthquake in Haiti, survivors living in dense rural areas were victims to what deadly out break? how many cases were caused? how many deaths?

-cholera outbreak -91,000 cases -2,100 deaths

what does primary municipal sewage contain (5)

-human feces and urine -waste from laundry -bathing -garbage grinding -dishwashing

what can reduce GI infections in developing countries

-installation of water purification -providing sanitary wastewater disposal -public education regarding personal -household hygiene

how to reduce urban street runoff (5)

-limited applications of lawns and garden fertilizers -proper disposal of pet waste -litter control on both public and private property -judicious use of road salt and sand -application of organic mulches to reduce erosion on urban areas

EPA drinking water standards for arsenic set at ________ mg/liter

0.05

what are the three major groups of pollutants

1. Conventional pollutants-include organic wastes high in BOD, suspended solids, acid, oil and grease. Such pollutants come from food processing plants, pulp and paper mills, steel mills, oil tanker spills 2. Toxic pollutants-include heavy metals such as cadmium, mercury, and lead, PCBs, benzene, chloroform, cyanide, arsenic. Such pollutants come from metal-processing industries, plastic manufacturers and chemical companies 3. Nonconventional pollutants-include nitrogen and phosphorous, iron, tin, aluminum, chloride. Sources can be traced through a variety of industries

lead exposure can be minimized by 2 simple actions

1. Don't drink the water if it has been in contact with pipes for more than six hours. The longer the water stands in pipes, the greater the amount of lead. Flush water before drinking or using it for cooking 2. Don't consume or cook with hot tap water, since lead dissolves more readily in hot water

4 ways to control toxic pollutants into waterways for agriculture

1. conserve tillage, terrace, contour plowing 2. applying pesticides when there is little wind and potential for heavy rain low 3. using non-persistent, low toxicity pesticides; disposing of containers properly 4. applying fertilizers or manures only when they can be incorporated into the soil

what are the primary treatment 4 steps

1. incoming flow passes through one of more screens 2. then enters a grit chamber (where the reduced velocity allows sand, gravel and other inorganic material to settle out) 3. air is injected to maintain aerobic conditions 4. followed by several hours in sedimentation tank. The solid material (sludge) that settles out in the sedimentation tank is regularly removed, dried or disposed of by one of several methods

what is required for achieving the goals of sewage treatment? (2)

1. killing pathogenic organisms present in human waster and to the greatest extent 2. removing organic wastes of converting them to inorganic forms so that after discharge they will not deplete the oxygen content of the receiving waters as they decompose

_____ billion people today still lack safe drinking water and ______ billion remain without adequate sanitary facilities

1.1 2.6

construction activities are ____-___ times more than the amount from agricultural lands

10-20

drinking arsenic contaminated drinking water over a period of ______-______ years can lead to chronic arsenic poisoning

10-20

theres approximately ___________ point sources of water pollution in the US

100,000

The EPA set the allowable limit for lead or copper in water at ________

15ppb

when was chlorination first introduced as a method of treatment

1903 in belguim

congress first passed the safe drinking water act in ___________

1974

approximately ___% of all Americans that do not have access to municipal sewer must utilize an on-site tank system for disposal of wastewater

30

estimate ___% of surface waters are contaminated with runoff from construction materials

5%

the world health organizations estimates that __________ people (mostly children) die each year due to fecally contaminated drinking water

5,500

manures from grazing lands or from livestock management facilities located adjacent to streams or lakes can contribute to ______ -________ times as many nutrients to waterways as do point sources

5-7

during primary treatment ____-____% of the suspended solids are removed

50-65

agriculture effects _____-____% of the nations surface water

50-70

more than _____ tons of sediment per acre per year can wash off site into streams during the construction period

500

today in the US, approximately ___% of the population live in the areas where domestic waste pass through a sewage treatment plant before being discharge

70%

it was estimated that typhoid fever killed ___-____ people per 100,000 population in the US each year

75-100

a major outbreak of typhoid fever claimed _________ lives in Chicago in 1885

90,000

______________ is also a parasitic infection often a major health problem in Mexico, eastern South America, western and southern Africa and China

Amoebiasis (amoebic dysentery)

________________ is one of the most common flagellated protozoans that is found in the human gut

Giardia lambia

Industries discharging directly into the waterways must obtain a _________ ________ specifying the allowable amounts

NPSES permit

Some people fear that ______ may be carcinogenic and should be removed from the water

THMs

what can sludge be used as

a fertilizer and a soil conditioner

where is chemical contamination in drinking water originated from

a wide range of activities such as chemical manufacturing, petroleum refining, iron and steel production, coal mining, wood pulp processing, textile manufacturing and agriculture

________ ________ ___________ is cause by interaction of iron pyrite with coal deposits is exposed to air and water during mining operations, a series of chemical reactions is initiated and the formation of a copper colored precipitate sulfuric acid

acid mine drainage

what does advance wastewater treatment (tertiary treatment) mean

additional treatment is needed when there is still contaminated substances from effluent that are causing water problems

the ______ of the home's plumbing is a major determinant of whether of not lead problems exists

age

in some cases, arsenic is a result of _____________ and _______________ effluent

agricultural and industrial

_____________ is the US's main source of water pollution

agriculture - a nonpoint source pollution

___________________ is a toxic heavy metal that can contaminate groundwater supplies through dissolution of naturally occurring arsenic- containing minerals in the earths crust

arsenic

____________ _________ is where sewage is treated on designated acres of wetlands and the suspended solids settle at the bottom, while the dissolved organic matter is broken down through a symbiotic association between bacteria and algae

artificial wetlands (designer swamps)

chlorine is only effective against __________

bacteria

what are trickling filters in secondary treatment

beds of crushed stone covered microbial slime consisting of bacteria and protozoans that absorb the organic material as the wastewater sprayed over the surface of the rocks

EPA requires construction sites to implement "________ ______ ___________" to control runoff

best practice management

how does chemical contamination enter drinking water

by direct or indirect discharges, surface runoff or fallout during precipitation episodes

how is sludge separated from the remaining liquid in secondary treatment

by settling and then the sludge is removed

what do many waste treatment plants convert their sludge to, to kill remaining pathogens

compost, heat-dry or otherwise treat their sludge

runoff from construction sites contain _________, _______, _________ and _______, _________ and ________

cement, asphalt, paint and cleaning solvents, oil and tar, and pesticides

______________ and ___________________ can be a source of runoff carried by water from fields into adjacent lakes and streams

chemical fertilizers and pesticides

__________________ can poison fish and promote algae growth

chemicals

what is Giardia resistant too

chlorination

in the 19th century, what were the 2 waterborne disease outbreaks that affected a lot of people

cholera and typhoid fever

________________ is when Alum (hydrated aluminum sulfate) is added to the water to cause smaller suspended solids to form flocs, which then precipitate to the bottom of the tank

coagulation

__________________ ____________ contribute to water pollution runoff from sites where homes, shopping centers, factories, or highways are highways under construction can contribute more sediment to waterways than any other activity

construction activities

other metals such as ______, ______, _______, _________ from mining operations contribute to contaminating streams

copper, zinc, manganese, magnesium

________________________ is another protozoan organism resistant chlorination

cryptosporidium

chlorine poses a safety problem at treatment plants sometimes causing what

cylinder leaks or system disruption

because chlorine is very destructive to aquatic life, what do many wastewater facilities do?

dechlorinate wastewater prior to releasing it downstream

__________ ________is industrial wastewater discharge that flow directly into a receiving stream or lake

direct discharge

______________________ is an introduction of chlorine(bromine, ozone, iodine, or ultraviolent light can be used as a disinfection), the disinfection is the most important method used to for killing pathogens in water. As an advantage over other disinfection methods, chlorine leaves a residual in the water to provide germ-killing potential as the water travels through the distribution system

disinfection

if runoff seeps through into shallow aquifers, it can contaminate ____________ __________ ________

drinking water wells

treated wastewater is to be used for what 3 things

drinking, irrigation or recreation

what does advance treatment involve

either one or combination of biological, chemical or physical processes

the major problem with the Clean Water Act of 1972, was a lack of ____________ ________ many states had dealing with water pollution

enforcement power

what are symptoms of bacteria water pollution

headache, muscle pains, high fever and constipation alternating with diarrhea (typhoid) and cholera, dysentery, and salmonellosis are typified by severe diarrhea (bloody in the case of dysentery) and vomiting

what does chlorination do

helps reduce deaths associated with waterborne disease and improve public health

in urban cities that produce a lot of sludge, what is one of the main wastewater treatment issues

how to properly dispose the sludge

_________ __________ is wastewater that go into the sewer system, where they first pass through the municipal sewage treatment plant before entering the waterway along with sanitary wastewater effluent

indirect discharge

prior to the SDWA, regulations on drinking water were left to _______________________ to enforce, if they did any enforcement at all

individual states

_____________ ______________ is effluent discharge from industry comprise the second major category of point sources

industrial discharges

what is the clean water action plan

it addresses the problem of polluted runoff by encouraging states and tribes to adopt enforceable controls on nonpoint sourses

_______________ ______________ involves spraying effluent from secondary treatment onto forest, pastures or croplands

land application

infants under 6 months old are at risk of blue baby disease because their stomach juices are ________ _______ than those of older children and adults

less acidic

___________________ associated with contamination from fertilizers or feedlot runoff, seepage from septic tanks of airborne fallout of nitrogen compounds by industry or motor vehicles

nitrates

in several mining states acid mine drainage constitutes leading _______ pollution problems

nonpoint

majority of states identify pollutants coming from _________ sources as the main reason they have been unable to attain their water quality goals

nonpoint

many waterways producing the largest pollutant contribution come from _______ sources

nonpoint

what are the most common species of enteric viruses associated with waterborne diarrheal illnesses

noroviruses, hepatitis A, poliomyelitis and rotavirus

The global death toll due to infectious diarrhea among all age groups is estimated at ______ billion illnesses and between ______-___ million deaths

one billion illnesses, 2-5 million deaths

nonpoint sources are largely ___________ contributors to water contamination

overlooked

what are nonpoint sources of water pollution

pollutants which run off or seep into waterways from broad areas of land rather than entering the water through a discreet pipe or conduct

if water is treated well, ______________ ___________ such as aeration is needed to remove iron and dissolved gases such as hydrogen sulfide

preliminary treatment

the ______ _____ lowers the pH of the water

sulfuric acid

_________________ ___________ __________________ consist of pesticides, industrial solvents and cleaning fluids, polychlorinated biphenyls and disinfection by-products

synthetic organic pollutants

what does biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) mean

the amount of dissolved oxygen that must be present in water in order for microorganisms to decompose the organic matter in the water, used as a measure of the degree of pollution

where are fallout of airborne pollutants released from

the atmosphere through human activities eventually return to earth and the rivers, lakes or oceans either directly or in runoff

what does acid mine drainage cover

the bottom of streams, smothering the bottom life

in 1972 congress passed what federal amendment that was later modified to the clean water act

the federal water pollution control act amendment

what should drinking water treatment do

theoretically remove all contaminants in the water, or at least reduce them to acceptable levels. All drinking water, regardless of its source, should be treated prior to consumption

what was the original intent of the federal water pollution control act

to allow states to cleanup waterways and determine what their specific function should be -ex: drinking water, swimming, fishing, etc.

what does the clean water act require for each category in industrial discharge

to develop technology standards

why are sewer treatment facilities needed?

to help alleviate the health and aesthetic problems created by dumping raw sewage into waterways

what is the aim of sewage treatment

to improve the quality of wastewater to the point that it can be discharged into a waterway without seriously disrupting the aquatic environment or causing human health problems

in secondary treatment, what are microorganisms used for

to utilize in the presence of an abundant oxygen supply to break down organic materials into inorganic carbon dioxide and minerals

what does sewage sludge contain

toxic chemicals and pathogens -heavy metals such as copper, zinc, lead cadmium, PCBs

what does disinfection mean

treating effluent by adding chlorine prior to discharge in order to eliminate any remaining disease causing organisms

________________ are disinfection by-products, they are formed when chlorine is added to the water containing the naturally occurring humic substances found in any lake or river

trihalomethanes