Encyclopedia of Counseling: Ch 3 - Human Growth and Development, Encyclopedia of Counseling: Ch 9 - Research and Program Evaluation, Encyclopedia of Counseling: Ch 11 - Counseling Families, Diagnosis, and Advanced Concepts, Encyclopedia of Counseling...
A counselor can utilize psychological tests to help secure a _______ diagnosis if third party payments are necessary.
DSM or ICD
Which theorist would most likely assert that EQ is more important than IQ?
Daniel Goleman.
A behavioristic marriage and family therapist is counseling the entire family together. She turns to the 18-year-old son who is attending community college and says, "You must complete your sociology essay before you can use the family car and go out with your friends." Which theorist is primarily guiding her intervention strategy?
David Premack's principle or law.
The decision-making theory, which refers to periods of anticipation and implementation/adjustment, was proposed by
David Tiedeman and Robert O'Hara.
Content validity asks
Does the test examine or sample the behavior under scrutiny?
The cognitive therapist most closely associated with the concept of stress inoculation is
Donald Meichenbaum.
A counselor who says he or she practices depth psychology technically bases his or her treatment on
Freud's topographic hypothesis.
_______ and _______ would say that regardless of culture, humans have an instinct to fight.
Freud; Lorenz
Gestalt therapy was started by
Fritz Perls.
A correlation coefficient between variables X and Y is .60. If we square this figure we now have the coeffi cient of determination or true common variance of 36%. What is the coefficient of nondetermination that shows unique rather than common variance?
It would be 64%.
Classical conditioning relates to the work of
Ivan Pavlov.
The term group therapy was coined in 1931 by
Jacob Moreno, the Father of psychodrama.
Nathan Ackerman is considered a famous psychoanalytic family therapist; So are
James Framo and Robin Skynner.
Research into the phenomenon of career maturity reflects the work of
John Crites.
The frustration-aggression theory is associated with
John Dollard and Neal Miller.
As you walk into a professional seminar on career counseling you note that the instructor is drawing a hexagon on the blackboard. The instructor is most likely discussing
John Holland.
The personality types of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) are associated with the work of
Jung.
The terms introversion and extroversion are associated with
Jung.
Ken's supervisor told Ken to do a meta-analysis related to treating children with sleep disorders.
Ken will use statistics based on numerous studies to investigate the issue.
The statement, "Bad behavior is punished, good behavior is not," is most closely associated with
Kohlberg's premoral stage at the preconventional level.
Which theorist would be most likely to say that aggression is an inborn tendency?
Konrad Lorenz
Imprinting is an instinct in which a newborn will follow a moving object. The primary work in this area was done by
Konrad Lorenz.
_______ expanded on Piaget's conceptualization of moral development.
Lawrence Kohlberg
The leniency/strictness bias and the central tendency bias are
Leniency rates really high or low. Central tendency rates in middle.
The zone of proximal development was pioneered by
Lev Vygotsky.
John B. Watson's name is associated with
Little Albert.
Which case is not associated with the psychodynamic movement?
Little Albert.
C. G. Jung, the founder of analytic psychology, said men operate on logic or the _______ principle, while women are intuitive, operating on the _______ principle.
Logos; Eros.
How to remember WPPSI, WAIS, WISC
Look at the second letter. WPPSI = preschool WAIS = adult WISC = idiot children
IQ stands for intelligence quotient, which is expressed by
MA/CA × 100.
A counselor is working with a family who just lost everything in a fire. The counselor will ideally focus on
Maslow's lower-order needs, such as physiological and safety needs.
In 1908, books by _______ helped to introduce social psychology in America.
McDougall and Ross
A preschool child's concept of causality is said to be animistic. This means the child attributes human characteristics to inanimate objects. Thus, the child may fantasize that an automobile or a rock is talking to him. This concept is best related to
Piaget's preoperational period, age 2 to 7 years.
All of these philosophers are existentialists except
Plato and Epictetus.
A question on the NCE or CPCE regarding a preexperimental design uses the letters XO. The letters stand for
X stands for treatment and O stands for observation, measurement, or score.
Another type of preexperimental design is the one-group only posttest design. This is best depicted by
XO.
Frankl is an existentialist. So are
Yalom and May.
You are counseling a 29-year-old man in your private practice who is seeing a primary care physician (PCP) for severe headaches.
You are not required to contact the PCP; however, attempting to secure permission to do so from your client would be considered the ideal course of action.
Which of these responses is the best example of the doublebind concept used in Jay Haley's strategic therapy? You are trying to help a client stop smoking:
You hypnotize her and tell her she will never smoke another cigarette again. After you awaken her you admonish her to smoke as many cigarettes as she can for the first three days.
A client wants to read her record. Pick the statement which is not accurate.
You should allow her to read it, however, you should go back and change things you don't want her to see; for example, the fact that you said she was schizophrenic.
Jay Haley believes in giving clients directives. You are counseling a family and during the session the 14-year-old daughter exclaims that she is suicidal. The best example of a directive would be
You turn to the family and say, "If your daughter threatens suicide this week I want the entire family—including your daughter—to stay home and nobody leaves for the day."
A question on the NCE asks you to compute the coefficient of determination. You are given a correlation coeffi cient of .70. How would you mathematically accomplish this task?
You would square the .70.
One future trend which seems contradictory is that some experts are pushing for
a greater reliance on tests while others want to rely on them less.
Some theorists object to the word unstructured in group work because
a group cannot not have structure.
A major limitation related to group work is that
a group leader can lose control and members could experience emotional harm.
A test battery is considered
a horizontal test.
The ordinal scale rank-orders variables, though the relative distance between the elements is not always equal. An example of this would be
a horse categorized as a second place winner in a race.
Experts firmly believe that a common weakness in many groups is
a lack of goal setting.
Blocking occurs when
a leader uses an intervention to stop a negative or counterproductive behavior that could hurt another member of the group.
A life script is actually
a life drama or plot.
A registry would be
a list of licensed psychologists in the state of Illinois & a list of CRCs in the United States.
A statement of disclosure could include all except
a list of the courses the counselor took in graduate school.
According to the Premack principle, an efficient reinforcer is what the client himself or herself likes to do. Thus, in this procedure
a lower-probability behavior is reinforced by a higherprobability behavior
One distinct disadvantage of an open group is that
a member who begins after the first meeting has missed information or experiences.
A group has
a membership which can be defined, some degree of unity and interaction & a shared purpose.
A client suffers from bipolar disorder and takes lithium. According to the DSM she has
a mood disorder.
Balance theory postulates
a move from cognitive inconsistency to consistency & a tendency to achieve a balanced cognitive state.
Postmodernist Tom Anderson, a psychiatrist from Norway, became disenchanted with traditional family therapy. He began using a radical approach based primarily on
a one-way mirror and a reflecting treatment team.
The directive or prescription given to the smoker in the previous question could best be described as
a paradoxical intervention.
According to the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) of 1974 (also known as the Buckley Amendment)
a parent can see his or her daughter's middle school record & an 18-year-old college student can view his or her own educational record.
A reliability coefficient of 1.00 indicates
a perfect score which has no error.
Modal personality is
a personality that is characteristic or typical of the group in question.
The signifi cance of the Little Albert experiment by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner was that
a phobia could be a learned behavior.
Thematic apperception test is (TAT)
a projective test where a client is showed pictures and asked to tell a story. By Henry Murray.
A word association test would be an example of
a projective test.
A researcher takes a group of clients and gives them a depression inventory. He then provides each client with two sessions of brief solution-oriented therapy and gives them the same depression inventory. A t test is used to compare the two sets of scores on the same people (i.e., the before and after measures of depression). This would be
a related measures within-subject design.
Social exchange theory postulates that
a relationship will endure if the rewards are greater than the costs.
When a counselor reads the journals in this field, it becomes evident that
a researcher/practitioner split exists in group work.
Ethnocentrism promotes
a sense of patriotism and national sovereignty & stability and pride, yet danger in the nuclear age.
In the United States, each socioeconomic group represents
a separate culture.
Group therapy initially flourished in the United States due to
a shortage of individual therapists during World War II.
In psychoanalytic family therapy the word object means
a signifi cant other with whom a child wishes to bond.
The new ACA ethical requirement to have a transfer plan in writing would apply to
a situation in which a counselor became disabled, a situation in which a counselor died & a situation where a counselor moved to another state.
Group specialists define role conflict as
a situation in which there is a discrepancy between the way a member is expected to behave and the way he or she actually behaves.
When a distribution of scores is not distributed normally statisticians call it
a skewed distribution.
Tests are often classified as speed tests versus power tests. A timed typing test used to hire secretaries would be
a speed test.
The term skeleton keys as used in Steve de Shazer's brief solution- focused therapy (BSFT) indicates
a standard or stock intervention that will work for numerous problems.
Today, the Stanford-Binet IQ test is
a standardized measure.
The MMPI-2 is
a standardized personality test.
Piaget is
a structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative.
In a normal curve the mean, the median, and the mode all fall precisely in the middle of the curve. From a graphical standpoint the so-called normal or Gaussian curve (named after the astronomer/mathematician K. F. Gauss) looks like
a symmetrical bell.
Schema is
a system which permits the child to test out things in the physical world.
A counselor decides to use biofeedback training to help a client raise the temperature in his right hand to ward off migraines. He would utilize
a temperature trainer.
Test bias primarily results from
a test being normed solely on White middle-class clients.
Clients should know that
a test is merely a single source of data and not infallible.
From a purely statistical standpoint, in order to compare a control group (which does not receive the IV or experimental manipulation) to the experimental group the researcher will need
a test of significance.
When a counselor refers to a counseling paradigm, she really means
a treatment model.
The Heinz story is to Kohlberg's theory as
a typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered.
Francis Galton felt intelligence was
a unitary faculty.
Most research in the area of career development and its relationship to students indicates that
a very high proportion of students in high school and at the junior high or middle-school level wanted guidance in planning a career. Career interests are more stable after college.
Gibson researched the matter of depth perception in children by utilizing
a visual cliff.
Section F of NBCC's Code of Ethics is concerned with ethics related to consulting. Consulting or consultation can best be defined as
a voluntary relationship between a professional helper and a help-needing individual, group, or social unit in which the consultant helps define or solve problems related to clients, the client system, or work-related issues.
When counseling women a counselor can assume that
a woman generally makes less money than a man for the same job, most complaints against counselors for exploitation come from women complaining about male counselors & women are not as comfortable as men when they are involved in competitive situations
Milgram discovered that normal people would administer seemingly fatal electric shocks to others when instructions to do so were given by a person perceived as
an authority figure.
A young Hispanic male is obviously the victim of discrimination. His counselor remarks, "I hear what you are saying and I will help you change your thinking so this will not have such a profound impact on you." In this case the counselor had suggested
an autoplastic method of coping.
Bulimia is classified as
an eating disorder that occurs primarily in women.
A screening for group members can be done in a group or privately. Although private screening interviews are not as cost effective or as time efficient, many group leaders feel they are superior inasmuch as private screening sessions
are generally superior in terms of counselor/client interaction.
Edwin Bordin felt that difficulties related to job choice
are indicative of neurotic symptoms.
A client says she has always stayed home and raised her children. Now the children are grown and she is seeking employment. She is best described
as a displaced homemaker.
Carol Gilligan was critical of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development
as she felt it was more applicable to males than females.
A family wants to see you for counseling; however, they have a very limited income and can't afford to pay. You therefore agree to see the family for free (i.e., pro bono). The term that best describes your actions would be
aspirational ethics.
Consequential validity is
assessing the social implications of using tests.
In projective tests, there are three kinds of tasks
association, what comes to mind when you see this. completion, finish this sentence. construction, drawing a person.
Existentialism is to logotherapy as _______ is to behaviorism.
associationism
Heredity
assumes the normal person has 23 pairs of chromosomes, assumes that heredity characteristics are transmitted by chromosomes & assumes genes composed of DNA hold a genetic code.
A client whose counselor pushes the alloplastic viewpoint may believe his counselor is simply
attacking the system.
You are a supervisor at a sexual abuse treatment agency. Sally is one of your counselors and you give her a performance rating on a yearly basis. Sally has been having panic attacks on a daily basis at home for almost a month and her physician feels that counseling rather than medicine is indicated. Now—for the first time—she has a terrible panic attack at work. If you don't see her the nearest counselor is 150 miles away. You should
attempt to counsel her.
A colleague of yours who is not a certified counselor behaves in an unethical manner. The ethical thing for you to do is
attempt to rectify the condition via institutional channels, turning to NBCC procedures if this fails.
An adept group leader will
attempt to safeguard clients against risks & work to reduce risks and dangers.
An eclectic counselor
attempts to choose the best theoretical approach based on the client's attributes, resources, and situation.
One major category of career theory is known as the trait-factor (also called the trait-and-factor) approach. It has also been dubbed the actuarial or matching approach. This approach
attempts to match the worker and the work environment (job factors). The approach thus makes the assumption that there is one best or single career for the person.
In the late 1930s researchers identified three basic leadership styles:
autocratic (authoritarian), rigid and militaristic. democratic, people choose together. laissez faire, group members can do as they please.
An alcoholic is given Antabuse, which is a drug that causes nausea when paired with alcohol. This technique is called
aversive conditioning.
When an adolescent complains about his or her parents in the group it is best to
avoid taking sides but help him or her see the parents' point of view via a therapeutic technique such as roleplaying.
When a person has two negative alternatives, it is called an
avoidance-avoidance conflict.
Gestalt therapy emphasizes
awareness in the here-and-now and dream work.
A client says, "I lost my job and it's the most terrible thing in the world." This client is engaging in
awfulizing and terriblizing, also known as catastrophizing.
Arnold Lazereth is considered a pioneer in the
behavior therapy movement. Used systematic desensitization, a technique which helps clients cope with phobias
A counselor utilizes role-playing combined with a hierarchy of situations in which the client is ordinarily nonassertive. Assertiveness trainers refer to this as
behavioral rehearsal.
Traditionally, _______ counseling has caused the most ethical concerns.
behavioral.
John B. Watson is the father of
behaviorism.
Baseline measures are
behaviorist terms.
A counselor suggests that her client join an assertiveness training group. Most assertiveness training groups are
behavioristic and highly structured.
An empiricist view of development would be
behavioristic.
Although behavior therapy purports to be highly scientific, it has been criticized on the grounds that it is reductionistic, simplistic, and does not deal with underlying causes. Existential therapy, on the other hand, has been criticized for
being too vague regarding techniques and procedures.
Erik Erikson is an ego psychologist. Ego psychologists
believe in man's powers of reasoning to control behavior.
Our culture is more diverse than in the past. Multicultural counselors often work with persons who are culturally different. This means the client
belongs to a different culture from the helper.
A counselor instructs her client to read A Guide to Rational Living by Albert Ellis and Robert Harper. This is an example of
bibliotherapy.
The null hypothesis suggests that there will not be a significant difference between the experimental group which received the IV and the control group which did not. Thus, if the experiment in question 708 was conducted, the null hypothesis would suggest that
biofeedback will not improve the board exam scores.
A professor of counselor education hypothesized that biofeedback training could reduce anxiety and improve the average score on written board exams. If this professor decides to conduct a formal experiment the IV will be the _______, and the DV will be the _______.
biofeedback; board exam score.
In terms of research related to affiliation
misery loves miserable company, firstborns are more likely to affi liate than other children born later & people affi liate in an attempt to lower fear.
In a basic curve or so-called frequency polygon the point of maximum concentration is the
mode.
Regardless of the shape, the _______ will always be the high point when a distribution is displayed graphically.
mode.
Paradigm means
model
A group therapist must make
more decisions than an individual therapist.
Billy received an 82 on his college math final. This is Billy's raw score on the test. A raw score simply refers to the number of items correctly answered. A raw score is expressed in the units by which it was originally obtained. The raw score is not altered mathematically. Billy's raw score indicates that
more information is obviously necessary.
Most counselors would agree that
more public education is needed in the area of testing.
The number of people in an open group is generally
more stable than in a closed group.
Infant IQ tests are
more unreliable than those given later in life.
The notion of the hidden job market would suggest that
most jobs are not advertised.
In regard to an individual's behavioral style or so-called modal orientation, Holland believed that
most people are not pure personality types and thus can best be described by a distribution of types such as Realistic, Social, Investigative (RSI).
A ratio scale is an interval scale with a true zero point. Ratio measurements are possible using this scale. Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division all can be utilized on a ratio scale. In terms of counseling research
most psychological attributes cannot be measured on a ratio scale.
According to the concept of occupational sex segregation
most women hold low paying jobs with low status.
Most experts would agree that a multicultural counselor's diagnosis
must be done within a cultural context.
Shoulds and oughts are _______ according to Ellis.
musturbations
A counselor who is part of a research study will be counseling clients in the Polar Regions and then at a point near the equator. Her primary concern will be
national culture & ecological culture.
Most countries have an official language, a stated viewpoint, and a central government. This is reflected mainly by
national culture.
An exam has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 20. Phil has a score of 90. His score would fall
near the 98th percentile and the 9th stanine.
An IQ score on an IQ test which was three standard deviations above the mean would be
near the genius level.
Nine of the world's finest counselor educators are given an elementary exam on counseling theory. The distribution of scores would most likely be
negatively skewed.
In a projective test the client is shown
neutral stimuli.
A good practice for counselors is to
never generalize on the basis of a single test score.
Some scripts are
never scripts, always scripts, after scripts, open ended scripts, desirable and less desirable scripts.
In the Dictionary of Occupational Titles each job was given a _______ digit code.
nine.
Many researchers have tried putting the UCS (i.e., the meat) before the CS (i.e., the bell). This usually results in
no conditioning.
Most experts in the field of counseling agree that
no one theory completely explains developmental processes; thus, counselors ought to be familiar with all the major theories.
Carl Rogers created
non-directive counseling or client-centered counseling
The follower goes along with whatever the rest of the group thinks. From a personality standpoint the follower is
nonassertive.
The school of counseling created by Carl R. Rogers, Ph.D., has undergone three name changes. Initially it was called _______ then _______, and in 1974 it changed to _______.
nondirective counseling; client-centered therapy; the person-centered approach.
An advertising psychologist secretly imbeds the word SEX into newspaper ads intended to advertise his center's chemical dependency program. This is the practice of
none of the above.
Minuchin would often mimic the family's style. This is known as
none of the above.
A Japanese client who was reluctant to look you in the eye during her counseling session would most likely be displaying
normal behavior within the context of her culture.
A reliable test is _______ valid.
not always
You are treating a man who suffers from panic disorder. His panic attacks are so severe he cannot drive to work. After just three sessions he is not only driving to work but has taken up sky diving to demonstrate his progress over his fear. You would love to put his testimonial on your brochure to show how adept you are at treating this affliction. You should
not ask him for a testimonial since it would constitute an ethics violation.
African-American ghetto clients are generally
not very open with their feelings.
A hermaphrodite is
now referred to as an intersex person.
A mother hides a toy behind her back and a young child does not believe the toy exists anymore. The child has not mastered
object permanence & representational thought.
The National Counselor Exam (NCE) is a(n) _______ test because the scoring procedure is specific.
objective
TA is a cognitive model of therapy which asserts that healthy communication transactions
occur where vectors of communication run parallel.
Centration
occurs in preoperational stage and is characterized by focusing on a key feature of an object and not noticing the rest of it.
Insight, or the Aha, now I understand phenomenon comes from the work
of Wolfgang Kolher. He worked with chimps and apes, and had a famous experiment where a chimp used two sticks to make a longer stick.
A counselor doing multicultural career counseling should be aware
of his or her own ethnocentric biases.
Marital satisfaction
often decreases with parenthood and is lowest prior to a child leaving home.
Critics assert that gestalt therapy is an affective treatment that
often fails to emphasize cognitive concerns.
Statistics reveal that
on average, a worker with a bachelor's degree earns over $10,000 a year more than a worker with a high school diploma.
According to Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the third stage, known as concrete operations or concrete operational thought. This notion suggests
one can undo an action, hence an object can return to its initial shape.
The Solomon four-group is considered a true experimental design since each group is chosen via a random sample. When using this design
one control group receives a pre-test and one experimental group receives a pretest; the other control group and experimental group do not.
Holophrases are
one or two word phrases like me eat or I Betty.
The standard deviation is the square root of the variance. A zscore of +1 would be the same as
one standard deviation above the mean.
Ellis most likely would not be impressed with a behaviorist's new animal study related to the psychotherapeutic process since
only man thinks in declarations (internal sentences that can cause or ward off emotional discord).
You are seeing a husband and wife for marriage counseling. During one of the sessions you decide to see them separately. The husband tells you he has seen an attorney because he is filing for divorce. He has not told his wife and indicates that he will not do so. You feel the wife has a right to know this because it will help her plan for the future. You should
only tell his wife if he gives you permission.
The correct order of the Freudian psychosexual stages is:
oral 0-1. anal 1-3. phallic 3-5. latency 6-puberty. genital puberty-death.
Freud postulated psychosexual stages
oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.
The y axis is used to plot the frequency of the DVs. The y axis is also known as the
ordinate.
A theorist who views developmental changes as quantitative is said to be an empiricist. The antithesis of this position holds that developmental strides are qualitative. What is the name given to this position?
organicism
All of the following are examples of Anne Roe's "levels" except
outdoor.
An operational definition
outlines a procedure.
Gestalt therapists sometimes utilize the exaggeration experiment which most closely resembles
paradox as practiced by Frankl, Haley, or Erickson.
t test is a
parametric statistical test to determine whether there is a significant difference between two groups.
A counselor who repeats what a client has stated in the counselor's own words is using
paraphrasing.
A neophyte counselor is afraid he will say the wrong thing. He thus keeps repeating the client's statements verbatim when he responds. This is known as
parroting and is not recommended.
Nondirective is to person-centered as
parsimony is to Occam's Razor.
Gerald Corey, who has written extensively on group therapy, believes _______ is necessary for an effective group leader.
participation in a therapeutic group and participation in a leader's group (even if the individual is well-educated and is licensed and certified)
In a traditional culture which places a high premium on authority figures,
passivity on the part of the counselor would be viewed in a negative manner, a client would be disappointed if he or she did not receive advice & assigning homework and teaching on the part of the counselor would be appropriate.
BCP means
perception controls behavior. Also known as choice theory.
The superego contains the ego ideal. The superego strives for _______, rather than _______ like the id.
perfection; pleasure.
F. H. Allport created the concept of social facilitation. According to this theory, an individual who is given the task of memorizing a list of numbers will
perform better if he or she is part of a group.
The subjective units of distress scale (SUDS) is used to
perform systematic desensitization.
Most experts in the field of career counseling would classify Roe, Brill, and Holland as _______ theorists.
personality.
Existentialists speak of three worlds, the Umwelt or the _______ world, the Mitwelt or the _______ world, and the Eigenwelt or the _______ world.
physical; relationship; identity
Internal verbalizations are to REBT as _______ are to Glasser's Choice Theory.
pictures in your mind
Both the Rorschach and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) are projective tests. The Rorschach uses 10 inkblot cards while the TAT uses
pictures.
A gestalt therapist is most likely going to deal with a client's projection via
playing the projection technique.
The id is present at birth and never matures. It operates mainly out of awareness to satisfy instinctual needs according to the
pleasure principle.
Using the data in question 764 one could say that a person with an IQ score of 122 would fall within
plus or minus 2 SD of the mean.
A client remarks that her depression is extremely intense. Her strategic counselor remarks, "It is very possible your depression is hopeless. It is possible you will never get over it." Her comment is an example of
positioning.
Johnny just loves M&Ms but doesn't do his homework. The school counselor thus instructs Johnny's mom to give the child a bag of M&Ms every night after he finishes his homework. This is an example of
positive reinforcement.
When something is added following an operant, it is known as a _______, and when something is taken away it is called a _____.
positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer
Rogers viewed man as
positive when he develops in a warm, accepting, trusting environment.
If data indicate that students who study a lot get very high scores on state counselor licensing exams, then the correlation between study time and LPC exam scores would be
positive.
If a group of first semester graduate students in counseling took the NCE exam, a distribution of scores would be
positively skewed.
An aptitude test is to _______ as an achievement test is to _______.
potential; what has been learned.
A family counselor notices that the husband in a blended family is having obsessive sexual thoughts about a woman living down the street. A strict behaviorist would most likely
practice thought stopping.
Haley
pragmatic, family therapy based on interventions. Strategic counseling, believed in giving directives.
The literature suggests these factors as helpful in promoting therapeutic surrender:
rapport, trust, listening, conquering client resistance, and self-disclosure.
The two basic classes of intermittent reinforcement schedules are the ________, based on the number of responses and the _______, based on the time elapsed.
ratio; interval
Mark is obsessed with stamping out pornography. He is unconsciously involved in this cause so that he can view the material. This is
reaction formation.
Group members assume roles within a group. Which of the following is not a group role?
reactive schizophrenia.
According to the cognitive dissonance theory of Leon Festinger, a man who buys a $20,000 platinum watch would most likely
read test reports after the purchase to justify his behavior.
You are uncertain whether a test is intended for the population served by your not-for-profit agency. The best method of researching this dilemma would be to
read the test manual included with the test.
Holland's six personality types are
realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, conventional.
A client who wishes to work on an assembly line would fit into Holland's _______ typology.
realistic.
Viktor Frankl is to logotherapy as William Glasser is to
reality therapy.
Short answer tests and projective measures utilize free response items. The NCE and the CPCE uses forced choice or so-called _______ items.
recognition
Counselor certification
recognizes that you have reached a given level of competence and thus are authorized to use a title.
When a counselor speaks of what he or she believes must transpire from a psychotherapeutic standpoint, he or she technically is referring to
recommendations.
A counselor educator decides to increase the sample size in her experiment. This will
reduce Type I and Type II errors.
Coleadership
reduces burnout and helps ensure safety.
You have impeccable training and experience as a counseling supervisor. Now your brother finishes his master's degree in counseling and wants you to supervise him. According to ACA ethics you should
refer him to a trusted colleague trained in supervision who is willing to take your brother.
A woman comes to you for help with an eating disorder. You have no experience or training in this area. Ethically you should
refer this client to a colleague who is indeed trained and experienced with this type of client.
Predictive validity
reflects the test's ability to predict future behavior according to established criteria.
Respondent behavior refers to
reflexes.
Therapeutic cognitive restructuring really refers to
refuting irrational ideas and replacing them with rational ones.
Mores are beliefs
regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior.
Systematic desensitization consists of these orderly steps:
relaxation training, construction of anxiety hierarchy, desensitization in imagination, and in vivo desensitization.
A couple is having sexual problems that stem from anxiety. A marriage counselor who is a strict behaviorist would most likely
rely on systematic desensitization procedures.
An elementary school counselor is giving a child a standardized test. On several occasions the child says he does not understand what the counselor has said. The counselor should
repeat the question, but talk more slowly.
An exception to confidentiality could occur when a client is suicidal. Suicidal warning signs include
repeatedly joking about killing one's self, giving away prized possessions after one has been depressed for an extended period of time & a previous suicide attempt and a very detailed suicide plan for the future.
Suppression differs from repression in that
repression is automatic or involuntary.
Most therapists agree that ego defense mechanisms deny or distort reality. Rationalization, compensation, repression, projection, reaction formation, identification, introjection, denial, and displacement are ego defense mechanisms. According to the Freudians, the most important defense mechanism is
repression.
Comparative psychology refers to
research using animals and attempts to generalize findings to humans.
The client's tendency to inhibit or fight against the therapeutic process is known as
resistance.
In Basic empathy, the
response is on the same level as the client.
A strategic family therapist says to a family, "I don't know what else you can do to stop the bickering and fighting in your house." This is an example of
restraining.
According to gestalt therapists, a client who is angry at his wife for leaving him, and who makes a suicide attempt would be engaging in
retroflection.
You have achieved the status of NCC. NBCC, nevertheless, feels you have violated professional ethics. NBCC can do any of the following except
revoke your state counseling license.
A woman is having difficulties at her place of employment. Her husband turns to her in a session and says, "You're on your own, I've got my own problems." A structural family therapist would assert that the boundaries between this couple are
rigid.
The Strong Interest Inventory (SCII) is based on John Holland's theory. The test assumes that a person who is interested in a given subject will experience
satisfaction in a job in which those working in the occupation have similar interests.
Ethics state that a counselor should _______ all clients for group counseling
screen.
A family actually changes the structure of their family system. According to Watzlawick, Weakland, and Fisch, the family has achieved
second-order change that is more desirable than fi rst-order change.
A stimulus which accompanies a primary reinforcer takes on reinforcement properties of its own. This is known as
secondary reinforcement.
Weight Watchers is a
self-help or support group as is AA.
Eros in psychology is
self-preservation. Greek God of Love.
In Albert Ellis's rational-emotive behavior therapy, the client is taught to change cognitions, also known as
self-talk & internal verbalizations
_______ is behavioral sex therapy.
sensate focus
Jean Piaget's theory has four stages. The correct order from stage 1 to stage 4 is
sensorimotor 0-2. pre operational 2-7. concrete operational 7-11. formal operational 11 plus.
In Piaget's developmental theory, reflexes play the greatest role in the
sensorimotor stage.
The schema of permanency and constancy of objects occurs in the
sensorimotor stage—birth to 2 years.
The final stage suggested by theories of group stages generally deals with issues of
separation and termination.
The OOH contains approximately 800 job descriptions. Job trends suggest that
service jobs will account for virtually all the job growth.
During the initial session of a group the leader explains that no smoking and no cursing will be permitted. This is known as
setting ground rules.
As you are reading the DSM you see this code: 296.2X. In this case the X (i.e., the fifth digit) refers to
severity, and thus it will be replaced with a diagnostic number.
The tendency for adult females in the United States to wear high heels is best explained by
sex role socialization.
Leptokurtic means
sharper than a normal curve.
A researcher wants to run a true experiment but insists she will not use a random sample. You could safely say that
she could accomplish this using systematic sampling.
The mean score on a new counseling exam is 65. The standard deviation is 15. Tanja scored a 35. This tells us that
she had a z score of -2.0.
A woman who is in private practice mentions in her phone book advertisement that she is a licensed counseling psychologist. This generally means that
she has a graduate degree from a psychology department.
According to the foot-in-the-door technique, which has two distinct steps, a counselor who needs to make a home visit to a resistant client's home
should ask to come in the home.
Experts in the field of multicultural counseling feel that the counselor's training
should be broad and interdisciplinary.
A career counselor who is helping a client design a resume
should emphasize the importance of a cover letter.
Section B of NBCC's Code of Ethics deals with the counseling relationship. Thus a counselor who uses a paradoxical strategy
should explain the purpose of this technique to the client.
Two brothers begin screaming at each other during a family counseling session. The term that best describes the phenomenon is
sibling rivalry.
Adler as a child was
sickly.
Most experts would agree that _______ is most threatening for clients as well as counselors.
silence
Universal culture is
similar or universal needs, like water, air, and sleep.
Lifestyle and career development have been emphasized
since the beginning of the counseling and guidance movement and are still major areas of concern.
In a new study the clients do not know whether they are receiving an experimental treatment for depression or whether they are simply part of the control group. This is, nevertheless, known to the researcher. Thus, this is a
single-blind study.
Millie has a panic attack whenever she drives across a bridge. She has
situationally bound panic attacks & cued panic attacks.
Holland categorized _______ personality orientations which correspond to analogous work environments.
six.
Para praxis is
slips of the tongue.
The relationship a client has with a gestalt therapist would most likely progress _______ than the relationship a client would have with a Rogerian counselor.
slower.
Adler emphasized that people wish to belong. This is known as
social connectedness.
One problem with interest inventories is that the person often tries to answer the questions in a socially acceptable manner. Psychometricians call this response style phenomenon
social desirability (the right way to feel in society).
In contrast with Freud, the neo-Freudians emphasized
social factors.
Krumboltz proposes a _______ model of career development.
social learning.
SCCT stands for
social-cognitive career theory.
Holland mentioned six modal orientations: artistic, conventional, enterprising, investigative, realistic, and social. A middle school counselor is most likely
social.
When counseling Asian-American families the best approach would most likely be
solution focused/problem focused modalities.
Critics of the Rogerian approach feel that
some degree of directiveness is needed after the initial phase of counseling & more confrontation is necessary, though Rogers did encourage caring confrontations.
A student tells a college counselor that he is not upset by a grade of "F" in physical education that marred his fourth year perfect 4.0 average, inasmuch as "straight A students are eggheads." This demonstrates
sour grapes rationalization.
A client from another culture will
speak to the counselor differently from the way he or she would when speaking to someone of his or her own background.
A monolingual U.S. counselor
speaks only English.
Concreteness is also known as
specificity.
A client who likes her flower arranging job begins doing flower arranging in her spare time on weekends and after work. This phenomenon is best described as
spillover.
A woman sees her husband as all good sometimes and all bad at others. An analytically trained family therapist who believes in object relations would see this as
splitting.
Adaptability is the ability of the family to balance
stability and change & morphostasis and morphogenesis.
Harry Stack Sullivan
stages of infancy, childhood, juvenile era, preadolescence, early adolescence, late adolescence. Known as the psychiatry of interpersonal relations.
Ethical guidelines were first created for the helping professions in 1953 when the American Psychological Association (APA) published their first code of ethics. The National Association of Social Workers (NASW) created their code in 1960, and in 1961, the organization that is now ACA adopted ethics for counselors. Ethics always describe
standards of conduct imposed by ACA and NBCC.
The department chairman found the poodle's response (see question 72) to his horn humorous. He thus instructed the graduate students to train the dog to salivate only to his car horn and not the original bell. Indeed the graduate students were able to perform this task. The poodle was now demonstrating
stimulus discrimination.
Several graduate students in counseling trained a poodle to salivate using Pavlov's classical conditioning paradigm. One day the department chairman was driving across campus and honked his horn. Much to the chagrin of the students, the poodle elicited a salivation response. What had happened?
stimulus generalization or what Pavlov termed irradiation.
In the famous Little Albert experiment, a child was conditioned to fear a harmless white furry animal. Historical accounts indicate that the child also began to fear a Santa Claus mask. This would demonstrate
stimulus generalization.
The anal retentive personality is
stingy.
Cloe Madanes and Jay Haley are associated with the _______ school of family counseling.
strategic
Albert Ellis is to REBT as Salvador Minuchin is to
structural family therapy.
Most experts would agree that overall
structured exercises are less effective than unstructured techniques.
Some research demonstrates that
structured exercises with feedback early in the group served to improve communication between group members.
Studies indicate that
students want more vocational guidance than they receive.
Psychopharmacology
studies the effects drugs have on psychological functions.
Psychodiagnostic
study of personality through interpretation of behavior or nonverbal clues.
A test can be defined as a systematic method of measuring a sample of behavior. Test format refers to the manner in which test items are presented. The format of an essay test is considered a(n) _______ format.
subjective
Evidence for the unconscious mind comes from all of these except
subjective units of distress scale.
Joseph Wolpe created systematic desensitization, a form of reciprocal inhibition based on counterconditioning. His strategy has been used in individual and group settings. When using his technique, the acronym SUDS stands for
subjective units of distress scale.
A client who becomes a professional football player because he unconsciously likes to hurt people would be utilizing _______ according to Brill's theory of career choice.
sublimation.
An aggressive male who becomes a professional boxer because he is sadistic is displaying
sublimation.
Another career theorist who drew upon psychoanalytic doctrines was A. A. Brill. Brill emphasized _______ as an ego-defense mechanism.
sublimation.
You have just made a landmark discovery which you feel could literally change the entire field of counseling and thus you write an article which depicts your findings. The next step would be to
submit the article to one publication at a time despite your conviction that the article must get published.
Glasser felt the responsible person will have a _______ identity.
success
When the past is discussed in reality therapy, the focus is on
successful behaviors.
When development comes to a halt, counselors say that the client
suffers from fixation.
A counselor who favors a behavioristic mode of career counseling would most likely
suggest a site visit to a work setting.
A family is seeing a structural family therapist because there is a huge argument every time the subject of the 16-year-old daughter's boyfriend comes up. The therapist says, "Okay, I want you to play like you are at home and act out precisely what transpires when the subject of your daughter's boyfriend is mentioned." The structural family therapist is using a technique called
enactment.
Holland's theory would predict that the vice president of the United States would be
enterprising.
Most experts would agree that the Wechsler IQ tests gained popularity, as the Binet
didn't seem to be the best test for adults.
P = .05 really means that
differences truly exist; the experimenter will obtain the same results 95 out of 100 times.
The _______ index indicates the percentage of individuals who answered each item correctly.
difficulty
You pass your exam and now have NCC status. During a staff meeting a clinical director explains to you that, from an ethical standpoint, your primary duty is to the agency. Most experts in the field of counselor education would
disagree inasmuch as professional ethics emphasize that your primary responsibility is to your clients.
Simon and Binet pioneered the first IQ test around 1905. The test was created to
discriminate normal from retarded Parisian children.
A family member who is emotionally distant is
disengaged.
A man receives a nickel an hour pay raise. He was expecting a one dollar per hour raise. He is furious but nonassertive. He thus smiles and thanks his boss. That night he yells at his wife for no apparent reason. This is an example of
displacement.
The ABC theory of personality postulates that the intervention that occurs at D, _______ leads to E, _______.
disputing the irrational behavior at B; a new emotional consequence
Sybil refers to a famous client who had 15 personalities. At the time Sybil was said to suffer from multiple personality disorder (MPD). Today her diagnosis would be
dissociative identity disorder.
Person centered or Rogerian theory
does not emphasize giving advice or diagnosis
A counselor who is genuine
does not role-play someone he or she is not, so as to be accepted by the client & does not change his or her true values from session to session.
Behavioralists feel that if it can't be measured, it
doesn't exist.
A large study at a major university gave an experimental group of clients a new type of therapy that was intended to ameliorate test anxiety. The control group did not receive the new therapy. Neither the clients nor the researchers knew which students received the new treatment. This was a
double-blind study.
In terms of leisure time and dual-career families
dual-career families have less leisure time.
Aaron T. Beck, an ex-psychoanalytic therapist who created the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), developed an approach known as cognitive therapy. Although cognitive therapy is similar to REBT, Beck insisted that
dysfunctional ideas are too absolute and broad though not necessarily irrational.
Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson agreed that
each developmental stage needed to be resolved before an individual could move on to the next stage.
A test format could be normative or ipsative. In the normative format
each item is independent of all other items.
Epigenetic
each stage emerges from the one before it.
You are seeing a client who is extremely concerned about her body weight and shape. She vomits to keep her weight down, nevertheless, she does not engage in binge eating. The most appropriate diagnosis would be
eating disorder NOS.
Multicultural counseling promotes
eclecticism.
Vygotsky thinks that developmental stages unfold due to
educational intervention.
Unconscious processes, which serve to minimize anxiety and protect the self from severe id or superego demands, are called
ego defense mechanisms.
Construct validity refers to the extent that a test measures an abstract trait or psychological notion. An example would be
ego strength.
A person who can look back on his or her life with few regrets feels
ego-integrity in Erikson's integrity versus despair stage.
If you think of the mind as a seesaw, then the fulcrum or balancing apparatus would be the
ego.
During a thunderstorm, a 6-year-old child in Piaget's stage of preoperational thought (stage 2) says, "The rain is following me." This is an example of
egocentrism.
A counselor is confronted with his or her first Native-American client. Native Americans (also called American Indians or Indian Americans on exams) are descendents of the original inhabitants of North America. After the initial session, the counselor secures several books which delineate the cultural aspects of Native-American life. She discovers that there are over 560 federally recognized tribes and that there are nearly 3 million Native Americans in the United States. This counselor most likely believes in the
emic viewpoint.
Connotation is the
emotional content of a word.
In the person-centered approach, an effective counselor must possess
empathy, congruence, genuineness, and demonstrate unconditional positive regard to create a desirable "I-Thou relationship."
The human relations core for effective counseling includes
empathy, positive regard (or respect), and genuineness.
In the 1960s Gilbert Wrenn's book, The Counselor in a Changing World, urged counselors to
emphasize developmental concerns rather than merely focusing on crises and curing emotional illness.
Theorists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes are referred to as
empiricists.
Piaget referred to the act of taking in new information as assimilation. This results in accommodation, which is a modification of the child's cognitive structures (schemas) to deal with the new information. In Piagetian nomenclature, the balance between assimilation and accommodation is called
equilibration.
One method of testing reliability is to give the same population alternate forms of the identical test. Each form will have the same psychometric/statistical properties as the original instrument. This is known as
equivalent or alternate forms reliability.
A practicum supervisor who says to his or her supervisee, "You can deal with your Asian-American clients the same as you deal with anybody else," is espousing the
etic viewpoint, derived from the term phonetic referring to sounds that remain the same in any language.
The statement, "All humans, from all cultures, all races, and all nations, are more alike than different," is based on the
etic viewpoint.
According to assimilation-contrast theory, a client will perceive a counselor's statement that is somewhat like his or her own beliefs as even more similar (i.e., an assimilation error). He or she would perceive any dissimilar attitudes as
even more dissimilar (i.e., a contrast error).
Adler was one of the first therapists who relied on paradox. Using this strategy, a client (who was a student in a counselor preparation program) who was afraid to give a presentation in front of his counseling class for fear he might shake and embarrass himself would be instructed to
exaggerate the behavior and really do a thorough job shaking in front of the class.
When counselors state that privileged communication is "qualified," they actually mean that
exceptions may exist.
Rogers' approach is characterized as a(n) _______ approach.
existential or humanistic
Spitz noted that children reared in impersonal institutions
experienced more difficulty. He called it anaclitic depression.
The fastest growing clientele for professional counselors are persons
experiencing marriage and family problems.
The department chair was further amused by the poodle's tendency to be able to discriminate one CS from another (see question 273). He thus told the students to teach the dog to salivate only to the horn on his Ford but not one on a graduate student's Chevrolet truck. In reality, the horns on the two vehicles sounded identical. The training was seemingly unsuccessful inasmuch as the dog merely took to very loud barking. In this case
experimental neurosis set in.
The counselor's social power is related to
expertise, attractiveness, and trustworthiness.
A homosexual protests that he has been homosexual long enough and wants to lead a heterosexual lifestyle. He tells you that he wants a family and children. You should
explain that homosexuality is not a mental disorder that needs to be changed.
Your sexual attraction toward your client is hindering the counseling process. You should
explain this to the client and then refer the client to another provider.
Rogers emphasized congruence in the counselor. Congruence occurs when
external behavior matches an internal response or state.
In one experiment, a dog was conditioned to salivate to a bell paired with a fast-food cheeseburger. The researcher then kept ringing the bell without giving the dog the cheeseburger. This is known as
extinction, and the salivation will disappear.
During a family counseling session, a 6-year-old girl repeatedly sticks her tongue out at the counselor who is obviously ignoring the behavior. The counselor is practicing
extinction.
Test scores on an exam that fell below three standard deviations of the mean or above three standard deviations of the mean could be described as
extreme.
Counselors who have good listening skills
facilitate therapeutic surrender.
In a new experiment, a counselor educator wants to ferret out the effects of more than one IV. She will use a _______ design.
factorial
All of the techniques listed below would be used by a behavioristic family therapist except
family sculpting.
Initially, Ginzberg and his associates viewed career choice as irreversible and the result of compromises between wishes and realistic possibilities. This theory identified three stages of career development
fantasy (birth to age 11), tentative (ages 11 to 17), and realistic (age 17 to early 20s).
William Glasser is the
father of reality therapy.
Roe was the first career specialist to utilize a two-dimensional system of occupational classifi cation utilizing
fields and levels.
A client wants his records sent to a psychiatrist he is seeing. You should
first have the client sign a dated release of information form that stipulates whether the information can be released once (or for what period of time it can be released) and then you can send the information.
Perls suggested _______ which must be peeled away to reach emotional stability.
five layers of neurosis
Super's theory emphasizes _______ life stages.
five.
The DSM uses a multiaxial classification system with five axes. Diagnostic codes have _______ digits.
five.
A counseling agency decides to pay their employees once a week. The agency is using a
fixed interval schedule of reinforcement.
Ritualistic behaviors, which are common to all members of a species, are known as
fixed-action patterns elicited by sign stimuli.
Platykurtic means
flatter than a normal curve.
Good multicultural counselors are
flexible.
Piaget's symbolic schema is a
cognitive structure that grows with life experience.
ACA and the ASGW division recommend screening for potential group members
for all groups.
The NCE is a(n) _______ test.
forced choice
Group cohesiveness refers to
forces which tend to bind group members together.
The ego defense mechanism repression is
forgetting an incident.
Standardized tests always have
formal procedures for test administration and scoring.
Irvin Yalom is a famous existentialist therapist and a pioneer in the group movement. He suggested these four group stages: orientation, conflict, cohesion, and termination. In 1977 Tuckman and Jensen reviewed 25 years of research and came up with five stages: forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. Which stage in Tuckman and Jensen's paradigm is similar to Yalom's orientation stage?
forming.
Ipsative measures
compare traits within the same individual, not to other people.
Ted has always felt inferior intellectually. He currently works out at the gym at least four hours daily and is taking massive doses of dangerous steroids to build his muscles. The ego defense mechanism in action here is
compensation.
Key areas that often cause problems for the counselor's self-image are
competence, power, and intimacy.
One major testing trend is
computer-assisted testing and computer interpretations.
A child masters conservation in the Piagetian stage known as
concrete operations—ages 7 to 11.
John Bowlby has asserted that
conduct disorders and other forms of psychopathology can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in early childhood.
Applied research is
conducted to advance knowledge of how theories skills and techniques can be used practically.
Basic research is
conducted to advance our understanding of theory.
Most ethical dilemmas are related to
confidentiality.
A client is demonstrating inconsistent behavior. She is smiling but says that she is very sad about what she did. When her counselor points this out to her, the counselor's verbal response is known as
confrontation.
An African-American client tells a Caucasian counselor that things are "bad" though she literally means something is good. The counselor's misunderstanding could best be described as a
connotative error.
Freud's levels of consciousness are
conscious. preconscious. unconscious.
The ego defense mechanism denial is
consciously forgetting an incident.
In Kohlberg's first or preconventional level, the individual's moral behavior is guided by
consequences.
A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a small squatty pitcher. A child indicates that she feels the small pitcher has less water. The child has not yet mastered
conservation.
A client needs counseling but can afford only $5 per session. As a private practitioner you charge $75 per hour. You should
consider the client's financial status and the locality and offer her a reduced rate.
From a Freudian perspective, a client who has a problem with alcoholism and excessive smoking would be
considered an oral character.
Convergent validity measures
construct validity by correlating scores with an outside source.
The newest career theory would be
constructivist and cognitive approaches.
To complete a t test you would consult a tabled value of t. In order to see if significant differences exist in an ANOVA you would
consult a table for F values.
Ethical dilemmas rarely have clear-cut answers. Thus when a complex ethical situation manifests itself, it is best to
consult with colleagues as well as ethical codes inasmuch as legal standards are very often based on the methods of fellow professionals in analogous situations.
During a counseling session a 42-year-old male client threatens suicide. You should
contact his wife and advise her of possible suicide precautions.
A reinforcement schedule gives the guidelines or rules for reinforcement. If a reinforcer is given every time a desired response occurs, it is known as
continuous reinforcement.
A TA counselor and a strict behaviorist are both in the same case conference to staff a client. Which technique would the two most likely agree on when formulating a plan of action?
contracting.
In order for the professor of counselor education to conduct an experiment regarding his hypothesis he will need a(n) _______ and a(n) _______.
control group; experimental group.
Reality therapy has incorporated
control theory, later referred to as choice theory.
Holland did indeed believe in career stereotypes. In other words the person psychologically defines himself or herself via a given job. Thus, a bookkeeper or a clerical worker would primarily fit into the _______ category.
conventional.
Folkways are
correct, normal, or habitual behavior.
Dr. X discovered that the correlation between therapists who hold NCC status and therapists who practice systematic desensitization is .90. A student who perused Dr. X's research told his fellow students that Dr. X had discovered that attaining NCC status causes therapists to become behaviorally oriented. The student is incorrect because
correlation does not imply causal.
Freud and Erikson
could be classified as maturationists.
According to Public Law 93-380, also known as the Buckley Amendment, a 19-year-old college student attending college
could view her record, which included test data, could view her daughter's infant IQ test given at preschool, could demand a correction she discovered while reading a file.
Your client was seeing Dr. Doyle for counseling for three years. The client has now stopped seeing Dr. Doyle and has an appointment to see you. You should
counsel the client.
A counselor advises a female to steer clear of police work as he feels this is a male occupation. This suggests
counselor bias based on gender bias.
In Additive empathy, the
counselor shows empathy that adds to the client's understanding and awareness.
In Subtractive empathy, the
counselor's behavior does not show understanding of the communication.
APA is to psychologist as ACA is to
counselor.
One possible negative aspect of counselor licensure is that
counselors may not be as creative during their graduate work and simply take courses aimed at fulfilling the requirements to take the licensure exam.
Switching the order in which stimuli are presented to a subject in a study is known as
counterbalancing.
A 72-year-old woman you are counseling in a family reminds you of your mother and this is bringing up unresolved childhood issues for you as the counselor. This is an example of
countertransference.
A counselor who is obsessed with the fact that a client missed his or her session is the victim of
countertransference.
You find yourself sexually attracted to a client. This is known as
countertransference.
A counselor has an obese client imagine that he is terribly sick after eating a high-caloric, high-fat meal. The client then imagines a pleasant scene in which his eating is desirable. This technique is called
covert sensitization.
America has been called the most diverse country on the face of our planet. Counseling a client from a different social and/or cultural background is known as
cross-cultural counseling, multicultural counseling & intercultural counseling.
What are the three major barriers to intercultural counseling?
culture bound values, class bound values, language differences.
Culture is really a set of rules, procedures, ideas, and values shared by members of a society. Culture is said to be normative. This implies that
culture provides individuals with standards of conduct.
John B. Watson is to cause as Mary Cover Jones is to
cure.
Culture refers to
customs shared by a group which distinguish it from other groups, values shared by a group that are learned from others in the group & attitudes, beliefs, art, and language which characterize members of a group.
A therapist who says to a patient, "Say whatever comes to mind," is practicing
free association.
A short answer test is a(n) _______ test.
free choice
Existential counselors emphasize the clients'
free choice, decision, and will.
A female group member is obviously not participating. A group member playing the _______ is most likely to mention this and urge her to participate.
gatekeeper.
The _______ may secretly wish that he or she was running the group.
gatekeeper.
A client who says, "I feel I cannot really become an administrator in our agency because I am a woman," is showing an example of
gender bias.
Counselors who work as consultants
generally do not adhere to one single theory.
You are counseling your first cousin for depression. This is
generally unethical as it would constitute a dual or socalled multiple relationship.
In which Eriksonian stage does the midlife crisis occur?
generativity versus stagnation
In terms of genetics, Roe's theory would assert that
genetics help to determine intelligence and education, and hence this influences one's career choice.
Rogers' three conditions for helping are
genuiness or congruence, unconditional positive regard, empathic understanding.
Eric Berne created transactional analysis (TA). The model was popularized via his books Games People Play and What Do You Say After You Say Hello? TA therapists are most likely to incorporate _______ in the treatment process.
gestalt therapy
When comparing girls to boys, it could be noted that
girls grow up to smile more, girls are using more feeling words by age 2 & girls are better able to read people without verbal cues at any age.
Define in a operational manner is
give the steps so that another can duplicate your actions.
A new IQ test which yielded results nearly identical to other standardized measures would be said to have
good concurrent validity.
Group norms
govern acceptable behavior and group rules.
A counselor educator is teaching two separate classes in individual inventory. In the morning class the counselor educator has 53 students and in the afternoon class she has 177 students. A statistician would expect that the range of scores on a test would be
greater in the afternoon class than the morning class.
The study of group operations is often called
group dynamics.
Experts predict that in the future
group leaders will be more like life-skills trainers.
Group IQ tests like the Otis Lennon, the Lorge-Thorndike, and the California Test of Mental Abilities are popular in school settings. The advantage is that
group tests are quicker to administer.
Some theorists feel that group therapy differs from group counseling (which is also called an interpersonal problem solving group) in that
group therapy, also dubbed as a personality reconstruction group, would be of longer duration.
In some literature, group cohesiveness, or "we-ness," is known as
group unity.
The _______ movement began in the late 1960s.
group.
Frank Parsons is called the father of
guidance
Gazda's three types of groups are
guidance/psychoeducational, which is preventative. counseling, for conscious concerns. psychotherapy, which is in-depth psychological problems.
When Haley began investigating psychotherapy he
had a degree in the arts and communication rather than the helping professions.
The autocratic or authoritarian leader may give orders to the group, while the laissez faire leader
has a hands-off policy and participates very little.
Overall, Rogerian person-centered counseling
has been used more than other models to help promote understanding between cultures and races.
Regardless of culture, the popular individual
has good social skills.
Kohlberg's highest level of morality is termed postconventional morality. Here the individual
has self-imposed morals and ethics.
In strategic family counseling the person with the power in the family
has the authority to make rules and enforce them.
A person who lives by his or her individual conscience and universal ethical principles
has, according to Kohlberg, reached the highest stage of moral development & is in the postconventional level of self-accepted moral principles.
A group leader who wishes to assess the impact of the group ideally would
have an outside "observer" sit in during group sessions and consequently rate the level of behavioral change.
A job test which predicted future performance on a job very well would
have high criterion/predictive validity.
Most research would suggest that a woman who has the same intelligence, skills, and potential as a man will often
have lower career aspirations than a man.
Most individuals believe that people whom they perceive as attractive
have other positive traits.
In the case of the individual who purchased the $20,000 watch, cognitive dissonance theory postulates that
he or she might ignore positive information regarding other models and secure a lot of information regarding the $20,000 platinum model & he or she might focus heavily on negative information regarding rival models.
One distinction between flooding (also known as "deliberate exposure with response prevention" in recent literature) and implosive therapy is that
implosive therapy is always conducted in the imagination.
Prior to the 1960s most counseling took place
in a dyadic relationship.
A counselor who is seeing a 15-year-old boy who is not doing well in public speaking class would need to keep in mind that
in general, girls possess better verbal skills than boys & in general, boys possess better visual-perceptual skills and are more active and aggressive than girls.
A wealth of research demonstrates that
in most instances, clients prefer a counselor of the same race and a similar cultural background.
The ego defense mechanism rationalization is
in which controversial behaviors or feelings are justified and explained in a seemingly rational or logical manner to avoid the true explanation
The ego defense mechanism compensation is
in which people overachieve in one area to compensate for failures in another.
The major trend that impacted upon the counseling movement in the 1980s
included an emphasis on professionalism, certification, and licensing.
Piaget's preoperational stage
includes the acquisition of a symbolic schema.
Cloe Madanes insists that symptoms serve a function. A child, for example, sees that her mother is depressed. The daughter throws a glass cup to the floor to break it. This brings her mother out of the depressed state and makes her mother angry and powerful. This is known as
incongruous hierarchy.
Kegan's six stages of lifespan development
incorporative. impulsive. imperial. interpersonal. institutional. inter individual.
Most experts believe that the number of multigenerational families with a child, a parent, and a grandparent will
increase.
In experimental terminology IV stands for _______ and DV stands for _______.
independent variable; dependent variable.
The trait-and-factor approach fails to take _______ into account.
individual change throughout the life span.
Relativistic thinking
individual has the ability to perceive not everything is right or wrong.
Alfred Adler is the founder of
individual psychology, which stresses the inferiority complex.
A researcher studies a single session of counseling in which a counselor treats a client's phobia using a paradoxical strategy. He then writes in his research report that paradox is the treatment of choice for phobics. This is an example of
inductive logic or reasoning.
RJ Having-hurst proposed developmental tasks for
infancy and early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, later maturity.
Your agency uses a collection agency when clients don't pay their bills. You should
inform the client of this before the counseling begins.
You are a middle school counselor at a public school. A child is threatening to kill another student and admonishes you to keep it a secret. According to the ethical principle of minimal disclosure the best course of action would be to
inform the parents of the student in danger, inform the principal, and call the police immediately, discussing only material related to the threat.
A lesbian client wants to become heterosexual and asks for conversion or reparative therapy. You explain that you ethically do not believe in this form of intervention. She asks you to provide her a referral to a practitioner who will perform this type of therapy. You should
initially, tell the client you prefer not to refer her to a therapist who engages in this form of treatment. Discuss the potential harm and risks with the client emphasizing that this is an unproven form of treatment.
When a client becomes aware of a factor in his or her life that was heretofore unknown, counselors refer to it as
insight.
Freudian theory emphasizes
instincts.
In general, behavior modification strategies are based heavily on _______, while behavior therapy emphasizes _______.
instrumental conditioning; classical conditioning & Skinnerian principles; Pavlovian principles
Skinner's operant conditioning is also referred to as
instrumental learning.
A person who has successfully mastered Erikson's first seven stages would be ready to enter Erikson's final or eighth stage
integrity versus despair.
IQ means
intelligence quotient.
Career counselors refer to job shadowing and volunteering as _______ activities, while reading the job hunting book What Color Is Your Parachute? would be _______.
interactive; noninteractive.
In psychoanalytic family therapy the term introjects really means that the client
internalizes the positive and negative characteristics of the objects within themselves.
Occam's Razor suggests that experimenters
interpret the results in the simplest manner.
Experiments emphasize parsimony, which means
interpreting the results in the simplest way.
Which method of reliability testing would be useful with an essay test but not with a test of algebra problems?
interrater/interobserver
To research the dilemma of self-actualization, Maslow
interviewed the best people he could find who escaped "the psychology of the average."
The Eriksonian stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person is
intimacy versus isolation—ages 23 to 34.
One of the primary problems of counseling in the early 1960s was that it wrongly emphasized
intrapsychic processes.
A client who has incorporated his father's values into his thought patterns is a product of
introjection.
Holland's psychological needs career personality theory would say that a research chemist is primarily the _______ type.
investigative.
The ego defense mechanism projection
involves individuals attributing their own thoughts, feeling and motives to another person.
A group leader who is counseling children under 10 years of age could best enhance the treatment process by
involving parents and asking them for input.
Ellis feels that _______ is at the core of emotional disturbance.
irrational thinking at point B
The most effective time interval (temporal relation) between the CS and the US
is .5 or ½ of a second.
Multicultural counselors often adhere to the emic viewpoint. The word emic
is a "culture specific" perspective, from the word phonemic meaning sounds in a particular language.
Development
is a continuous process which begins at conception.
Whereas a culture is defined primarily via norms and values, a society differs from a culture in that a society
is a self-perpetuating independent group which occupies a definitive territory.
A power test
is a test designed to evaluate mastery without a time limit.
A Type II error
is also called a beta error & means you accept null when it is false.
A counselor reading this book says, "I couldn't care less about passing the NCE or licensing exam." This
is an attempt to reduce dissonance by denial, thus minimizing tension.
The statement, "Even though my car is old and doesn't run well, it sure keeps my insurance payments low,"
is an attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognitions.
The school psychometrician refers Katie to you for individual counseling. She indicates that Katie's IQ is at the 50th percentile. Katie's IQ
is approximately 100.
The psychometrician calls you to tell you that she has another student who has an IQ that falls near the 84th percentile. This student's IQ
is approximately 115.
Dualistic thinking
is common to teens in which things are conceptualized as good or bad or right or wrong.
A counselor educator is running an experiment to test a new form of counseling. Unbeknownst to the experimenter one of the clients in the study is secretly seeing a gestalt therapist. This experiment
is confounded/flawed.
The tendency to affiliate with others
is highest in firstborns and only children,
A counselor peruses a testing catalog in search of a test which will repeatedly give consistent results. The counselor
is interested in reliability.
When counseling a client from a different culture, a common error is made when negative transference
is interpreted as therapeutic resistance.
Most experts would agree that a resume
is like an art project and must look good.
The person who becomes overly reasonable
is likely to engage in the defense mechanism of intellectualization.
Fluid intelligence
is measured by content free reasoning, using block design or pictoral analogies.
Crystallized intelligence
is measured by tests that focus on content.
During a professional staff meeting, a counselor says he is worried that if techniques are implemented to stop a 6-year-old boy from sucking his thumb, then he will begin biting his nails or stuttering. The counselor
is most likely an analytically trained counselor concerned with symptom substitution.
Early vocalization in infants
is nearly identical in all cultures around the globe.
Midlife career change
is not that unusual.
Negative reinforcement requires the withdrawal of an aversive (negative) stimulus to increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur. Negative reinforcement is not used as often as positive reinforcement and
is not the same thing as punishment.
Psychoanalytic practitioners do not attack symptoms directly. Strategic therapy
is pragmatic and often focuses on abating symptoms.
A group leader who utilizes an abundance of group exercises is
is running a structured group.
If an experiment can be replicated by others with almost identical findings, then the experiment
is said to be reliable.
According to Kohlberg, level 3, which is postconventional or self-accepted moral principles,
is the highest level of morality. However, some people never reach this level.
Freud's Oedipus Complex
is the stage in which fantasies of sexual relations with the opposite-sex parent occurs & occurs during the phallic stage.
In the dual-career family, partners seem to be more self-sufficient than in the traditional family. In a dual-career household, the woman
is typically secure in her career before she has children.
The concept of job clubs as promoted by Azrin et al.
is very behavioristic
Cohesiveness, or group unity, is desirable. It promotes bonding and a sense of "we-ness" between group members. When cohesiveness is strong, nevertheless, it also can be negative as
it can stunt creativity & it can abet conformity.
Covert in psychology means
it can't be directly observed.
All of the following describe the analysis of covariance technique except
it is a correlation coefficient.
The problem with income sensitive or sliding fee scales (based on the client's ability to pay) is that
it is difficult to administer them in a fair manner.
In terms of trust and therapeutic surrender,
it is easier to trust people from one's own culture, lower-class people often don't trust others from a higher social class & lower-class clients may feel that they will end up as losers dealing with a counselor from a higher social class.
One major advantage of a closed group versus an open group is
it promotes cohesiveness.
In a culture-fair test
items are known to the subject regardless of his or her culture.
A 37-year-old Caucasian male states during a counseling session that he is working as a clerk at Main Street Plumbing. This verbalization depicts the client's
job or position.
JOC stands for
job, occupation, career.
According to Glasser, a positive addiction might be
jogging.
Carl Whitaker's interaction with the family could best be described as
joining the family and experiencing it as if he were a family member.
The law requires clinicians to
keep progress notes.
A counselor is counseling an executive secretary. The counselor notes that he is writing a book and explains to the client that he will see her for free if she types the manuscript. This is
known as bartering and unethical as described here.
A family counselor treats an Asian-American family exactly like he treats the Hispanic families in his caseload. He also imposes values from his own culture on them. This counselor has been described in the literature as
lacking cultural sensitivity & culturally encapsulated, a term suggested by counseling pioneer Gilbert Wrenn.
The Freudian developmental stage which "least" emphasizes sexuality is
latency.
In regard to state law and privileged communication, counselors must be aware that
laws are unclear and may vary from state to state.
Coleadership, also referred to as cofacilitation, can be a disadvantage when
leaders are working against each other; this can fragment the group, leaders are intimate with each other & leaders question each other's competence.
Martin Seligman's work is associated with
learned helplessness
Which of the following would most likely yield a perfect correlation of 1.00?
length in inches and length in centimeters.
A counselor who is seeing a client from a different culture would most likely expect _______ social conformity than he or she would from a client from his or her own culture.
less
Parents who do not tolerate or use aggression when raising children produce
less aggressive children.
Most experts would agree that an effective counseling group for children has
less members than an adult group.
The relationship that the therapist has with the client in reality therapy is
like that of a friend who asks what is wrong.
When a leader attempts to relate one person's predicament to another person's predicament, it is known as
linking.
Logos means
logic.
Face validity refers to the extent that a test
looks or appears to measure the intended attribute.
Roe's theory relies on Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs in the sense that in terms of career choice
lower order needs take precedence over higher order needs.
A(n) _______ client would most likely have the most difficulty with self-disclosure when speaking to a Caucasian counselor.
lower-class African-American male
Maslow, a humanistic psychologist, is famous for his "hierarchy of needs," which postulates
lower-order physiological and safety needs and higher-order needs, such as self-actualization.
The purpose of interpretation in counseling is to
make the clients aware of their unconscious processes.
Doing cross-cultural counseling
makes counselors increasingly aware of cultural differences.
A critical period
makes imprinting possible & signifies a special time when a behavior must be learned or the behavior won't be learned at all.
Suicide in adolescence (male vs female)
males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often.
Over 7,000 ACA members are now in private practice. The consensus among experts is that
managed care companies are becoming easier to work with.
Jung used drawings balanced around a center point to analyze himself, his clients, and dreams. He called them
mandalas.
Most scholars would assert that Freud's 1900 work entitled The Interpretation of Dreams was his most influential work. Dreams have
manifest and latent content.
Which of these factors is not delineated by Yalom as a curative factor?
manifest dream content and insight into the unconscious mind
Freud has been called the most significant theorist in the entire history of psychology. His greatest contribution was his conceptualization of the unconscious mind. Critics, however, contend that
many aspects of his theory are difficult to test from a scientific standpoint.
Arnold Gesell was a
maturation ist, development is determined through genetics and heredity.
You refer a client to Dr. Smith. Ethically, Dr. Smith
may not pay you a referral fee for sending her the client.
You have written a very popular book on reality therapy. Now you are teaching a graduate course on counseling at a local university. Ethically, you
may use the book as a textbook in your class.
The most useful measure of central tendency is the
mean often abbreviated by an X with a bar over it.
Conservation
means weight or mass stays the same in different shapes.
Formal diagnosis, also known as nosology, is most closely related to the _______ model.
medical.
A major advantage of group work versus individual work is that
members learn to give help in addition to receiving it and group sessions generally cost less (i.e., they are more economical) than individual counseling sessions.
Heterogeneous groups have
members who are not similar.
Homogeneous groups have
members who are similar.
Psychometric
mental testing or measurement.
The fear of death is greatest during
middle age.
The 2005 ACA code addresses end-of-life issues since these issues are getting a high degree of social attention (e.g., the Oregon assisted suicide law and the Terri Schiavo right-to-die case). The new code
suggests that counselors who are helping terminally ill clients who are thinking of hastening their own death would have the option of breaking or not breaking confidentiality.
Suicide In the general population
suicide rates tend to increase with age.
A group leader who asks each group member to recapitulate what he or she has learned during a given session is promoting
summarization.
When a counselor reviews what has transpired in past counseling sessions he or she is using
summarization.
Kohlberg proposed three levels of morality. Freud, on the other hand, felt morality developed from the
superego.
A counselor who works primarily with a geriatric population needs to be aware that
surprisingly enough, financial security and health are the best predictors of retirement adjustment.
The simplest form of descriptive research is the _______, which requires a questionnaire return rate of _______ to be accurate.
survey; 50-75%.
Bowlby saw bonding and attachment as having
survivor value or adaptive significance. Must bond with adult by three to be normal. If bond severed, known as object loss.
A master's level counselor lands an entry level counseling job in an agency in a warm climate. Her office is not air conditioned, but the counselor insists she likes this because sweating really helps to keep her weight in check. This illuminates
sweet lemon rationalization.
A client remarks that he was just dumped by his girl friend. The counselor responds, "Oh, you poor dear. It must be terrible! How can you go on living?" This is an example of
sympathy.
Behaviorists often utilize N=1, which is called intensive experimental design. The first step in this approach would be to
take a baseline measure.
Piaget felt
teachers should lecture less, as children in concrete operations learn best via their own actions and experimentation.
All reinforcers
tend to increase the probability that a behavior will occur.
You have attempted to help a client for over two years with little or no success. You should
terminate the relationship and initiate an appropriate referral.
One method of testing reliability is to give the same test to the same group of people two times and then correlate the scores. This is called
test-retest reliability.
The trait-and-factor or actuarial approach asserts that
testing is an important part of the counseling process & a counselor can match the correct person with the appropriate job.
The most controversial aspect of Freud's theory is
the Oedipus complex.
Some support for Roe's theory comes from
the Rorschach and the TAT.
In order to diagnose clients from a different culture
the counselor ideally will need some information regarding the specifics of the culture.
A neophyte counselor discovers that her clients invariably give yes and no answers to her questions. The problem is most likely that
the counselor is utilizing too many closed-ended questions.
Genuineness, or congruence, is really
the counselor's ability to be himself or herself.
The Tarasoff duty is
the counselor's duty to warn an intended victim who might be the target of danger or violence.
Zone of proximal development is
the difference in between a child's performance without a teacher versus with a teacher.
From a mathematical standpoint, the mean is merely the sum of the scores divided by the number of scores. The mean is misleading when
the distribution is skewed & there are extreme scores.
Macroculture is
the dominant culture or the culture accepted by the majority of citizens in a society. Majority culture.
Manifest content of a dream is
the dream material as it is presented.
The landmark 1969 case, Tarasoff versus the Board of Regents of the University of California illuminated
the duty to warn a client in imminent danger.
Behavior therapists often shy away from punishment because
the effects of punishment are usually temporary and it teaches aggression.
Freudians refer to the ego as
the executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle.
The most valuable type of research is
the experiment, used to discover cause-and-effect relationships.
One of the primary goals of Bowen's intergenerational family therapy is differentiation. Differentiation is
the extent that one can separate one's intellect from one's emotional self.
Risky shift phenomenon is
the fact that a group decision will be more liberal than an individual decision.
An intergenerational family therapist says she is concerned with the nuclear family emotional system. She is referring to
the fact that although the current family in therapy has an emotional system, this emotional system is influenced by previous generations whether they are alive or dead.
Egocentrism is
the fact that the child cannot view the world from the vantage point of someone else.
A mother insists on accompanying her 20-year-old daughter on a date. A structural therapist would assume that
the family has diffuse boundaries.
A married couple brings their two children to counseling for behavioral problems. The 14-year-old daughter stays out late and their 17-year-old son is using drugs. According to most marriage and family therapists the identified patient would be
the family.
Solution-Oriented therapy as practiced by William O'Hanlon, Insoo Kim Berg, Steve de Shazer, and Michelle Weiner Davis focuses primarily on
the future.
A group with more than one leader is said to utilize coleaders. Coleadership is desirable because
the group can go on even if one leader is absent, two leaders can focus on group dynamics better than one leader & leaders can process their feelings between sessions.
A client would generally feel the most suspicious of others in
the group formation/exploratory stage.
Latent content of a dream is
the hidden meaning of the dream.
Cultural relativity is
the idea that a behavior cannot be assessed as good or bad except within the context of the culture. Cultural relativism.
Ecological culture is
the idea that cultural norms are related to the climate or resources of a place.
Cultural awareness is
the idea that the counselor must understand cultural factors.
Constructivist therapists and theories stress
the importance of understanding the clients view of his or her own problems.
An SDS score will reveal
the individual's three highest scores based on Holland's personality types.
In a spiral test
the items get progressively more difficult.
When comparing the autocratic, democratic, and laissez faire styles,
the laissez faire is the most desirable.
Most experts would agree that the peak period of competition between the various schools of counseling and therapy (e.g., gestalt, behavioristic, reality therapy, etc.) was during
the late 1960s.
Edward Thorndike is known for
the law of effect. Trial and error learning
Super's theory includes
the life-career rainbow.
A man yells at his wife and then slaps her, stating that she does nothing around the house. The woman begins crying and he puts his arm around her to comfort her. He then begins crying and says that he doesn't know how he can continue doing all the housework because it is too diffi cult. A TA therapist who analyzes the situation using Karpman's triangle would say
the man has moved from the persecutor, to the rescuer, to the victim role.
In order for the professor of counselor education to conduct the experiment suggested the experimental group would need to receive
the manipulated IV & the biofeedback training.
Group content refers to material discussed in a group setting. Group process refers to
the manner in which discussions and transactions occur.
In a career counseling session an electrical engineer mentions three jobs he has held. The fi rst paid $10 per hour, the second paid $30 per hour, and the third paid a higher rate of $50 per hour. The counselor responds that the client is averaging $30 per hour. The counselor is using
the mean.
The median is
the middle score when the data are arranged from highest to lowest.
The most common measures of central tendency are the mean, the median, and the mode. The mode is
the most frequently occurring score and the least important measure of central tendency.
In terms of the labor market
the number of employees employers want to hire goes down as salary goes up & the number of employees willing to work for you goes up as the salary increases.
As a professional counselor you develop a self-help software package for use by the general public. Ethics indicate that
the package must be initially designed for stand-alone usage as opposed to modifying a package requiring counselor support.
A behavioristic family counselor suggests that the family chart the number of times that 6-year-old Billy says "no" when he is told to do something. The baseline of the chart would refer to
the period before the behavior modifi cation begins.
Common archetypes include
the persona—the mask or role we present to others to hide our true self, animus, anima, self, and shadow—the mask behind the persona, which contains id-like material, denied, yet desired.
During the course of a family session you discover that a man and his 14-year-old boy are putting pressure on mom to quit her job. Mom very much likes her work. In Haley's theory this set of dynamics would be called
the perverse triangle.
Existential theorists speak of phenomenology, which refers to the client's internal personal experience of events, and ontology, which is
the philosophy of being and existing.
When a structural therapist uses the term boundaries he or she really means
the physical and psychological entities that separate individuals and subsystems from others in the family.
A researcher gives a depressed patient a sugar pill and the individual's depression begins to lift. This is known as
the placebo effect.
Appraisal can be defined as
the process of assessing or estimating attributes.
Ginzberg and his colleagues now believe in a development model of career choice which asserts that
the process of choosing a career does not end at age 20 or adulthood, career choice decisions are really made throughout the life span & career choice is reversible.
When a counselor speaks of a probable outcome in a case, he or she is technically referring to
the prognosis.
One major difference between the psychology versus the counseling movement seems to be that
the psychologists are working to eliminate practitioners with less than a doctorate, while the counselors are not.
Group norms refer to
the range of acceptable behavior within the group.
When a researcher uses correlation, then there is no direct manipulation of the IV. A researcher might ask, for example, how IQ correlates with the incidence of panic disorder. Again, nothing is manipulated; just measured. In cases such as this a correlation coefficient will reveal
the relationship between IQ and panic disorder.
Existential counselors as well as Rogerian Person-Centered counselors adhere to what Buber called the I-Thou relationship, which asserts that
the relationship is horizontal.
Researchers often utilize naturalistic observation when doing ethological investigations or studying children's behavior. In this approach
the researcher does not manipulate or control variables.
If a distribution is bimodal, then there is a good chance that
the researcher is working with two distinct populations.
There are two distinct types of developmental studies. In a cross-sectional study, clients are assessed at one point in time. In a longitudinal study, however,
the same people are studied over a period of time.
Everybody picks on
the scapegoat.
Fights between subgroups and members showing rebellion against the leader generally occur in
the second stage known as the control stage or the transition stage.
The most popular developmental career theorist is Donald Super. Super emphasizes
the self-concept.
A hierarchy, or pecking order, among members occurs in
the stage of storming, also known as the power-control stage.
Mike takes a math achievement test. In order to predict his score if he takes the test again the counselor must know
the standard error of measurement (SEM).
A counselor believes that clients who receive assertiveness training will ask more questions in counseling classes. An experimental group receives assertiveness training while a control group does not. In order to test for signifi cant differences between the groups the counselor should utilize
the student's t test.
The word ethology, which is often associated with the work of Konrad Lorenz, refers to
the study of animals' behavior in their natural environment.
Positive psychology is
the study of human strengths (Maslow)
Propinquity is
the tendency for people in proximity to be attracted to each other.
When comparing a tertiary group with a primary or secondary group
the tertiary is more likely to deal with severe pathology.
Construct validity is
the test's ability to measure a construct like intelligence.
All of the following are difficulties with career testing except
the tests all take at least three hours to administer.
The acquisition period is
the time it takes to learn or acquire a given behavior.
When professional career counselors use the term leisure they technically mean
the time the client has away from work which is not being utilized for obligations.
If the researcher in the previous question utilized two IVs then the statistic of choice would be
the two-way ANOVA or MANOVA.
A platykurtic distribution would look approximately like
the upper half of a hot dog, lying on its side over the abscissa.
Today, the most popular approach to career choice reflects
the work of John Holland.
When a horizontal line is drawn under a frequency distribution it is known as
the x axis.
A major group dynamic is group development. This is usually expressed in terms of
theories of group stages.
Mrs. Chance tells a family therapist that she pays all the bills, does all the cleaning, and brings in 90% of the family's income. Moreover, Mrs. Chance is convinced that her husband does not appreciate her or show her affection. According to the behavioristic principle of family therapy known as reciprocity
there is a good chance that Mrs. Chance will consider leaving the marriage.
Organismic theorists believe
there is no mind body distinction. (Qualitative)
P = .05 means that
there is only a 5% chance that the difference between the control group and the experimental groups is due to chance factors.
Research related to elementary school counselors indicates that
these counselors are effective, do make a difference in children's lives, and more counselors should be employed.
Interest inventories are positive in the sense that
they are reliable and not threatening to the test taker.
Coleaders are apt to work at cross-purposes when
they do not meet between group sessions.
One major criticism of interest inventories is that
they emphasize professional positions and minimize bluecollar jobs.
Self-serving or individual roles are negative inasmuch as
they work against the group & they serve the individual and not the group.
National culture is
things related to a countries culture.`
Insurance payments are also called
third-party payments.
You are supervising a licensing candidate who is primarily interested in marriage and family counseling. You are very attracted to her and have sex with her. According to ethics guidelines
this is unethical.
Albert Ellis believes
this transpires due to the client's irrational thought process.
J. P. Guilford isolated 120 factors which added up to intelligence. He also is remembered for his
thoughts on convergent and divergent thinking.
Rogers felt that _______ for client change to occur.
three conditions are necessary.
Lawrence Kohlberg suggested
three levels of morality.
One advantage of group work is that a counselor can see more clients in a given period of time. One disadvantage is that a counselor can be too focused on group processes and
thus individual issues are not properly examined.
The family counselor explains to Mrs. Smith that the next time that 9-year-old Sally hits her little brother she must sit in the family room by herself. The counselor is using
time-out, a procedure that most behaviorists feel is a form of extinction.
Most experts in the field of group counseling would agree that the most important trait for group members is the ability
to trust.
Validity refers
to whether the test measures what it says it measures.
The gestalt dialogue experiment generally utilizes the concepts of
top dog, underdog, and the empty chair technique.
T-groups often stress ways employees can express themselves in an effective manner. The "T" in T-groups merely stands for
training.
Occupational aptitude tests such as the Differential Aptitude Test (DAT), the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Test Battery (ASVAB), and the O*NET Ability Profiler grew out of the
trait-and-factor movement related to career counseling.
When a client projects feelings toward the therapist that he or she originally had toward a significant other, it is called
transference.
A person-centered therapist would
treat all diagnostic categories of the DSM using the same principles.
Consequential validity
tries to ascertain the social implications of using tests.
The statement: "Males are better than females when performing mathematical calculations" is
true according to research by Maccoby and Jacklin.
The statement, "Native Americans have a problem with alcoholism and suicide," is
true.
Sensorimotor is to Piaget as oral is to Freud, and as _______ is to Erikson.
trust versus mistrust
Name Erikson's stages.
trust versus mistrust 0-1. autonomy versus shame and doubt 1-3. initiative versus guilt 3-6. industry versus inferiority 6-12. identity versus role confusion 12-20. intimacy versus isolation 20-34. generativity versus stagnation 34-65. ego integrity versus despair 65 plus.
When a group member is speaking, it is best for the counselor to
try to face the group member.
Although the length of group counseling sessions will vary, most experts would agree that _______ is plenty of time even when critical issues are being examined.
two hours per session.
An achievement test measures maximum performance while a personality test or interest inventory measures
typical performance.
Positive transference is to love as negative transference is to hostility, and as ambivalent transference is to
uncertainty.
An association that naturally exists, such as an animal salivating when food is presented, is called
unconditioned.
Id, ego, superego is to structural theory as _______ is to topographical theory.
unconscious, preconscious, conscious.
A counselor with a master's degree who is working for minimum wage at a fast-food restaurant due to a lack of jobs in the field is a victim of
underemployment.
An experiment is said to be confounded when
undesirable variables are not kept out of the experiment.
A client asks you for classical psychoanalysis yet you have no training whatsoever in this area. If you agree to analyze the client, you are
unethical as this is misrepresentation.
A counselor is treating a woman for a mood disorder. The counselor has sex with the woman's daughter. According to the revised 2005 ACA Code of Ethics this is considered
unethical.
The compensatory effect is
when a worker compensates for things they can't do on the job.
Primal scene is
when a young child witnesses his parents having sex or is seduced by a parent.
The spillover effect is
when an individual's work spills over into their time off.
The contrast effect is
when an interviewer's impression of an interviewee is affected by previous interviewees.
Acculturation is
when ethnic or racial minorities integrate or adopt cultural beliefs and customs from the majority or dominant culture.
Coleadership is helpful
when one leader is experiencing countertransference.
Dissonance is
when people have inconsistent or incompatible actions or beliefs (Festinger).
External validity is
when research results can be generalized to larger populations.
Pica is
when someone wants to eat items that are not food.
Countertransference is
when the counselor's feelings or attachment are strong enough to hinder the treatment process.
Internal validity is
when the dependent variables were influenced by the experiment.
The ego defense mechanism displacement is
when the mind substitutes either a new aim or a new object for goals felt in their original form to be dangerous or unacceptable.
In cross-cultural counseling, structuring is very important. This concept asserts that counseling is most effective
when the nature and structure of the counseling situation is described during the initial session.
In the field of testing, validity refers to
whether the test really measures what it purports to measure.
In Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor
which evolves primarily during the oral age.
Roe spoke of three basic parenting styles: overprotective, avoidant, or acceptant. The result is that the child
will develop a personality which gravitates (i.e., moves) toward people or away from people.
According to Satir, the individual displaying an irrelevant style
will distract the family from the problem via constantly talking about irrelevant topics.
A counselor who sports NCC after her name
will need a specified amount of continuing education contact hours before she can be recertified, or she will need to take the NCE again.
Privileged communication refers to the fact that anything said to a counselor by a client
will not be divulged outside the counseling setting without the client's permission.
The placater is a people pleaser under stress while the blamer
will sacrifice others to feel good about himself, will often say "if it weren't for you...." & will point the finger at others to avoid dealing with his or her own issues.
The group IQ test movement began
with the Army Alpha and Army Beta in World War I.
According to the concept of wage discrimination
women make less than men for doing the same job.
Lifestyle includes
work, leisure & style of living.
Counseling generally occurs in a clinical setting while consultation generally occurs in a _______ setting.
work/organizational
Intrapersonal leaders favor
working on the past.
A woman who is being robbed
would fi nd that the number of people who would respond to her distress actually decreases as the number of bystanders increases.
Daniel Levinson proposed a theory with several major life transitions. He
wrote the 1978 classic Seasons of a Man's Life and the sequel Seasons of a Woman's Life in 1997 & postulated a midlife crisis for men between ages 40-45 and for women approximately five years earlier.
Assume that you have decided to refer a client elsewhere because you were unable to help her. The client insists upon seeing you. Ethics guidelines would dictate that
you are not obligated to continue the relationship.
A malpractice or liability insurance company is least likely to defend you if
you are sexually involved with a client.
In an ipsative measure the person taking the test must compare items to one another. The result is that
you cannot legitimately compare two or more people who have taken an ipsative test.
You are a counselor in a state that does not legally support privileged communication. You refuse to testify in court. In this situation
you could be held in contempt of court.
In a cyclical test
you have several sections which are spiral in nature.
A Type I error occurs when
you reject null when it is true.
Virginia Satir felt that a major goal of therapy was to improve intrafamily communication (i.e., communication between family members). According to Satir, four basic patterns prevented good communication under stress. These defensive postures or stress positions are: placating, blaming, being overly reasonable, and being irrelevant. Placating means
you try to please everybody out of a fear of rejection.
Identify the DSM code.
303.90.
The same test is given to the same group of people using the test-retest reliability method. The correlation between the first and second administration is .70. The true variance (i.e., the percentage of shared variance or the level of the same thing measured in both) is
49%
Most experts would agree that an effective adult counseling group has _______ members.
5 or 6 to 8.
In World War II the Air Force used stanine scores as a measurement. Stanine scores divide the distribution into nine equal intervals with stanine 1 as the lowest ninth and 9 as the highest ninth. In this system 5 is the mean. Thus a Binet IQ score of 101 would fall in stanine
5.
The Binet stressed age-related tasks. Utilizing this method, a 9-year-old task would be one which
50% of the 9-year-olds could answer correctly.
The client who would most likely engage in introspection would be a
52-year-old single African-American male school administrator.
Kohlberg lists _______ stages of moral development which fall into _______ levels.
6, 3
The range is a measure of variance and usually is calculated by determining the difference between the highest and the lowest score. Thus, on a test where the top score was a 93 and the lowest score was a 33 out of 100, the range would be
61.
The WAIS-III IQ test is given to 100 adults picked randomly. How many of the adults most likely would receive an IQ score between 85 and 115?
68 people.
The variance is a measure of dispersion of scores around some measure of central tendency. The variance is the standard deviation squared. A popular IQ test has a standard deviation (SD) of 15. A counselor would expect that if the mean IQ score is 100, then
68% of the people who take the test will score between 85 and 115.
A researcher working with a personality test discovers that the test has a reliability coefficient of .70 which is somewhat typical. This indicates that
70% of the score is accurate while 30% is inaccurate.
Holland's artistic type seems to value feelings over pure intellect or cognitive ability. Which of the following clients would not be best described via the artistic typology?
A 33-year-old female drill press operator.
There are four basic measurement scales: the nominal, the ordinal, the interval, and the ratio. The nominal scale is strictly a qualitative scale. It is the simplest type of scale. It is used to distinguish logically separated groups. Which of the following illustrates the function of the nominal scale?
A DSM or ICD diagnostic category.
_______ is a biofeedback device.
A bathroom scale
_______ would be an informal method of appraisal.
A checklist.
Pick the best example(s) of the psychoanalytic concept of splitting.
A client who realistically perceives her therapist as only having good qualities & A client who sees her therapist as all bad.
In most instances, who would be the best qualified to give the Rorschach Inkblot Test?
A clinical psychologist.
The new ACA ethical guidelines stipulate that a counselor can refrain from making a diagnosis if the counselor believes the diagnosis could harm the client or others.
A counselor could refrain from making an Axis I or an Axis II diagnosis if it is in the best interest of the client & A decision to refrain from making a diagnosis is ideally made in collaboration with the client, although the counselor has the final say.
Which choice would most likely violate the counseling ethic or law termed "scope of practice"?
A counselor who is conducting a strict Freudian psychoanalysis with the client.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) was created by the American Psychiatric Association. The Manual of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death (ICD) was created by the World Health Organization (WHO). Which counselor would most likely be required to utilize one of these guides to diagnose a client?
A counselor who wishes to secure insurance (i.e., third party) payments.
A counselor is screening clients for a new group at the college counseling center. Which client would most likely be the poorest choice for a group member?
A first-year student who is suicidal and sociopathic.
The word eclectic is most closely associated with
Frederick C. Thorne.
Which is more important, validity or reliability?
Validity
Experiential conjoint family therapy is closely related to the work of
Virginia Satir.
The best IQ test for a 22-year-old single male would be the
WAIS-III.
The best intelligence test for a sixth-grade girl would be the
WISC-IV.
The best intelligence test for a kindergartner would be the
WPPSI-III.
Historically speaking, the first psychology laboratory was set up by
Wilhelm Wundt, in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany.
All of these theorists could be associated with the analytic movement except
Wolpe.
A true/false test has _______ recognition items.
dichotomous
Which DSM diagnosis indicates the most serious pathology?
296.24.
Which measure would yield the highest level of reliability?
A very accurate scale.
A counselor who had an interest primarily in testing would most likely be a member of
AMECD.
A counseling journal article should use documentation (i.e., references) that is based on
APA style.
Counseling became popular after the 1931 publication of
Workbook in Vocations by Proctor, Benefield, and Wrenn.
The National Vocational Guidance Association was founded in 1913. It was fused with other organizations in 1952 to become
APGA.
Bowen popularized a three-generational pictorial diagram as a therapy tool. This is known as
a genogram.
Holland believed that
a given occupation will tend to attract persons with similar personalities.
Groups can be open or closed. The two differ in that
closed groups allow no new members after the group begins.
Which statement made by a group leader in a residential center for adolescents focuses on product rather than process?
"Ken has not stolen for a week and thus is eligible for supplementary tokens."
One trend is that women are moving into more careers that in the past were populated by males. Women workers are often impacted by the "glass ceiling phenomenon." Assuming that a counselor's behavior is influenced by the phenomenon, which statement would he most likely make when conducting a career counseling session with a female client who wants to advance to a higher position?
"Let's be rational: A woman can only advance so far. You really have very little if any chance of becoming a corporate executive. I'm here to help you cope with this reality."
Which statement made by a doctoral-level counselor is illustrative of a leader focused on process rather than product?
"You wince whenever Jane raises her voice."
Which level of significance would best rule out chance factors?
.001
The study that would best rule out chance factors would have a significance level of P =
.001.
In the social sciences the accepted probability level is usually
.05 or less.
You want to admit only 25% of all counselors to an advanced training program in psychodynamic group therapy. The item difficulty on the entrance exam for applicants would be best set at
.25.
A career counselor is using a test for job selection purposes. An acceptable reliability coefficient would be _______ or higher.
.80
An excellent psychological or counseling test would have a reliability coefficient of
.90
Carkhuff's five level empathy scale is:
1 Not attending or detracting. 2 Subtracts affect from the communication. 3 Feelings expressed by client are basically interchangeable with client's meaning and affect. 4 Counselor adds to client's affect. 5 Counselor adds significantly to client's feeling and meaning in deepest moments.
Order in which children learn conservation
1. Mass 2. Weight 3. Volume
In constructing a test you notice that all 75 people correctly answered item number 12. This gives you an item difficulty of
1.0.
Each year, approximately 31,000 U.S. citizens commit suicide with an alarming 2,000 individuals attempting suicide each day in the United States. Suicide often checks in as the second or third leading killer of teens. Men commit suicide more frequently than women, however, women attempt suicide far more often than men. It is accurate to say that
10 to 15% of all claims handled by the ACA liability insurance programs are related to suicide.
The mean on the Wechsler and the Binet is _______ and the standard deviation is _______.
100; 15 Wechsler, 16 Stanford-Binet
The Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) was published by the U.S. Department of Labor. The guide lists groups of jobs listed in
14 interest areas.
Z-scores (also called standard scores) are the same as standard deviations, thus a z-score of -2.5 means
2.5 SD below the mean.
Nosology refers to a system of classifi cation. Name the nosological system(s) utilized by professional counselors who diagnose clients.
DSM & ICD.
Ackerman
Ackerman incorporated the idea of "the family being a social and emotional unit." His main focuses, with respect to family therapy, were intergenerational ties and conflicts, the influence of long-term social change impacting the family, the developmental stages of the family as a single unit, the importance of emotion within the family structure, and equal amounts of authority among parents.
Lifestyle, birth order, and family constellation are emphasized by
Adler.
Which theorist's work has been classified as a preface to the group movement?
Adler.
_______ emphasized the drive for superiority.
Adler.
John Krumboltz postulated a social learning approach to career choice. This model is based mainly on the work of
Albert Bandura.
Self-efficacy theory is based on the work of
Albert Bandura.
Organ inferiority relates mainly to the work of
Alfred Adler's individual psychology.
The statement, "Sibling interaction may have more impact than parent/child interaction" describes
Alfred Adler's theory.
_______ was a pioneer in the early history of family therapy.
Alfred Adler.
Sigmund Freud is the father of psychoanalysis, which is both a form of treatment and a very comprehensive personality theory. According to Freud's theory, inborn drives (mainly sexual) help form the personality. _______ and _______, who originally worked with Freud, created individual psychology and analytic psychology, respectively.
Alfred Adler; Carl Jung.
The fi rst intelligence test was created by
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon.
In a parametric test the assumption is that the scores are normally distributed. In nonparametric testing the curve is not a normal distribution. Which of these tests are nonparametric statistical measures?
All of the above are nonparametric measures.
Predictive validity is
Also known as empirical validity. It's the test's ability to predict future behavior based on results.
Virginia was the first state to license counselors in 1976. The APGA (later AACD and now ACA) division that was initially the most instrumental in pushing for licensing was the
American Counselor Education and Supervision.
Lewis Terman
Americanized the Binet.
Section G of NBCC's Code of Ethics describes ethical issues related to private practice. Which of these situations is clearly an ethics violation?
An executive director of a private practice who has his name listed in a Yellow Pages advertisement as a counseling provider despite the fact that he is out of the country and is engaged in a research project for the next two years.
A counselor is conducting a screening for clients who wish to participate in a counseling group which will meet Tuesday nights at his private practice office. Which client would most likely be the poorest choice for a group member?
An extremely hostile and belligerent construction worker.
A career counselor who relies on the constructivist viewpoint would emphasize that
An individual's career choice is influenced by his or her attempt to make meaning out of the world of work.
Which group would most likely avoid eye contact with the counselor and benefit from assertiveness training?
Asian Americans.
The acronym NLP is an abbreviation of
Bandler and Grinder's neurolinguistic programming.
ABA Design
Baseline is A. Treatment is B. Occurrence of behavior after treatment is A. Used to measure changes in behavior.
Pick the most accurate statement
Behavior therapies based on classical conditioning are commonly used to treat phobias, but are also utilized for clients with obsessive-compulsive disorders or OCD.
A counselor who fears the client has an organic, neurological, or motoric difficulty would most likely use the
Bender Gestalt.
Which therapist was not instrumental in the early years of the social psychology movement?
Berne
Roe recognized the role of the unconscious mind in terms of career choice. Another theorist who emphasized the unconscious processes in this area of study was
Bordin.
When working with an African-American family the best approach would probably be
Bowen's family therapy; Minuchin's structural family therapy; or Jay Haley's strategic family therapy.
The sequence of object loss, which goes from protest to despair to detachment, best describes the work of
Bowlby.
Pick the most accurate statement.
Brief solution-oriented therapy sometimes uses a treatment team behind a one-way mirror, nevertheless, it is not required.
A college student who suffers from panic disorder types his symptoms and concerns onto a PC screen and then waits for the computer program to respond or question him further. The student engages in this practice for one 40-minute session per week. This is an example of
CAC.
Which statement best describes the counseling profession's reaction to computer assisted counseling and computer managed counseling?
CMC has been well received since it cuts down time on paperwork, scheduling, and record keeping, but there is a mixed reaction to CAC as some feel it depersonalizes counseling.
Computers are now being used in various counseling settings. Counselors speak of Computer Assisted Counseling (CAC) and Computer Managed Counseling (CMC). An office that employs a computer to schedule clients would be an example of
CMC.
In Pavlov's famous experiment using dogs, the bell was the _______, and the meat was the _______.
CS; UCS
The most popular paradigm of mental health consultation has been proposed by
Caplan.
Empathy and counselor effectiveness scales reflect the work of
Carkhuff and Gazda.
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator reflects the work of
Carl Jung.
Psychotherapy of the absurd is primarily related to the work of
Carl Whitaker.
Virginia Satir is considered a leading figure in experiential family therapy. _______ is sometimes called the dean of experiential family therapy.
Carl Whitaker.
Which therapist could best be described as atheoretical?
Carl Whitaker.
SIGI Plus, Choices, and Discover are
Computer Assisted Career Guidance Systems (CACG).
You are counseling a well-known celebrity who dies. According to the new 2005 ACA Ethical Code
Confidentially exists even after she dies.
You leave your practice to study mental health treatment in another country. Dr. Kline, another licensed counselor, is now the custodian of your records. To conform with current ethical standards this was clearly explained in your informed consent brochure given to the client during the first visit. The clients have Dr. Kline's contact information. According to the new ethics regarding transfer plans
Dr. Kline should contact each client when he receives the record.
Dr. X recommends to his agency clients that he would rather counsel them in his private practice. Ethically speaking
Dr. X is diverting agency clients to his practice and this is unethical.
A dual-career family (or dual-worker couple) is one in which both partners have jobs to which they are committed on a somewhat continuous basis. Which statement is true of dual-career families?
Dual-career families have higher incomes than the so called traditional family in which only one partner is working.
If an ANOVA yields a significant F value, you could rely on _______ to test significant differences between group means.
Duncan's multiple-range, Tukey's, or Scheffe's test.
A counselor who wanted to teach a client to produce alpha waves for relaxation would utilize
EEG feedback.
A counselor discovered that a client became nervous and often experienced panic attacks when she would tense her frontalis muscle over her eyes. The counselor wanted direct muscle feedback and thus would rely on
EMG feedback.
A doctoral student who begins working on his bibliography for his thesis would most likely utilize
ERIC, for primary and secondary resources.
B. F. Skinner's reinforcement theory elaborated on
Edward Thorndike's law of effect.
According to the Yale research by Daniel J. Levinson
Eighty percent of the men in the study experienced moderate to severe midlife crises & an "age 30 crisis" occurs in men when they feel it will soon be too late to make later changes.
EKG
Electrocardiogram, provides data on heart.
EEG
Electroencephalogram, monitors brain waves.
EMG
Electromyogram, measures muscle tension
The philosopher most closely related to REBT would be
Epictetus, a stoic philosopher who suggested we feel the way we think.
Trust versus mistrust is
Erik Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development.
The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire life span was
Erik Erikson.
The term identity crisis comes from the work of
Erikson.
A counselor has an answering machine in her office. Which statement most accurately depicts the ethical guidelines related to this situation.
Ethical guidelines allow answering machines, but experts insist that unauthorized staff should not be allowed to listen or retrieve such messages.
Jung's Anima and Animus are
Female characteristics of personality - anima. Male characteristics of personality - animus.
A popular balance theory in social psychology is _______ cognitive dissonance theory.
Festinger's
Which statement is true of African-American families?
Fewer African Americans are getting married than at any time in history and out-of wedlock births account for two out of three first births to African-American women under the age of 35 & African Americans are less likely to be concerned about gender roles (e.g., men and women can cook meals or work outside of the home).
_______ did research and concluded that intelligence was normally distributed like height or weight and that it was primarily genetic.
Francis Galton
_______ was the first pioneer to focus heavily on sociocultural issues.
Frank Parsons—the Father of Guidance, who wrote Choosing a Vocation
The _______ are examples of aptitude tests.
GATB, the O*NET Ability Profi ler, and the MCAT
The U.S. Employment Service created the
GATB.
An aptitude test predicts future behavior while an achievement test measures what you have mastered or learned. In the case of a test like _______ the distinction is unclear.
GRE
GSR
Galvanic skin response, electrical skin resistance.
_______ factors cause Down syndrome, which produces mental retardation.
Genetic
Eric Berne is to TA as Fritz Perls is to
Gestalt therapy.
Developmental career theorists view career choice as an ongoing or so-called longitudinal process rather than a single decision made at one point in time. The pioneer theorists in this area—who were the first to forsake the matching models—were
Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma.
Which theorist was most concerned with maternal deprivation?
H. Harlow
The researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys is
Harry Harlow.
Holland relied on a personality theory of career choice. Hoppock's theory, based on the work of _______ is also considered a personality approach.
Henry Murray.
Matt was diagnosed with somatization disorder which falls under the category of somatoform disorders. It safe to say that
His symptoms have lasted over six months and his condition manifested itself prior to age 30.
In the United States, a frequent practice is to see a perfect stranger for therapy.
However, in other cultures it would not be the norm to see a stranger and receive pay for providing help.
Experimenters should always abide by a code of ethics. The variable you manipulate/control in an experiment is the
IV or independent variable.
Id Superego Ego
Id is natural instincts. Superego is morals and ideals. Ego is logical and rational.
A game is composed of transactions which end in a bad feeling for at least one player. Games are said to prevent true intimacy. Which other statement is true of games?
In a first-degree game the harm is minimal, but the level of harm is quite serious in a third-degree game.
A counselor who possesses a graduate degree wishes to become a licensed psychologist. Which statement most accurately depicts the current situation?
In nearly every case individuals trained in counseling departments would not be allowed to sit for the EPPP and thus could not become licensed psychologists.
The agency you work for insists that you diagnose every client. Since this is in violation of the new ACA ethics this would qualify as "negative conditions." You could handle this by
Meeting with your supervisor and executive director of the agency and discussing other ways to secure funding that go beyond DSM reimbursement. Advocate for the client by explaining to the insurance company asking for the diagnosis that in some cases it is best that a diagnosis not be given. You could even teach the client to advocate for herself by having her inform the insurance company that a diagnosis might not be in her best interest & Show your supervisor, executive director, or insurance company/managed care firm the actual ACA Code of Ethics so they can see it in writing that the code stipulates that "Counselors may refrain from making and/or reporting a diagnosis if they believe it would cause harm."
Narrative therapy (NT), which highlights stories in counseling, is associated with the work of
Michael White, his wife Cheryl White, and David Epston.
Edmund Griffith Williamson's work (or the so-called Minnesota Viewpoint) purports to be scientific and didactic, utilizing test data from instruments such as the
Minnesota Occupational Rating Scales.
Mrs. Kim wanted her daughter to attend a private school for gifted children who have very high intelligence. Mrs. Kim's daughter took the Otis Lennon IQ test. Her T score was 80. Kim's counselor knew that
Mrs. Kim would be elated because her daughter scored exceptionally high and would be admitted.
In the late 1970s, AACD ( known as ACA since 1992) began to focus very heavily on professional credentialing. This led to the formation of the
NBCC.
By passing the NCE, a counselor can attain _______, given via NBCC.
NCC, a generic certification for counselors.
As a private practice counselor your _______ would be most important in terms of filing claims.
NPI number.
The theory of psychodynamic family counseling is primarily associated with
Nathan Ackerman.
The first studies, which demonstrated that animals could indeed be conditioned to control autonomic processes, were conducted by
Neal Miller.
Cybernetics is a concept used by family therapists. It is usually associated with the work of
Norbert Wiener.
Berne suggested three ego states: the Parent, the Adult, and the Child (P-A-C). The Parent ego state is composed of values internalized from significant others in childhood. TA therapists speak of two functions in the Parent ego state, the _______.
Nurturing Parent and the Critical Parent
A counselor wants to suggest an easy-to-read source for a client in search of career information. The counselor should recommend
OOH.
A counselor who is interested in trends in the job market should consult the
OOH.
In transactional analysis, the _______ is the conscience, or ego state concerned with moral behavior, while in Freudian theory it is the _______.
Parent; superego.
The trait-and-factor career counseling, actuarial, or matching approach (which matches clients with a job) is associated with
Parsons and Williamson.
Systematic desensitization is a form of behavior based on who's work?
Pavlov. Classical conditioning.
A popular TWA career counseling model by Renee V. Dawis and Lloyd Lofquist uses the abbreviation PEC. This stands for
Person Environment Correspondence.
_______ is like looking in a mirror but thinking you are looking out a window.
Projection.
Which group has been most instrumental in opposing counselor licensure?
Psychologists.
Hypothesis testing is most closely related to the work of
R. A. Fisher.
Albert Ellis is to REBT as Maxie C. Maultsby, Jr., is to
RBT.
William Glasser, M.D., is to reality therapy as Albert Ellis, Ph.D., is to
Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT).
The 16 PF reflects the work of
Raymond B. Cattell.
The Black versus White IQ controversy was sparked mainly by a 1969 article written by _______.
Raymond B. Cattell.
A counselor is seeing a client on a managed care plan. Unfortunately, the client has used up her maximum number of sessions for the year. The counselor is convinced that the client is in need of additional counseling, however, the counselor's agency will not allow him to see her for any additional sessions. The best plan of action would be for the counselor to
Refer the client for continued counseling to a practitioner who will see the client whether or not she has managed care benefits.
Which statement is true of the person-centered approach?
Reflection is used a lot yet the counselor rarely gives advice.
Which statement is true of families?
Remarriage today is common.
Which counselor would most likely say that we choose a job to meet our needs?
Robert Hoppock.
Today the Stanford-Binet is used from ages 2 to adulthood. The IQ formula has been replaced by the
SAS.
A researcher creates a new motoric test in which clients throw a baseball at a target 40 feet away. Each client is given 100 throws, and the mean on the test is 50. (In other words, out of 100 throws the mean number of times the client will hit the target is 50 times.) Sam took the test and hit the target just two times out of the 100 throws allowed. Jeff, on the other hand, hit the target an amazing 92 out of 100 trials. Using the concept of statistical regression toward the mean the research would predict that
Sam's score will increase while Jeff's will go down.
The doctor-patient consultation model relies on four distinct stages: entry, diagnosis, implementation, and evaluation. In order for the doctor--patient structure to work, the consultee (i.e., the person receiving the consultation) must accurately depict symptomatology, trust the consultant's diagnosis, and carry out the consultant's directives. This model is associated most closely with the work of
Schein.
Glasser's theory was popularized in educational circles after he wrote
Schools Without Failure.
_______ is the leading cause of malpractice actions taken against counselors, therapists, and mental health providers.
Sexual misconduct.
The statement, "the ego is dependent on the id," would most likely reflect the work of
Sigmund Freud.
Which statement is true?
Single life is short-lived for divorced persons. About 30% of all divorced persons are remarried within 12 months of being divorced.
_______ believe that aggression is learned. Thus, a child who witnesses aggressive behavior in adults may imitate the aggressive behavior.
Social learning theorists
_______ is associated with obedience and authority.
Stanley Milgram, a noted psychologist,
In a random sample each individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected. Selection is by chance. In a new study, however, it will be important to include 20% African Americans. What type of sampling procedure will be necessary?
Stratified sampling would be best.
Freud's theory speaks of Eros and Thanatos. A client who threatens a self-destructive act is being ruled primarily by
Thanatos.
_______ was a prime factor in the history of multicultural counseling.
The 1954 Supreme Court decision, Brown vs. the Board of Education, which outlawed public school segregation.
You are working as a counselor for a major university. A student wants detailed statistics about the average wages in her state. The best resource would be
The Bureau of Labor Statistics website.
Which statement is not true of the trait-and-factor approach to career counseling?
The approach is developmental and thus focuses on career maturity.
A researcher wants to prove that structural family therapy is the most effective modality. She conducted a study a year ago using a significance level of .05. Several colleagues felt her significance level needed to come down. She thus ran the same basic experiment again with new people using a significance level of .01. Her chances of making a Type I error or so-called alpha error went down. Now assume you compare her new research with her old research. What could you say about the possibility that her results will indicate that structural family therapy was not significantly different when in reality it truly is significant?
The chance of this occurring increases when compared to the first experiment.
_______ helped to abet the multicultural counseling movement.
The civil rights movement
Which statement best depicts a major advantage of group work?
The group setting is somewhat analogous to the communication and interaction of everyday life.
Conversion or reparative therapy is intended to change sexual orientation and behaviors from gay to straight.
The literature in scientific and peer reviewed journals does not indicate that a person's sexual orientation can be altered from same sex attraction to opposite sex attraction.
Cognitive dissonance research deals mainly with
cognition and attitude formation.
In a counseling research study two groups of subjects took a test with the same name. However, when they talked with each other they discovered that the questions were different. The researcher assured both groups that they were given the same test. How is this possible?
The researcher gave parallel forms of the same test.
An important technique in structural family therapy is joining. Which statement most accurately depicts this intervention?
The therapist meets, greets, and attempts to bond with the family. The therapist will use language similar to that of the family and mimesis which means that he or she will mimic communication patterns.
Which statement is true regarding Native-American families?
They are a very diverse group as they belong to over 500 state-recognized tribes, Extended family and the tribe are very signifi cant & A high percentage of children have been placed in foster care homes, residential facilities, or adoption homes that are non-Native American.
Which statement is true of Hispanic families?
They have a high unemployment rate, often live in poverty, and rarely earn high school diplomas or college degrees.
A counseling test consists of 300 forced response items. The person taking the test can take as long as he or she wants to answer the questions.
This is most likely a power test.
A new IQ test has a standard error of measurement of 3. Tom scores 106 on the test. If he takes the test a lot, we can predict that about 68% of the time
Tom will score between 103 and 109.
_______ and _______ created a program to help counselors learn accurate empathy.
Truax; Carkhuff
Assume the experiment in question 708 is conducted. The results indicate that the biofeedback helped raise written board exam scores but in reality this is not the case. The researcher has made a
Type I error.
An example of a V Code diagnosis would be
Uncomplicated Bereavement.
Before _______ child psychologists studied the child, sociologists studied the family, anthropologists studied society, economists analyzed the economic framework, and political scientists investigated the political structure.
Urie Bronfrenbrenner.
In terms of the previous question:
Using a mental health professional on staff or at another facility is preferable to using a lawyer or a CPA.
In the DSM the so-called V Codes refer to conditions which are not attributable to a mental condition. An example of a V Code would be
V62.82.
Kia was given a new client with a morbid fear of heights. Her supervisor emphasized that he wanted her to use the most hitech form of treatment available. Kia should use
VRT.
We often refer to individuals as conformists. Which of these individuals would most likely conform to his or her peers?
a 13-year-old male middle school student.
The term reentry woman would best describe
a 29-year-old female who was babysitting in her home but is currently working at a fast-food restaurant.
You are a school counselor who wishes to refer an orthopedically disabled student to a private therapist. In general, the best referral would be to
a CRC.
A group setting has a flexible seating arrangement in which clients are free to sit wherever they wish. In this setting it is also likely that
a Hispanic male leader in a designer suit and an Asian male client in another brand of designer suit will sit close together.
A researcher performs a study that has excellent external or socalled population validity, meaning that the results have generalizability. To collect his data the researcher gave clients a rating scale in which they were to respond with strongly agree, somewhat agree, neutral, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree. This is
a Likert scale.
A teenager in a residential facility has earned enough tokens to buy his favorite brand of candy bar. The candy bar is
a back-up reinforcer.
The model Krumboltz suggested is
a behavioristic model of career development.
A bimodal distribution has two modes (i.e., most frequently occurring scores). Graphically, this looks roughly like
a camel's back with two humps.
Trait factor is
a career counseling approach to match client traits with a career. E. G. Williamson
Madanes advocates pretend techniques that are somewhat paradoxical. An example might be
a child who has panic attacks pretends to have one during the session and the parents pretend to help him.
Person-centered counseling would prove least effective with:
a client who is not very verbal.
To empathize is easiest with
a client who is similar to you.
In terms of diagnosis,
a client's behavior could be sane and appropriate in one culture, yet disturbed and bizarre in another.
SIGI Plus is
a computer career program known as the System of Interactive Guidance and Information that allows students to conduct a self-assessment and explore career options.
A classic experiment in social psychology was conducted by the social psychologist Muzafer Sherif et al. at the boys' summer camp near Robbers Cave, Oklahoma. The important finding in this study was that
a cooperative goal can bring two hostile groups together, thus reducing competition and enhancing cooperation.
A sociogram is to a counseling group as a scattergram is to
a correlation coefficient.
According to Whitaker,
a cotherapist is helpful.
Accurate empathy is when
a counselor is able to experience the client's point of view in terms of feelings and cognitions.
Strategic family counselors often rely on relabeling or reframing. A client says his girl friend yells at him every time he engages in a certain behavior. The best example of reframing or relabeling would be
a counselor who remarks, "Research seems to show that when she yells at you it is because she loves you so much. A woman often feels foolish if she hugs or kisses you in a situation like that."
Sex role stereotyping would imply that
a counselor would only consider traditional feminine careers for his female client & a male counselor would rate a female client's emotional status differently than he would a male client's.
Thanatos in psychology is
a death wish or instinct. Greek word for death.
Kohlberg's second level of morality is known as conventional morality. This level is characterized by
a desire to live up to society's expectations & a desire to conform.
A group is classified as secondary. This implies that
a difficulty or disturbance is present.
A client who is having panic attacks is told to practice relaxing his jaw muscle for three minutes per day. The counselor here is using
a directive.
Section A, which is the general section of NBCC's Code of Ethics, cautions counselors against sexual harassment defined as "unwelcome comments, gestures, or physical contacts of a sexual nature." An example of an ethics violation in this respect would be
a female counselor who repeatedly tells a male client how sexy his hairy chest looks when he leaves his shirt unbuttoned.
Gestalt means
a form, figure, or configuration unified as a whole.
BASIC-ID from Arnold Lazarus is
an approach to counseling that focuses on: Behavior, Affective responses, Sensations, Imagery, Cognitions, Interpersonal relationships, Drugs.
When career counselors speak of the OOH they are referring to
the Occupational Outlook Handbook.
Counselors who support John Holland's approach believe that
an appropriate job allows one to express his or her personality.
Free association is
an analytic technique in which the client is instructed to say whatever comes to mind.
A counselor wins the lottery and closes her practice without telling her clients. This counselor's course of action is best described as
abandonment.
Piaget's final stage is known as the formal operational stage. In this stage
abstract thinking emerges & problems can be solved using deduction.
State laws can govern title usage and practice, however, they do not govern
accreditation.
Bowlby would say that in humans the parents
act as a releaser stimulus.
REBT suggests the ABC theory of personality in which A is the _______, B is the _______, and C is the _______.
activating event; belief system; emotional consequence
Perry is known for his ideas related to
adult cognitive development (college students). Dualistic thinking
Robert Kegan works in the area of
adult cognitive development. Stresses interpersonal development. Construct reality through the lifespan.
NBCC has developed a Code of Ethics to help counselors behave in a professional manner. The code is divided into a preamble and seven sections. The first section (i.e., Section A) warns against stereotyping and discrimination. All of the following would be examples of stereotyping and discrimination except
advising a client to consider switching his college major based on your clinical judgment as well as the results from an extensive test battery.
In social psychology, the sleeper effect asserts that
after a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message.
Some research suggests that very poor economic conditions correlate very highly with
aggression.
PL94-142 (The Education Act for All Handicapped Children) states that
all children between 5 and 21 are assured free education, handicapped persons are placed in the least restrictive environment (LRE) & an Individualized Education Plan (IEP) is developed for each child
The word personalism in the context of multicultural counseling means
all people must adjust to environmental and geological demands.
An Asian counselor says to an African-American client, "If you're unhappy with the system, get out there and rebel. You can change the system." This is the _______ viewpoint for coping with the environment.
alloplastic viewpoint
Deductive processes
allow an individual to apply general reasoning to specific situations.
There are behavioral, structural, and maturational theories of development. The maturational viewpoint utilizes the plant growth analogy, in which the mind is seen as being driven by instincts while the environment provides nourishment, thus placing limits on development. Counselors who are maturationists
allow clients to work through early conflicts.
If a researcher changes the signifi cance level from .05 to.001, then
alpha errors decrease; however, beta errors increase.
Type I and Type II errors are called _______ and _______ respectively.
alpha; beta.
In the Gelatt Model the predictive system deals with
alternatives and the probability of outcomes.
According to researchers, groups are effective
although researchers cannot pinpoint precisely why this is true.
A valid test is _______ reliable.
always
The word dynamic means the group is
always changing.
A counselor who remarks that firstborn children are usually conservative but display leadership qualities is most likely
an Adlerian that believes behavior must be studied in a social context; never in isolation.
A group setting has a flexible seating arrangement in which clients are free to sit wherever they wish. In this setting it is likely that
an Asian-American leader and an Asian-American client would sit close together.
The NCE is
an achievement test.
Avocation is
an activity that someone engages in for pleasure rather than money.
Urie Bronfenbrenner is one of the codevelopers of the National Head Start Program. He proposed a theory of development that is
an ecological systems theory that stresses the microsystem (any immediate or close relationships or organizations the child interacts with); the mesosystem (the way microsystems work together such as family and school); the exosystem (i.e., the school, church, neighborhood, parents' places of employment, in essence other places the child interacts with but not as often); and the macrosystem (i.e., the largest and most remote system which includes, culture, wars, the federal government, and customs).
An interest inventory would be least valid when used with
an eighth-grade male with an IQ of 136.
In terms of group risks
an ethical leader will discuss them during the initial session with a client.
A 16-year-old girl threatens to kill herself and you fail to inform her parents. Your behavior as a counselor is best described as
an example of negligence, which is a failure to perform a duty, which in this instance is an obligation to protect the client.
Counterbalancing is
an experimental process in which a researcher varies the order of conditions to eliminate variables
A counselor who is alcoholic and suffering from burnout could best be described as
an impaired professional.
Hysteria is said to occur when
an individual displays a symptom but no causes are evident.
Pluralism means
an individual exists in more than one category.
Fugue state is
an individual who experiences memory loss and leaves home, often with the intention of changing job or identity.
Your client, who is in an outpatient hospital program, is keeping a journal of irrational thoughts. This would be
an informal assessment technique.
A group member who insists on asking other members inappropriate questions is known as a Peeping Tom or
an interrogator.
The DOT was first published by the Department of Labor in 1939. The first three digits in a DOT code referred to
an occupational group.
ANOVA is
analysis of variance.
Jung felt that society caused men to deny their feminine side known as _______ and women to deny their masculine side known as _______.
anima; animus
The word psychometric means
any form of mental testing.
The Harlow experiments utilizing monkeys demonstrated that animals placed in isolation during the first few months of life
appeared to be abnormal and autistic.
A client tells his counselor that he has a choice of entering one of two prestigious PhD counseling programs. Kurt Lewin would call this an
approach-approach conflict.
The initial group stage has been called forming, orientation, or the preaffiliation stage. This stage is characterized by
approach-avoidance behavior.
A male client tells his counselor that he is attracted to a gorgeous woman who is violent and chemically dependent. This creates an
approach-avoidance conflict.
At its zenith the DOT listed
approximately 30,000 job titles.
The WAIS-III is given to 100,000 individuals in the United States who are picked at random. A counselor would expect that
approximately 68% would score between 85 and 115.
Jung spoke of a collective unconscious common to all men and women. The material that makes up the collective unconscious, which is passed from generation to generation, is known as
archetypes.
Elementary school counseling and guidance services
are a fairly new development which did not begin to gain momentum until the 1960s.
Approximately 40% of all elementary schools have shortened recess or student playtime. Counselors
are concerned because some research indicates that recess can have a positive impact since children are less fidgety on days when they have recess; especially if they are hyperactive.
In a healthy group, members
are flexible and can change roles.
A statistical norm measures actual conduct, while a cultural norm
describes how people are supposed to act.
The term contextualism implies that
behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs.
Anne Roe suggested a personality approach to career choice
based on the premise that a job satisfies an unconscious need.
The Self-Directed Search (SDS) is
based on the work of Holland and yields scores on his six types, self-administered & self-scored and self-interpreted.
Allen E. Ivey has postulated three types of empathy—
basic, subtractive, and additive.
Gay men and women
basically have the same range of gender role behaviors as do male and female heterosexuals.
A T-score is different from a z-score. A z-score is the same as the standard deviation. A T-score, however, has a mean of 50 with every 10 points landing at a standard deviation above or below the mean. Thus a T-score of 60 would equal +1 SD while a Tscore of 40 would
be -1 SD.
A good guess would be that if you would correlate the length of CACREP graduates' baby toes with their NCE scores the result would
be close to 0.00.
According to the risky shift phenomenon, a group decision will
be less conservative than the average group member's decision, prior to the group discussion.
A counselor created an achievement test with a reliability coefficient of .82. The test is shortened since many clients felt it was too long. The counselor shortened the test but logically assumed that the reliability coeffi cient would now
be lower than .82.
You are a licensed professional counselor in one state but will soon relocate to another state. The new state informs you that they will grant you reciprocity or so-called endorsement. You will thus
be permitted to practice in the new state based on your current credentials without taking another exam.
The researcher in question 727 now attempts a more complex experiment. One group receives no assertiveness training, a second group receives four assertiveness training sessions, and a third receives six sessions. The statistic of choice would
be the ANOVA.
A displaced homemaker might have grown children or
be widowed and seeking employment or be divorced and seeking employment.
Feminist therapy criticizes traditional therapies
because they are androcentric (i.e., they use male views to analyze the personality), because they are gendercentric (i.e., they assume that there are two separate psychological developmental patterns—one for men and one for women) & because they emphasize heterosexism and debase samesex relationships.
According to the Freudians, if a child is severely traumatized, he or she may _______ a given psychosexual stage.
become fixated at
Most experts predict that in the 21st century, theories of counseling and psychotherapy will
become more integrative, since about 30 to 50% of all therapists say they are eclectic.
Group planning occurs
before the group begins and continues throughout the life of the group.
A counselor who utilizes the term instinctual technically means
behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a given species.
TA life positions were made famous by Tom Harris's book, I'm OK—You're OK. The title of the book illuminates a healthy life position. The life position tells the counselor how a person goes about receiving strokes or recognition. A person categorized by the position "I'm OK—You're Not OK";
blames others for misery.
A leader who wishes to stop inappropriate discussion should rely on
blocking.
The ego defense mechanism identification is
bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group.
John Bowlby's name is most closely associated with
bonding and attachment.
In terms of parenting young children
boys are punished more than girls.
A man has a rare, highly contagious disease that is fatal. He is keeping it a secret and insists that he will never tell his wife. You should
break confidentiality and tell his wife.
The final group stage (also called the termination stage) is geared toward
breaking away.
A behavioristic counselor decides upon aversive conditioning as the treatment of choice for a gentleman who wishes to give up smoking. The counselor begins by taking a baseline. This is accomplished
by charting the occurrence of the behavior prior to any therapeutic intervention.
The leading method adults use to find career information in the United States is
by securing information via the newspaper.
Counselors often shy away from self-reports since
clients often give inaccurate answers.
Aspirational ethics are
descriptions of ideal or optimal practice.
The three factors which enhance interpersonal attraction are
close proximity, physical attraction, similar beliefs.
An 11-year-old child comes to your office with a black eye and tells you she can't remember how she received it. You have reason to suspect abuse. You should
call the child abuse/neglect hotline.
A client who takes a normative test
can legitimately be compared to others who have taken the test.
Talking about difficulties in order to purge emotions and feelings is a curative process known as
catharsis and/or abreaction.
Three years ago an inpatient chemical dependency center in a hospital asked their clients if they would like to undergo an archaic form of therapy created by Wilhem Reich known as "vegotherapy." Approximately half of the clients stated they would like try the treatment while the other 50% stated that they would stick with the tried-and-true program of the center. Outcome data on their drinking was compiled at the end of seven weeks. Today—three years later—a statistician compared the two groups based on their drinking behavior at the end of the seven weeks using a t test. This study could best be described as
causal comparative research.
You secure a job as the executive director of a family counseling agency. As you go through your files you discover that five years before you took the job the agency selected 100 families and counseled them using a strict behaviorist model. The agency took the next group of 100 families and counseled them using Satir's experiential conjoint family therapy model. Each family received 12 sessions of therapy and each family took a before-and after-assessment that accurately depicted how well the family was functioning. You decide to run a t test to examine whether or not a statistically significant difference is evident between the two approaches. This is
causal-comparative or ex post facto (i.e., after the fact) research.
A child who focuses exclusively on a clown's red nose but ignores his or her other features would be illustrating the Piagetian concept of
centration.
A client who is undergoing gestalt therapy states, "It is difficult to get a job in New York City," would be asked by the counselor to
change the verbalization to an "I" statement.
The new ACA 2005 Code of Ethics forbids sexual or romantic counselor-client interactions or relationships with current clients, as did the old code. The old 1995 Code stipulated that a counselor would need to wait two years after termination before entering into a romantic relationship with a former client. The new regulations
changed 2 years to 5 years.
A group therapist is constructing a diagram to better understand the dynamics between subgroups and members. This is called
charting a pictorial sociogram.
Family counselors generally believe in
circular/reciprocal causality (e.g., dynamics of family members).
Linda Gottfredson's developmental theory of career focuses on
circumscription and compromise theory.
Mandatory ethics or standards of practice are
clear rules with no grey areas.
Counselors can more easily advise
clients from their own culture.
The 1950s was the age of tremendous strides in
developmental psychology.
Glasser's position on mental illness is that
diagnostic labels give clients permission to act sick or irresponsible.
Counseling is a relatively new profession. The fi rst counselors in the United States were not called counselors. They were
deans and advisors employed after the Civil War in college settings to watch over young women.
Punishment
decreases the probability that a behavior will occur.
A client goes to a string of 14 chemical dependency centers that operate on the 12-step model. When his current therapist suggests a new inpatient program the client responds with, "What for, I already know the 12 steps?" This client is using
deductive logic.
A counselor reveals information that is extremely damaging to a client's reputation. This counselor could be accused of
defamation
Experimental is to cause and effect as correlational is to
degree of relationship.
A counselor educator, Dr. Y, is doing research on his classes. He hypothesizes that if he reinforces students in his morning class by smiling each time a student asks a relevant question, then more students will ask questions and exam grades will go up. Betty and Linda accidentally overhear Dr. Y discussing the experiment with the department chairman. Betty is a real people pleaser and decides that she will ask lots of questions and try to help Dr. Y confirm his hypothesis. Linda, nevertheless, is angry that she is being experimented on and promises Betty that Dr. Y could smile until the cows came in but she still wouldn't ask a question. Both Linda and Betty exemplify
demand characteristics of experiments.
A teenager who had his heart set on winning a tennis match broke his arm in an auto accident. He sends in an entry form to play in the competition which begins just days after the accident. His behavior is influenced by
denial.
Six persons attend a counseling group. After the group, five members praise the merits of a group activity assigned by the group leader. The sixth person, who has heard the opinion of the other five people, felt the activity was useless and boring. According to studies on social behavior, about one third of the time the sixth individual would most likely tell the other five that
he too felt the group activity was very helpful.
Warren needs to conduct a study. His supervisor wants him to use a parametric inferential statistic. This means that
he will need to use random sampling and the distribution is normal.
Development is cephalocaudal, which means
head to foot.
Viktor Frankl is the Father of logotherapy, which is based on existentialism. Logotherapy means
healing through meaning.
In a group, task roles
help solve problems, aid in terms of goal setting and keep the group focused & are seen as positive.
Maintenance roles, like task roles, are positive since such roles
help to maintain the group.
In the United States, middle- and upper-class citizens seem to want a counselor who
helps them work it out on their own.
Interpersonal leaders favor
here and now interventions
Piaget morality stages
heteronomous stage 4-7 rules are absolute and result in punishment. autonomous stage begins at 10, rules are relative and can be altered.
A colleague of yours invents a new projective test. Seventeen counselors rated the same client using the measure and came up with nearly identical assessments. This would indicate
high reliability.
After a dog is conditioned using the well-known experiment of Pavlov's, a light is paired with the bell (the CS). In a short period of time the light alone would elicit the salivation. This is called
higher order conditioning.
Some behavioral scientists have been critical of the Swiss child psychologist Jean Piaget's developmental research inasmuch as
his findings were often derived from observing his own children.
A distribution with class intervals can be graphically displayed via a bar graph also called a
histogram.
A family that is stable and reaches an equilibrium is in a state of
homeostasis.
Bibliotherapy is a form of
homework.
Strategies that approach the group as a whole are known as
horizontal interventions.
The standard error of measurement tells you
how accurate or inaccurate a test score is.
In the 1920s, Emory Bogardus developed a social distance scale which evaluated
how an individual felt toward other ethnic groups.
Reliability tells
how consistently a test measures something.
When developmental theorists speak of nature or nurture they really mean
how much heredity or environment interact to influence development.
A model by Olson, Sprenkle, and Russell suggests that family functioning can be described in two dimensions—cohesion and adaptability. The family therapy term cohesion refers to the level of emotional bonding between family members. Adaptability refers to
how rigid, structured, fl exible or chaotic the family is.
Concurrent validity is
how the test compares to other tests that are used for the same purpose.
Concurrent validity deals with
how well the test compares to other instruments that are intended for the same purpose.
Topographical theory describes the mind as an
iceberg.
Eric Berne's transactional analysis (TA) posits three ego states: the Child, the Adult, and the Parent. These roughly correspond to Freud's structural theory that includes
id, ego, and superego.
In Minuchin's structural approach, clear boundaries are
ideal—firm yet flexible.
Freud felt that successful resolution of the Oedipus complex led to the development of the superego. This is accomplished by
identification with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex.
Jane feels very inferior. She is now president of the board at a shelter for the homeless. She seems to be obsessed with her work for the agency and spends every spare minute trying to help the cause. When asked to introduce herself in virtually any social situation, Jane invariably responds with, "I'm the president of the board for the homeless shelter." Jane is engaging in
identification.
Although task roles and maintenance roles are indeed positive, the group can suffer if the group is not flexible and remains in one or the other too long since
if a group gets stuck in task roles, interaction suffers & if a group gets stuck in maintenance roles, little work (or tasks) will be accomplished.
One major disadvantage of a closed group versus an open group is that
if everyone quits, you will be left with no group members.
A counselor decides to treat a client's phobia of flying utilizing Wolpe's technique of systematic desensitization. The first step in the anxiety hierarchy items would be
imagining that she is calling the airlines for reservations.
The collective unconscious
implies that all humans have collected or universal inherited unconscious neural patterns. Jung.
Kohlberg's three levels of morality are
pre conventional - reward and punishment. Stage 1 - punishment and obedience. Stage 2 - Naive hedonism orientation. conventional - wants to meet standards. Stage 3 - Good boy or girl orientation Stage 4 - Authority, law and order orientation. post conventional - universal principles. Stage 5 - Democratically elected law Stage 6 - Principles of self confidence and universal ethics.
In a counseling session, a counselor asked a patient to recall what transpired three months ago to trigger her depression. There was silence for about two and one-half minutes. The client then began to remember. This exchange most likely illustrates the function of the
preconscious mind.
In the Gelatt Decision Model,
predictive system deals with probable alternatives and actions. value system is concerned with relative preferences about outcomes. decision system provides rules and criteria for evaluating the outcome.
When a counselor tells a client that the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) will predict her ability to handle graduate work, the counselor is referring to
predictive validity.
A fairly recent model to explain career development is the decision approach. The Gelatt Decision Model created by Harry B. Gelatt refers to information as "the fuel of the decision." The Gelatt Model asserts that information can be organized into three systems
predictive, value, and decision.
A couple tells a therapist using strategic family therapy that they have a quarrel at least once every evening. The therapist says, "Between now and the next time I see you I want you to have a serious quarrel at least twice every evening." This is an example of
prescribing the symptom.
Conyne suggested that group intervention is intended to
prevent, correct, or enhance behavior.
Primary groups are
preventive and attempt to ward off problems.
Three levels of groups:
primary, secondary, tertiary.
When you see the letter P in relation to a test of significance it means
probability.
The Adult ego state
processes facts and does not focus on feelings.
Your supervisor wants you to find a new personality test for your counseling agency. You should read
professional journals, the Buros Mental Measurements Yearbook, classic textbooks in the field, as well as test materials produced by the testing company.
The significance of the 1958 National Defense Education Act was that it
provided financial aid for graduate education in counseling, expanded school guidance services & improved guidance for gifted children.
Gestalt Therapy, a paradigm that focuses on awareness in the here-and-now incorporates
psychodrama.
The counselor who favors projective measures would most likely be a
psychodynamic clinician.
One impetus for counselor licensing was that
psychology licensure bodies sought to restrict the practice of counselors so counselors could not receive third party payments from insurance and managed care companies.
Freud's stages are
psychosexual. oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital. Emphasizes sexuality.
Erik Erikson's stages are psycho __
psychosocial. Emphasizes social relationships.
Stage theorists assume
qualitative changes between stages occur.
In terms of research and the group leader's personality,
qualities such as flexibility, enthusiasm, and common sense may be helpful to a very small degree.
A behavioristic marriage and family counselor is counseling the entire family together. She turns to the 18-year-old son who is attending community college and says, "I know you like to play golf. Therefore, every time you cut the grass your father will take you to play golf. I am going to have you and your dad sign a contract that you agree with this policy." Which principle is primarily guiding her strategy?
quid pro quo.
A male is supervising a female counselor for state licensing. He tells her that he will continue to supervise her as long as she has sex with him. This is an example of
quid pro quo.
A client remarks, "Hey, I'm Black and it's nearly impossible to hide it." This is illustrative of the fact that
race is not the same as ethnicity.
The statement, "Whites are better than Blacks," illustrates
racism.
Unpleasant feelings after a person creates a game are called
rackets.
In the famous experiment by Harlow, frightened monkeys raised via cloth and wire mothers
ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers.
The interval scale has numbers scaled at equal distances but has no absolute zero point. Most tests used in school fall into this category. You can add and subtract using interval scales but cannot multiply or divide. An example of this would be
that an IQ of 70 is 70 points below an IQ of 140, yet a counselor could not assert that a client with an IQ of 140 is twice as intelligent as a client with an IQ of 70.
Auto plastic view asserts
that change comes from within. Change yourself.
Allo plastic view asserts
that changes need to be made in the environment. Change the things around.
Culture epoch theory suggests
that cultures pass through the same stages of development in terms of evolving and maturing.
The emic viewpoint is
that each client is an individual with individual differences.
Krumboltz's social learning theory is sometimes referred to as a cognitive theory because it emphasizes beliefs that clients have about themselves as well as the world of work. When Krumboltz speaks of self-observation generalizations he really means
that in career counseling your primary concern is the manner in which people view themselves and their ability to perform in an occupation.
Balance Theory suggests
that individuals avoid inconsistent or incompatible beliefs.
A time-series design is a quasi-experimental design
that relies on multiple observations of the dependent variable (i.e., the thing you are measuring) before and after the treatment occurs.
Law of effect asserts
that responses accompanied by satisfaction will be repeated. Responses that produce discomfort will be stamped out.
Glasser suggested eight steps in the reality therapy process. The final step asserts
that the client and counselor be persistent and never give up.
Transference means
that the client displaces emotion felt toward a parent onto the therapist.
One criticism of using cognitive-behavioral methods like REBT with families or individuals in multicultural counseling would be
that the cognitive disputation could go against cultural messages.
Discriminant validity shows
that the test will not reflect unrelated variables.
The etic viewpoint is
that there is sameness among all clients that helps transcend cultural boundaries.
Cultural pluralism is
that we champion the idea of celebrating diversity.
Frankl's experience in Nazi concentration camps taught him
that you can't control the environment, but you can control your response.
The APGA, which became the AACD until 1992 and is now the ACA, contributed to the growth of cross-cultural counseling by
the 1972 formation of the Association for Non-White Concerns in Personnel and Guidance, later known as the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development.
The type of mental health service provided to the client is coded via _______ and is generally required for insurance payments.
the AMA's Current Procedural Terminology (e.g., CPT 90844).
The APGA and APA had joint ethics guidelines for counselors and psychologists. This changed during the 1970s when
the APA did not wish to credential master's-level counselors or psychologists.
In the 1940s the two organizations for group therapy were created:
the American Society for Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama and the American Group Psychotherapy Association.
You gave your client Ester a personality test and then shared your interpretation of the test with her. Your client was amazed at how accurate the test results were in terms of depicting her personality. She readily accepted the interpretation. The next day you discovered that you had interpreted the wrong test! The test you were analyzing was not Ester's but rather belonged to another client! Ester's behavior could best be explained by
the Barnum effect.
In girls the Oedipus complex may be referred to as
the Electra complex.
In 1909 a landmark book entitled Choosing a Vocation was released. The book was written by Frank Parsons. Parsons has been called
the Father of vocational guidance.
All of these statements are ethnocentric except
the Gross Domestic Product in the United States exceeds the figure in Mexico.
A panel of investigators discovered that a researcher who completed a major study had unconsciously rated attractive females as better counselors. This is an example of
the Halo effect.
A researcher notes that a group of clients who are not receiving counseling, but are observed in a research study, are improving. Her hypothesis is that the attention she has given them has been curative. The best explanation of their improvement would be
the Hawthorne effect.
Ackerman is psychodynamic. Haley is strategic. Minuchin is structural. Bowen is intergenerational. Another well-known intergenerational family therapist would be
the Hungarian analytically trained psychiatrist Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy (enunciated Naahge).
The Strong is considered an Interest inventory. So is
the Kuder, created by George Frederic Kuder.
A counselor is told by his supervisor to measure the internal consistency reliability (i.e., homogeneity) of a test but not to divide the test in halves. The counselor would need to utilize
the Kuder-Richardson coefficients of equivalence.
The Child ego state is like the little kid within. The child may manifest itself as
the Natural Child, the Adapted Child, the Little Professor.
An elementary school counselor tells the third-grade teacher that a test revealed that certain children will excel during the school year. In reality, no such test was administered. Moreover, the children were unaware of the experiment. By the end of the year, all of the children who were supposed to excel did excel! This would best be explained via
the Rosenthal effect or the experimenter expectancy effect.
Erikson's middle age stage (ages 35-60) is known as generativity versus stagnation. Generativity refers to
the ability to do creative work or raise a family, the opposite of stagnation & the productive ability to create a career, family, and leisure time.
Eidetic imagery is
the ability to remember the most minute details of a scene or picture for an extended period of time. Sheldon.
Empathy is
the ability to understand the client's world and to communicate this to the client.
The x axis is used to plot the IV scores. The x axis is also known as
the abscissa.
In Harry Harlow's experiments with baby monkeys
the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry cloth mother surrogate than a wire surrogate mother.
Equilibration is
the balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation).
The hunch is known as the experimental or alternative hypothesis. The experimental hypothesis suggests that a difference will be evident between the control group and the experimental group (i.e., the group receiving the IV). Thus, if the experiment were conducted, the experimental hypothesis would suggest that
the biofeedback would raise board scores.
According to Anne Roe, who categorized occupations by fields and levels,
the choice of a career helps to satisfy an individual's needs.
Robert Kegan speaks of a "holding environment" in counseling in which
the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction.
In vivo means
the client is exposed to an actual situation that may be frightful or difficult.
According to Charles Osgood and Percey Tannenbaum's congruity theory, a client will accept suggestions more readily if
the client likes the counselor.
A group participant wants to drop out of a group. Since the group is "closed" ASGW ethics state that
the client must be allowed to withdraw.
The DSM provides diagnostic criteria for mental retardation. It states that
the client must have an IQ score of 70 or below on an individually administered IQ test and the onset of the condition must be prior to age 18.
In intercultural/multicultural counseling the term therapeutic surrender means
the client psychologically surrenders himself or herself to a counselor from a different culture and becomes open with feelings and thoughts.
At a case staffing, one career counselor says to another, "The client's disability suggests she can only physically handle sedentary work." This technically implies
the client will not need to lift over 10 pounds.
All of these statements regarding reality therapy are true except
the client's childhood is explored.
Existentialists focus primarily on
the client's perception in the here-and-now.
In 2005, the American Counseling Association released the first revision of the ACA Code of Ethics in a decade. One major change was that
the code eliminated the phrase "dual relationships."
A male client who hates his job is trying desperately to be the perfect father, husband, and family man. This phenomenon is best described as
the compensatory effect.
You are a well-known cognitive behavior therapist who heads up a private practice in New Jersey. For the next two years you will be in Canada conducting a research project. Your practice has six other counselors. The practice is sending brochures to schools, agencies, and hospitals in an attempt to boost referrals. Your name appears on the front of the brochure as if you are available for referrals. This is
unethical.
In Gestalt therapy unexpressed emotions are known as
unfinished business.
Biological similarities and sameness are indicated by
universal culture.
All of the following are examples of Anne Roe's "fields" except
unskilled.
A client says she has a tingling sensation in her hands each time she talks about the probability of marriage. A gestalt therapist would most likely
urge the client to stay with the feeling.
Measures of central tendency are used to summarize data. A counseling researcher wants to use a measure of central tendency which reacts to every score in the distribution. He will thus
use the mean, which has been termed the arithmetic average.
Ethnocentrism
uses one's own culture as a yardstick to measure all others.
A man says, "My life has been lousy for the past six months." The counselor replies, "Can you tell me specifically what has made life so bad for the last six months?" The counselor is
using concreteness.
An adept multicultural counselor
usually supports the salad bowl model of diversity.
In contrast with classical psychoanalysis, psychodynamic counseling or therapy
utilizes fewer sessions per week, does not utilize the couch, is performed face to face.
The most critical factors in test selection are
validity and reliability.
As a gambling addiction counselor Laura is well aware that slot machines operate on a
variable ratio schedule of reinforcement.
The most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish is the
variable ratio.
Attending behavior that is verbal is also called
verbal tracking.
Strategies that focus on an individual member of the group are known as
vertical interventions.
In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to
volume or mass.
A 39-year-old female secretary you are seeing in your assertiveness training group reveals that she is plotting to shoot her husband. Based on the Tarasoff case you should
warn the husband.
A 14-year-old male threatens to blow up his parents' garage because he has been grounded. You believe his threat is genuine. You should
warn the parents that their property is in danger.
A counselor doing research decided to split a standardized test in half by using the even items as one test and the odd items as a second test and then correlating them. The counselor
was testing reliability via the split-half method.
One of Adler's students, Rudolph Dreikurs,
was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice.
An expert who has reviewed the literature on TV and violence would conclude that
watching violence tends to make children more aggressive.
Groups promote the concept of universality, which suggests that
we are not the only ones in the world with a given problem.
Counterconditioning is
weaken or eliminate a learned response by pairing with a stronger or desirable response.
Content validity is
wether the test examines the behavior it's supposed to.
The ego defense mechanism introjection is
when a child accepts a parent's, caretaker's, or significant other's values as his or her own.
Monolithic perspective is
when a counselor perceives all the people in a given group as being identical.
Murray Bowen is known for his work in intergenerational family therapy. When Bowen refers to triangulation he means
when a dyad (i.e., two individuals) is under stress a third person is recruited to help stabilize the difficulty between the original dyad. This could even be a child placed in the middle of the conflict.
The ego defense mechanism sublimation is
when a person acts out an unconscious impulse in a socially acceptable way.
The ego defense mechanism reaction formation is
when a person can't accept an impulse and acts in the opposite manner.
Culture conflict is
when a person experiences conflicting thoughts, feelings or behaviors due to divided cultural loyalties.
Group polarity or polarization is
when a person's views become more extreme after participating in a group.
Complementarity theory is
when a relationship becomes stronger as two people's personality needs mesh.
A Type II error is
when a researcher has accepted the null hypothesis (no difference between control and experimental group) when it is false.
The recency effect is
when a supervisor's rating of an employee reflects their most recent performance.
