Encephalitis
what is the treatment for herpesvirus and what is its mechanism of action
Acyclovir-Aciclovir is converted by viral thymidine kinase to aciclovir monophosphate, which is then converted by host cell kinases to aciclovir triphosphate (ACV-TP).[10] ACV-TP, in turn, competitively inhibits and inactivates DNA polymerases and incorporates itself into viral DNA chain
what symptoms are associated with encephalitis what can coexist with encephalitis
Associated with features of cerebral dysfunction Altered level of consciousness Focal neurologic deficits -Hemiparesis -Aphasia -Hemispatial neglect -Movement disorders Seizures can occur (both meningitis and encephalitis) More common and more difficult to treat in encephalitis Coma Meningitis and encephalitis can coexist within an individual = "meningoencephalitis".
what are the most common viral causes of Postinfectious Encephalitis why is its most common form and what are its charecteristics
Can be caused by Measles virus, Mumps virus, Rubella virus, Varicella-zoster virus, Influenza viruses, and others. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is most common. --ADEM is defined as an inflammatory demyelinating condition that occurs anywhere from days to 4 weeks post-viral infection. --ADEM is mainly a pediatric condition. --ADEM is a "monophasic" (single stage) disorder
what are the identifying characteristics of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (APME) what are other symptoms whats the treatment
Can be seen with a recent history of measles infection (within the last several weeks to months) coupled with myelin basic protein found in the CSF in the absence of infectious virus Other signs of infection include motor and sensory defects, ataxia, and mental status changes. MRI confirms disseminated white matter lesions in the brain and spinal cord Treatment corticosteroids to dampen the immune response.
who is encephalitis most common in
Estimated annual incidence of ~5 cases per 100,000 people. Viral encephalitis affects all age groups but the overall incidence is higher in children
what is the transmission what is the treatment when is it most common
Fecal to oral transmission. No treatment other than polio vaccine. Most common in the summer.
what is the most common cause (that we know of) of encephalitis where does herpes virus go latent in categorize herpes virus
Herpesviruses Various rashes, encephalitis, chickenpox shingles NEURONS
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1, -2) general characteristics:
Large, enveloped viruses with a large dsDNA genome. Encode many proteins that serve to modulate the host cell and host immune response Encode for several proteins that are required to promote viral DNA replication (including a viral DNA-dependent DNA polymerase). THESE PROTEINS ARE THE MAJOR TARGETS OF CURRENT ANTIVIRAL CHEMOTHERAPY AGAINST HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.
when does Subacute Scleorsing Panencephalitis (SSPE) occur
Most children who suffer from SSPE remain symptom free for 6 to 15 years post acute infection and survive for 1 to 3 years after symptoms develop
how does one diagnose encephalitis
Should be considered in any patient presenting with an altered level of consciousness, especially when accompanied by otherwise unexplained fever, seizures, or new focal neurological deficits. CT scan Lumbar puncture Empiric antiviral therapy should be started prior to obtaining CSF results (acyclovir) CSF should be tested for WBC count and differential, protein, and glucose concentrations. In addition the CSF should go through molecular diagnostic testing which includes PCR for HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, and enteroviruses (together these viruses account for about 90% of all viral encephalitis cases).
what is the treatment of rabies virus
The patient will be passively immunized with rabies immune globulin (buys time for the vaccine), then immunized with an inactivated rabies virus preparation
what is the symptoms of the disease how is diagnosis done
The virus proliferates in the brain, leading to fever, excitation, dilation of the pupils, excessive salivation, and anxiety. A fear of swallowing develops due to uncontrollable spasms of the throat muscles. Death is due to respiratory paralysis. Observation of tissue samples from a potentially rabid animal or in postmortem human examination using immunological tests that detect rabies. Also, observation of characteristic inclusion bodies (Negribodies)
what percentage of cases of encephalitis does HSV1 and HSV 2 account for
They account for ~50% of all encephalitis cases where a cause is determined. HSV-1 cases predominate. HSV-2 is more common in aseptic meningitis and neonatal HSV infections.
what also occurs at the same time as the Primary measles encephalitis PME symptoms are what is the treatment
Typically at the same time as rash presentation. PME presents with a fever, headache, mental status changes, motor deficits, and seizures. Treatment is supportive
what is tyne best way to prevent infection with measles what is the timeframe of developing encephalitis after contracting measles who does it affect
Vaccine Nervous system complicated can arise within days (primary measles encephalitis or PME) or years of acute infection. immunocompromised individuals
what is the most common cause of encephalitis among immunocompromised patients. when does it occur where does sit in terms of sporadic encephalitis
Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) Occurs as a complication of HIV/AIDS, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, use of corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive drugs. VZV is the second-most common viral cause of sporadic encephalitis and can occur with chickenpox or shingles
what can alphaherpesvirus cause how does it cause these symptoms
Various rashes (mucosal lesions), encephalitis, chickenpox, and shingles Herpes sits latent often times in your trigeminal nerve. It can go through the branches of the trigeminal to the face to cause cold sores or it can go the other way to the brain to cause encephalitis
what are the likely causes of encephalitis what must a patient have to be diagnosed with encephalitis
are likely to be caused by autoimmune disorders and postinfectious encephalitis caused by an aberrant immune response to the primary infection. To be diagnosed, a patient should have evidence of "encephalopathy" (altered level of consciousness persisting for more than 24 hours) and at least 2 of the following criteria: fever or history of fever; seizures and/or focal neurological deficits; CSF pleocytosis; electroencephalogram characteristics consistent with encephalitis; or neuroimaging abnormalities consistent with encephalitis
how is the The Arboviruses spread what are some of the viruses in this family what is the presentation of this infection what is the treatment
by arthropod vectors (mosquitos, ticks, etc) Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) West Nile virus (WNV) Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) Most infections are asymptomatic. Presentation of symptoms takes 2 to 15 days postinfection. Flu-like illness (fever, headache, malaise, rash, fatigue). Vomiting and hemorrhagic fever can also occur. Infections can spread to the CNS (rare). Treatment includes vaccination and supportive care.
what can measles cause what is its classification
otitis media, croup, bronchopneumonia, encephalitis, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) ssRNA (-)
what is the classification of Picornaviruses
ssRNA (+)
where does the herpes virus usually reside in latency
trigeminal nerve