Endocrine

a

100) When blood glucose levels rise, A) insulin is released. B) glucagon is released. C) peripheral cells take up less glucose. D) protein synthesis decreases. E) peripheral cells break down glycogen.

e

32) Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis release A) FSH. B) TSH. C) LH. D) GH. E) all of the above

d

5) Each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative, except A) epinephrine. B) norepinephrine. C) thyroid hormone. D) thyroid-stimulating hormone. E) melatonin.

a

51) The hormone(s) that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is (are) A) oxytocin. B) prolactin. C) luteinizing hormone. D) just extra fluids. E) oxytocin and luteinizing hormone.

d

65) Thyroid hormone contains the element A) fluorine. B) chlorine. C) iron. D) iodine. E) zinc.

c

70) Where does the chemical reaction between thyroglobulin and iodine take place? A) in lysosomes B) in rough endoplasmic reticulum C) in the lumen of the thyroid follicle D) in pinocytotic vesicles E) in apical microvilli

c

72) Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to increased levels of calcium ions in the blood. A) thymosin B) calcitonin C) PTH D) aldosterone E) cortisol

a

77) The zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex produces A) androgens. B) glucocorticoids. C) mineralocorticoids. D) epinephrine. E) norepinephrine.

c

84) Cells of the adrenal cortex produce A) epinephrine. B) norepinephrine. C) aldosterone. D) ACTH. E) angiotensin.

d

59) Identify the hormone labeled "13." A) LH B) progesterone C) estrogen D) oxytocin E) testosterone

d

33) The posterior pituitary gland secretes A) FSH. B) TSH. C) ACTH. D) ADH. E) MSH.

a

39) The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH.

d

42) The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH.

e

43) The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) growth hormone. D) FSH. E) prolactin.

e

49) TSH plays a key role in the ________ of thyroid hormones. A) inhibition B) synthesis C) release D) inhibition and synthesis E) synthesis and release

a

55) The ovaries secrete ________ when stimulated by FSH. A) estrogen B) progesterone C) testosterone D) oxytocin E) gonadotropins

d

57) Identify the hormone labeled "1." A) mineralocorticoid B) cortisol C) dopamine D) corticotropin (ACTH) E) aldosterone

b

40) The pituitary hormone that controls the release of steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH.

c

41) The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH.

d

38) Liver cells respond to growth hormone by releasing hormones called A) gonadotrophins. B) prostaglandins. C) hepatic hormones. D) somatomedins. E) glucocorticoids.

c

52) Which of the following is not an action of TSH? A) stimulates T3 and T4 secretion B) stimulates iodide trapping by thyroid follicle cells C) inhibits T3 and T4 secretion D) stimulates pinocytosis of colloid by thyroid follicle cells E) increases cyclic AMP concentration within thyroid follicle cells

c

58) Identify the hormone labeled "5." A) thyroid-releasing hormone B) thyroid-stimulating hormone C) thyroxin (thyroid hormones) D) thyrotropin E) parathyroid hormone (PTH)

e

62) Which of the following organs contain target cells for oxytocin? A) prostate B) ductus deferens C) mammary glands D) uterus E) all of the above

c

71) A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is A) parathyroid hormone. B) thyroxine. C) calcitonin. D) glucagon. E) oxytocin.

c

79) The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex produces A) androgens. B) glucocorticoids. C) mineralocorticoids. D) epinephrine. E) norepinephrine.

a

93) The beta cells of the pancreatic islets produce A) insulin. B) glucagon. C) somatostatin. D) cortisol. E) peptide P.

c

75) Parathyroid hormone does all of the following, except that it doesn't A) stimulate osteoclast activity. B) inhibit osteoblast activity. C) build up bone. D) stimulate the formation and secretion of calcitriol at the kidneys. E) enhance the reabsorption of calcium at the kidneys.

a

8) ________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues. A) Hormones B) Neuropeptides C) Neurotransmitters D) Humoral antibodies E) none of the above

d

80) The adrenal medulla produces A) androgens. B) glucocorticoids. C) mineralocorticoids. D) epinephrine. E) corticosteroids.

d

81) A hormone that promotes glucose formation in the liver is A) aldosterone. B) erythropoietin. C) thymosin. D) cortisol. E) parathormone.

e

82) A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is A) cortisol. B) parathormone. C) thymosin. D) somatotropin. E) aldosterone.

c

83) A hormone that is synergistic to growth hormone is A) aldosterone. B) insulin. C) cortisol. D) calcitonin. E) renin.

c

85) Reduction of fluid losses at the kidneys due to the retention of Na+ is the action of A) antidiuretic hormone. B) calcitonin. C) aldosterone. D) cortisone. E) oxytocin.

b

86) The adrenal medulla produces the hormones A) synephrine and neosynephrine. B) epinephrine and norepinephrine. C) corticosterone and testosterone. D) androgens and progesterone. E) norcortisol and cortisol.

e

87) Which of the following hormones increases and prolongs effects of the sympathetic nervous system? A) cortisol B) parathyroid hormone C) insulin D) growth hormone E) epinephrine

d

88) Damage to cells of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex would result in A) the loss of axillary and pubic hair. B) increased volume of urine formation. C) decreased levels of sodium ion in the blood. D) decreased ability to convert amino acids to glucose. E) increased water retention.

e

89) A rise in cortisol would cause an increase in each of the following, except A) the rate of glucose synthesis by the liver. B) the rate of glycogen formation by the liver. C) the level of fatty acids in the blood. D) fatty acid metabolism by muscle cells. E) ACTH levels.

a

9) Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be ________ when released into the bloodstream, but ________ when released at synapses. A) hormones; neurotransmitters B) neuropeptides; neurotransmitters C) neurotransmitters; hormones D) neurotransmitters; neuropeptides E) neuropeptides; neurohormones

c

90) Shelly has a hormone-secreting tumor of the adrenal gland. The tumor is causing her to have a deep voice, to grow extensive body hair, and to stop menstruating. This tumor probably involves cells of the A) zona glomerulosa. B) zona fasciculata. C) zona reticularis. D) adrenal medulla. E) pars intermedia.

c

91) The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is A) cortisol. B) somatotropin. C) insulin. D) glucagon. E) aldosterone.

b

92) When blood glucose levels fall, A) insulin is released. B) glucagon is released. C) peripheral cells take up more glucose. D) protein synthesis increases. E) glucagon is released and protein synthesis increases.

c

94) The F cells of the pancreatic islets produce A) insulin. B) glucagon. C) pancreatic polypeptide. D) cortisol. E) GH-IH.

d

95) The exocrine portion of the pancreas produces A) insulin. B) glucagon. C) somatotropin. D) digestive enzymes. E) bile.

a

96) The pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) A) contain four types of endocrine cells. B) make up almost half of the pancreas. C) produce some digestive enzymes. D) all of the above E) none of the above

c

97) The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar to enter its target cells is A) somatotropin. B) cortisol. C) insulin. D) glucagon. E) erythropoietin.

d

98) The targets for insulin is (are) A) skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle cells. B) adipocytes. C) liver cells. D) all of the above E) none of the above

a

99) Alpha cells are to ________ as beta cells are to ________. A) glucagon; insulin B) somatostatin; insulin C) insulin; glucagon D) glucagon; somatostatin E) pancreatic polypeptide; insulin

d

15) The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually A) cAMP. B) cGMP. C) ATP. D) a G protein. E) calcium ion levels.

d

16) When a G protein becomes activated and causes an activation of enzymes, A) ATP is consumed. B) cAMP is formed. C) cAMP is broken down. D) ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed. E) none of the above

d

17) Which of the following substances acts as a second messenger? A) insulin B) ACTH C) epinephrine D) cyclic AMP E) TSH

a

18) All of the following are true of steroid hormones, except that they A) are produced by the adrenal medulla. B) are derived from cholesterol. C) are produced by reproductive glands. D) bind to receptors within the cell. E) are lipids.

d

19) Cells can respond to ________ hormone(s) at a time. A) only one B) one or two C) two D) several

d

21) All target cells A) have hormone receptors. B) respond to chemical signals. C) secrete hormones. D) have hormone receptors and respond to chemical signals. E) secrete hormones and have hormone receptors.

c

22) Calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combination with the intracellular protein A) calcitonin. B) calcitriol. C) calmodulin. D) calcium-binding globulin. E) calcitropin.

d

23) After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex, A) adenylyl cyclase is activated. B) cyclic nucleotides are formed. C) G proteins are phosphorylated. D) gene transcription is initiated. E) protein kinases are activated.

d

24) The most complex endocrine responses that integrated the nervous and endocrine system involve the A) thyroid gland. B) pancreas. C) adrenal glands. D) hypothalamus. E) thymus gland.

e

25) Hormone release may be controlled by which of the following factors? A) blood level of an ion-like potassium B) blood level of glucose C) blood level of a hormone D) nervous stimuli E) all of the above

c

26) Regulatory factors that control secretion of anterior pituitary hormones are released by neurons at the ________ of the hypothalamus. A) paraventricular nuclei B) supraoptic nuclei C) median eminence D) infundibulum E) geniculate bodies

c

27) Neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus manufacture A) CRF and GnRH. B) TSH and FSH. C) ADH and oxytocin. D) FSH and PRL. E) GHIH and GHRH.

d

28) The hypophyseal portal system A) has two capillary plexuses connected by short veins. B) carries neurosecretions to the anterior lobe of the pituitary. C) carries ADH and oxytocin. D) all of the above E) none of the above

a

29) The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and a(n) ________ organ. A) endocrine B) cardiovascular C) renal D) muscular E) hepatic

d

3) Hormones known as "catecholamines" are A) lipids. B) peptides. C) steroids. D) amino acid derivatives. E) derivatives of reproductive glands.

c

30) The hypothalamus controls secretion by the anterior pituitary by A) direct neural stimulation. B) indirect osmotic control. C) secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system. D) altering ion concentrations and pH in the anterior pituitary. E) gap synaptic junctions.

a

31) Destruction of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus would have which result? A) loss of ADH secretion B) loss of GH secretion C) loss of melatonin secretion D) loss of emotional response E) loss of loss of regulatory factor secretion

d

34) The hormone produced by the pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis during early childhood is A) FSH. B) ADH. C) TSH. D) MSH. E) ACTH.

a

4) Peptide hormones are A) composed of amino acids. B) produced by the adrenal glands. C) derived from the amino acid tyrosine. D) lipids. E) chemically related to cholesterol.

e

44) The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is A) ACTH. B) MSH. C) prolactin. D) insulin. E) growth hormone.

e

45) The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is A) TSH. B) FSH. C) MSH. D) STH. E) ADH.

b

46) Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of A) ACTH. B) ADH. C) oxytocin. D) TSH. E) LH.

b

47) The primary function of ADH is to A) increase the amount of sodium lost at the kidneys. B) decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys. C) decrease blood pressure. D) increase digestive absorption. E) delay urination.

d

48) The two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce how many hormones? A) 3 B) 5 C) 7 D) 9 E) 16

e

50) If the median eminence of the hypothalamus is destroyed, the hypothalamus would no longer be able to control the secretion of which of the following hormones? A) TSH B) ACTH C) PRL D) ADH E) melanocyte-stimulating hormone

d

53) After brain surgery, a patient receiving postoperative care in an intensive care unit began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine. The ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics one of the following hormones. Which one? A) aldosterone B) epinephrine C) renin D) ADH E) cortisol

c

54) The testes produce A) LH. B) progesterone. C) testosterone. D) inhibin. E) FSH.

b

56) Identify the hormone labeled "4." A) thyroid-releasing hormone B) thyroid-stimulating hormone C) thyroxin D) thyrotropin E) calcitonin

e

6) Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include A) peptides. B) steroids. C) eicosanoids. D) amino acid derivatives. E) all of the above

e

60) A deficiency of which hormone can lead to excessive water loss? A) 3 B) 7 C) 2 D) 8 E) 14

a

61) PRL is to ________ as ACTH is to ________. A) prolactin; corticotropin B) oxytocin; mammotropin C) gonadotropin; mammotropin D) oxytocin; cortisol

e

63) Which of the following cooperate to prepare the mammary glands for milk secretion? A) prolactin B) estrogens C) progesterone D) placental hormones E) all of the above

e

64) Which of the following is a known effect of thyroid hormone on peripheral tissues? A) increased oxygen consumption B) increased heart rate C) increased sensitivity to adrenergic stimulation D) increased body temperature E) all of the above

b

66) All of the following are result of thyroid hormones except A) elevated rates of oxygen consumption and energy consumption. B) decreased heart rate and force of contraction. C) increased sensitivity to sympathetic stimulation. D) maintenance of normal sensitivity of respiratory centers. E) stimulation of red blood cell formation.

b

67) The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature is A) somatotropin. B) thyroxine. C) calcitonin. D) parathyroid hormone. E) glucagon.

c

68) Thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the A) kidneys. B) heart. C) thyroid gland. D) gonads. E) pituitary gland.

c

69) The C cells of the thyroid gland produce A) thyroxine. B) TSH. C) calcitonin. D) PTH. E) triiodothyronine.

d

7) Gap junctions A) coordinate ciliary movement among epithelial cells. B) coordinate the contractions of cardiac muscle cells. C) facilitate the propagation of action potentials from one cell to the next at electrical synapses. D) all of the above E) none of the above

d

73) The hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is A) insulin. B) glucagon. C) growth hormone. D) parathyroid hormone. E) thyroid hormone.

b

74) The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that A) stimulates the formation of white blood cells. B) increases the level of calcium ions in the blood. C) increases the level of sodium ions in the blood. D) increases the level of potassium ions in the blood. E) increases the level of glucose in the blood.

e

1) All of the following are true of the nervous system, except that it doesn't A) respond rapidly to stimuli. B) respond specifically to stimuli. C) communicate by the release of neurotransmitters. D) respond with motor output. E) function independently of the endocrine system.

a

10) The functional organization of the nervous system parallels that of the ________ system in many ways. A) endocrine B) cardiovascular C) body D) muscular E) hepatic

c

2) Endocrine structures A) are a type of nerve cell. B) release their secretions onto an epithelial surface. C) release their secretions directly into body fluids. D) contain few vesicles. E) are modified connective-tissue cells.

e

20) An activated G protein can trigger A) the opening of calcium ion channels in the membrane. B) the release of calcium ions from intracellular stores. C) a fall in cAMP levels. D) a rise in cAMP levels. E) all of the above

b

35) Which of the following is released due to sensory input and thus part of a neuroendocrine reflex? A) FSH B) oxytocin C) TSH D) corticotropin E) somatotropin

d

36) The hormone oxytocin A) promotes uterine contractions. B) is responsible for milk expression from the mammary glands. C) rises during sexual arousal. D) all of the above E) none of the above

c

37) Growth hormone does all of the following, except that it A) promotes bone growth. B) promotes muscle growth. C) causes fat accumulation within adipocytes. D) is glucose sparing. E) promotes amino acid uptake by cells.

d

11) Extracellular membrane receptors are used by which of the following types of hormones? A) catecholamines B) peptide hormones C) eicosanoids D) all of the above E) none of the above

c

12) Steroid hormones A) are proteins. B) cannot diffuse through cell membranes. C) bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells. D) remain in circulation for relatively short periods of time. E) are transported in the blood dissolved in the plasma.

c

76) Before the discovery of these glands, thyroid surgery often led to a rapid drop in blood calcium levels, which triggered muscle contractions and cardiac arrhythmias. What glands are these and which hormone is lacking? A) thyroid glands; calcitonin B) parathyroid glands; calcitonin C) parathyroid glands; parathyroid hormone D) thyroid glands; levothyroxine E) parathyroid glands; levothyroxine

b

78) The zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex produces A) androgens. B) glucocorticoids. C) mineralocorticoids. D) epinephrine. E) norepinephrine.

c

13) When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the A) hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm. B) cell membrane becomes depolarized. C) second messenger appears in the cytoplasm. D) cell becomes inactive. E) hormone is transported to the nucleus where it alters the activity of DNA.

e

14) Hormonal actions on cells include those that affect A) quantities of enzymes. B) activities of enzymes. C) synthesis of enzymes. D) gating of ion channels. E) all of the above